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Topic: French Constitution of 1791

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	French coins
		French coins play a key role in European numismatics since Middle Ages, due to the Charlemagne monetary reform introduced in 793 which is the turn point between the previous Roman coin system and the modern decimal systems developed after the French Revolution in 1789.
		The French defeats at Crécy (1346) and Poitiers (1356), the epidemics and the insurrections in 1357-58 plunged France into anarchy and forced John II (1350-64) to accept the humiliating Treaty of Brétigny (1360).
		The constitution of the second Republic is promulgated by the president of the assembly on November 4, 1848.
	www.lesfrancs.com /french_coins.html (5372 words)

	The Constitution of 1791
		The French Constitution is representative; the representatives are the legislative body and the King.
		Censure of acts of the constituted authorities is permitted; but intentional calumnies against the probity of public functionaries and the rectitude of their intentions in the performance of their duties may be prosecuted by those who are the object thereof.
		The National Constituent Assembly entrusts the safekeeping thereof to the fidelity of the legislative body, of the King, and of the judges, to the vigilance of fathers of families, to wives and to mothers, to the affection of young citizens, to the courage of all Frenchmen.
	sourcebook.fsc.edu /history/constitutionof1791.html (9538 words)

	Louis XVI - ninemsn Encarta
		Louis was born at Versailles on August 23, 1754, the grandson of Louis XV.
		The anger of the French people against taxes and the lavish spending of the court resulted in 1788 in the recall of Necker, who, however, could not prevent the bankruptcy of the government.
		In 1792, when the National Convention, the assembly of elected French deputies, declared France a republic, the king was tried as a traitor and condemned to death.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573336/Louis_XVI.html (492 words)

	"Albert P. Blaustein, "The U.S. Constitution: America's Most Important Export" Issues of Democracy, March 2004"
		These Iberian constitutions were known to Simon Bolivar and to other heroes of Latin American liberation and were also critical for the preparation of the constitutions of the new nations of the Americas.
		It was used in a modified from for later German constitutions, such as the one drafted for imperial Germany and the one that established the Weimar Republic in 1919.
		U.S. constitutional research is a major project in at least a dozen countries, as its value is being analyzed with a view to the writing of new constitutions.
	usinfo.state.gov /journals/itdhr/0304/ijde/blaustein.htm (2322 words)

	Archim - constitutions
		De 1791 à 1958, la France n'a pas connu moins de quinze constitutions qui ont garanti la pérennité de l'Etat
		La Constitution de 1958, qui a ouvert la voie à une nouvelle république, assure la stabilité de l'Etat depuis bientôt quarante ans.
		Le dossier présenté aujourd'hui contient quarante-quatre documents : les différents exemplaires originaux des constitutions et de la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen, les lois constitutionnelles portant révision des constitutions.
	www.culture.gouv.fr /documentation/archim/constitutions.htm (316 words)

	Racz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Legal guarantees laid down at the constitutional level are more or less wide-ranging in the constitutions of the new democracies of Eastern Europe, which might indicate the determination to overcome the state of affairs existing in their former era of development.
		Practically every constitution provides for the immovability of the judges, or even contains more concrete rules according to which judges shall not be removed from their office except for reasons and in a procedure determined by the constitution or statutes.
		The Polish Constitution lays down that judges shall be provided with appropriate conditions for work and granted remuneration consistent with the dignity of their office and the scope of their duties, etc.
	www.ceu.hu /legal/Racz.htm (2667 words)

	Timeline of King Louis XVI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		1791 June 20 - King Louis XVI of France attempted to flee the country in the so-called Flight to Varennes, but was caught.
		1791 July 16 - Louis XVI was suspended from office until he agreed to ratify the constitution.
		1791 July 17 - National Guard troops opened fire in Paris on a crowd of demonstrators calling for the deposition of the king.
	www.geocities.com /frenchmonarch/louisxvi/timeline.html (828 words)

	history18brussianrevolution
		In the face of French governmental ineptitude and general chaos, Jean Baptiste, comte de Rochambeau and the marquis de Lafayette, the two principal leaders of the French support in the American Revolution, resigned.
		The constitutional convention created a bicameral legislature, the “Council of Five Hundred” and the “Council of the Ancients.” The legislature elected its executive (the Directory) comprised of five “Directors” but despite its reforms, this governmental body soon became rife with corruption and inefficiency as it mitigated the conflicts between the Jacobins and the royalists.
		Hence, the French sugar colony of San Domingue formed (primarily on the north shore), and in 1697 Spain ceded the portion of the island claimed by France.
	home.att.net /~history240/history18bfrenchandhaitianrevolutions.html (2549 words)

	French Revolution
		In 1791, the royal family attempted to escape to Austria but were captured and brought back to Paris.
		The next year, in 1791, the Constitution of 1791 was adopted.
		The French had finally achieved their goal in reforming their country and destroying the monarchy.
	www.angelfire.com /va/frenchrev/revolution.html (382 words)

	History of Nova Scotia; Book.2; Part 4; Ch. 1. "Nova Scotia And The Napoleonic Wars."
		The French constitution of 1791 expressed a theory of liberty, the "Golden Rule of Liberty," viz.
		In England, "the fourteen years from the outbreak of the French revolution to the Peace of Amiens -- from 1789 till 1802 -- formed an almost unbroken succession of bad harvests, and that of 1792 was one of the worst of the series.
		So we see the presence of French prisoners at Halifax at the beginning of the war, 1793; and it was to be a familiar sight right through to 1815.
	www.blupete.com /Hist/NovaScotiaBk2/Part4/Ch01.htm (4355 words)

	Brassy's Men - History
		Although the empire's constitution did not provide for a political system in which the government was responsible to parliament, political parties were founded that represented the main social groups.
		The constitution bequeathed to the new monarchy did not leave Amadeo sufficient power to supervise the formation of a stable government.
		The constitution of the First Republic (1873-74) provided for internally self-governing provinces that were bound to the federal government by voluntary agreement.
	www.interactivitiesink.com /larps/brassy/brassy_history.shtml (1998 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It established a new constitutional regime consistent with the aspirations of the French Revolution.
		The Declaration embodied the ideas of the French Revolution and was the preface to the French Constitution of 1791.
		It is a part of French constitutional law and contains beliefs which are central to the philosophy and system of government in France.
	www.cs.utah.edu /~goller/books/FRENCHRV/BIOG.TXT (304 words)

	Article 1, Section 7, Clauses 2 and 3: Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution 2:§§ 878--80, 886--89
		The French constitution of 1791, a laboured and costly fabric, on which the philosophers and statesmen of France exhausted all their ingenuity, and which was prostrated in the dust in the course of one year from its existence, gave to the king a negative upon the acts of the legislature, with some feeble limitations.
		The constitutional negative, given to the president of the United States, appears to be more wisely digested, than any of the examples, which have been mentioned.
		The case put may seem strong; but it is not stronger, than the supposition, that two thirds of both houses would be found ready to betray the solid interests of their constituents by the passage of injurious or unconstitutional laws.
	press-pubs.uchicago.edu /founders/documents/a1_7_2-3s16.html (1924 words)

	French Revolution Date \| French Revolution Summary \| French Revolution Cause \| French Revolution Effects \| French ...
		The French monarchy took this opportunity to seize the land and power of the crusading nobles.
		The seeds of the French Revolution were planted in part by philosophers of the Enlightenment spreading new ideals of justice, and in part by the dissatisfaction of the population with the injustices that existed in society.
		The end of the French's Revolution is marked by the beginning of the French Consulate under Napoleon Bonaparte.
	www.franceattraction.com /french-revolution-history.html (1162 words)

	The French national Assembly : sitting and committee work, deputies, parliamentary documents
		The French national Assembly : sitting and committee work, deputies, parliamentary documents
		The National Assembly explained to youths - French Institutions
		Election - Legislative elections of June 2007 - Legislative elections of June 2002 - Size of political groups at the National Assembly (XIII
	www.assemblee-nationale.fr /english (102 words)

	The Constitution from a Conservative Perspective
		Whereas the original Constitution and the Bill of Rights (as originally understood) have enjoyed the universal acclaim of thoughtful conservatives, a number of amendments, particularly the 14th, have proved to be anathema not only to conservative political values, but also to limited government'.
		A constitution is a legal, not just a political limitation on government; it is considered by many the antithesis of arbitrary rule; its opposite is despotic government, the government of will instead of law.
		Fifth, the U.S. Constitution was premised on the seemingly unassailable assumption that the rights and liberties of the people would be protected because the powers of government were limited, and that a separate declaration of rights would therefore be an unnecessary and superfluous statement of an obvious truth.
	www.heritage.org /Research/PoliticalPhilosophy/HL157.cfm (4253 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Edmund Burke: Reflections 1791
		By a constitutional policy, working after the pattern of nature, we receive, we hold, we transmit our government and our privileges, in the same manner in which we enjoy and transmit our property alad our lives.
		Your constitution, it is true, whilst you were out of possession, suffered waste and dilapidation; but you possessed in some parts the walls, and, in all, the foundations, of a noble and venerable castle.
		Your constitution was suspended before it was perfected; but you had the elements of a constitution very nearly as good as could be wished.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1791burke.html (4761 words)

	The Succession to the French throne
		French succession laws were never written down until the first written constitution, that of September 1791, which was in force for one year only.
		But it is only in the 16th century, particularly during the civil wars of 1560-95, that political theorists and jurists began debating the succession laws in earnest, and even speak of "fundamental laws of the kingdom," of which the laws governing succession.
		Under one interpretation of the French succession law, all the descendants of Felipe V are excluded from the throne, hence the issue of Louis-Philippe became rightful claimants in 1883.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/france/succession.htm (1500 words)

	SparkNotes: the French Revolution (1789–1799): Key People & Terms
		Calonne proposed a daring plan to shift the French tax burden from the poor to wealthy nobles and businessmen, suggesting a tax on land proportional to land values and a lessened tax burden for peasants.
		The wife of King Louis XVI and, in the French commoners’ eyes, the primary symbol of the French royalty’s extravagance and excess.
		Also known as constitutional monarchy, a system of government in which a king or queen reigns as head of state but with power that is limited by real power lying in a legislature and an independent court system.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/frenchrev/terms.html (2051 words)

	governpub.com: Congress>>Separation of powers
		There is no current constitutional system which adopts a complete separation of powers, in the sense of a distribution of the three functions among three independent sets of organs with no overlapping or coordination.
		Famously, the framers of the United States Constitution are said to have taken the best of many concepts including the then-new concept of the separation of powers in drafting the constitution.
		As a remedy, the American Constitution limits the powers of the federal government through several means, but in particular by dividing up the power of the government among three competing branches of government.
	www.governpub.com /congress/power.html (1866 words)

	Excerpts from Sheikh Abdullah's Opening Address to the J&K Constituent Assembly, 5 November 1951
		The basic democratic principle of sovereignty of the nation, embodied ably in the American and French Constitutions, is once again given shape in our midst.
		It was however the proclamation of march 5,1948.which constituted the first step towards the completion of national emancipation.On this day,t, as the leader of the largest party of the state, was entrusted with its Government,being assisted by a cabinet with full power to run the administration.
		The maharajah's authority was limited to that of a constitutional ruler,making it imperative upon him to consult his Government on all issues relating to the government of the State.
	www.jammu-kashmir.com /documents/abdullah51.html (2482 words)

	Issues in Contemporary European Politics - handout for week 2
		Constitutions are sets of principles about the nature of the political system and sets of rules about the powers of, and the relationships between, different institutions within the political system.
		Constitutions make rulers subject to the law and accountable (to at least some of the people they rule) for their actions.
		Constitutions are a direct challenge to the idea of the Divine Right of Kings - that is the idea that a monarch’s power comes direct from God and cannot be challenged by humans.
	pers-www.wlv.ac.uk /~le1810/po2212-2.htm (976 words)

	AllRefer.com - Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (French History) - Encyclopedia
		Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, a fundamental document of French constitutional history, drafted by Emmanuel SieyEs, adopted by the Constituent Assembly on Aug. 26, 1789, and embodied in the French constitution of 1791 as a preamble.
		The French declaration listed the "inalienable rights" of the individual (a list of duties was, after some debate, omitted by its framers).
		The rights to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" and the rights to freedom of speech and of the press were guaranteed.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/D/DeclarRMNC.html (296 words)

	French Constitution of 1791 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The short-lived French Constitution of 1791, adopted by the National Constituent Assembly during the period now known as the French Revolution, went into effect in September 1791 but, due to a series of constitutional crises, had effectively ceased to function as a national constitution by August 1792.
		The constitution attempted to establish a liberal bourgeois constitutional monarchy, under which the unicameral Legislative Assembly would pass legislation but the king of France -- in this case, Louis XVI -- would retain a veto.
		The Legislative Assembly and the fall of the French monarchy
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791 (224 words)

	Beur Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Beur generation poses a threat to the French traditional definition of nationality because this definition is written into the Constitution of 1791 a propos to the laws on immigration and citizenship.
		The headscarf affair crystallized the doubts of the French about the Islamic populations in their secular school systems, an institution which is an emancipated zone outside of familial and religious beliefs.
		Thus, the paradox is this: the French government originally placed their parents, then the Beurs themselves, in the bidonvilles ("shantytowns" for immigrant workers) allowing the immigrant families cheap living spaces so that they could establish themselves.
	www.coloradocollege.edu /dept/ps/StudentPapers/J_DeBevec.html (7011 words)

	Kashmir: Legal Documents
		In consonance with these principles, and in supreme fulfillment of the people's aspirations, it follows that a Constitutional Head of the State will have to be chosen to exercise the function which this Assembly may chose to entrust to him.
		The Indian Constitution has amply and finally repudiated the concept of a religious State, which is a throw back to medievalism, by guaranteeing the equality of rights of all citizens irrespective of their religion, color caste and class.
		Another big obstacle to a dispassionate evaluation of her policies is the lack of a constitution in Pakistan.
	www.kashmir-information.com /LegalDocs/Sheikh_Speech.html (4311 words)

	History of Nova Scotia, Index of Dates, 1791.
		The French Republic sets its constitution in 1791.
		Louis XVI tries to flee France in June, but he is arrested, returned to Paris, and forced to accept the new constitution.
		They were mostly returning from Newfoundland having fished for salmon, one from Madeira which had wine aboard, and the rest from local waters fishing for mackerel.
	www.blupete.com /Hist/Dates/1791.htm (402 words)

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