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Topic: French Fourth Republic

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	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Affected by parliamentary instability, the Fourth Republic was dissolved with Charles de Gaulle's return to power during the May 1958 crisis and his subsequent founding of the Fifth Republic and the establishment of a new Constitution tailored by himself and his Gaullist followers.
		Recurrent cabinet crises focused attention on the inherent instability of the French Fourth Republic and increased the misgivings of the army and of the colons that the security of Algeria was being undermined by party politics.
		French historians estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 Harkis and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture, a climax being reached at the Oran massacre of 1962.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Algerian_War_of_Independence (8344 words)

	France - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Whole territory of the French Republic, including all the overseas departments and territories, but excluding the French territory of Terre Adélie in Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended since the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959.
		Marianne is a symbol of the French Republic.
		Although commonly associated with the French Revolution and suggested by Robespierre in December, 1790, France's motto, "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité" was not adopted until the Revolutions of 1848 in France.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/France (6903 words)

	Third French Republic
		The French Third Republic, sometimes written as the IIIrd Republic (1870-1940), was the governing body of France between the Second Empire and the Fourth Republic.
		By the late 1870s, with public opinion swinging heavily in favour of a republic, the President of the Republic, Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta, himself a monarchist, made one last desparate attempt to salvage the monarchical cause by dismissing the republic-orientated prime minister and appointing a monarchist duke to office.
		The Republic was also rocked by a series of crises, none more famous that the Dreyfus Affair, in which it was alleged that a Jewish officer in the French Army was a German spy.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/third_french_republic.htm (1047 words)

	French Fourth Republic 1944 Details French Fourth Republic 1944 News and Information about French Fourth Republic 1944
		The French Fourth Republic was established after World War II & struggled to maintain its economic & of France and of the French Resistance inside.
		The French Fourth Republic was established after World War II and struggled to maintain its economic and of France and of the French Resistance inside.
		It was eventually succeeded by the Fourth French Republic in 1946 and the Fifth French...
	edclere.org /places-to-visit-dominican-republic/french-fourth-republic-1944.php (474 words)

	French Fourth Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		France adopted the constitution of the Fourth Republic on October 13, 1946.
		Although the Fourth Republic oversaw an era of great economic growth in France and the rebuilding of its industry, it is best remembered for its constant political instability and inability to take bold decisions in controversial areas — most notably decolonization.
		Right-wing elements in the French Army, led by General Jacques Massu seized power in Algiers and threatened to conduct a parachute assault on Paris unless Charles de Gaulle, the WWII hero, was placed in charge of the Republic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_Fourth_Republic (436 words)

	French Fifth Republic Encyclopedia Article @ FQQD.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Fifth Republic emerged from the ashes of the
		French presidents, as in preceding constitutions, were given a long term (7 years, now reduced to 5 years) and currently still have more internal power than most of their
		runoff voting system used in the presidential election, the president of the Republic has a high degree of legitimacy, since he has to obtain a majority at either the first or second round of elections.
	www.fqqd.com /encyclopedia/French_Fifth_Republic (475 words)

	Madagascar - Colonial Era, 1894-1960
		For example, the French League for Madagascar under the leadership of Anatole France demanded French citizenship for all Malagasy people in recognition of their country's wartime contribution of soldiers and resources.
		In the fall of 1945, separate French and Malagasy electoral colleges voted to elect representatives from Madagascar to the Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in Paris.
		To the consternation of French policy makers, the AKFM platform called for nationalization of foreign-owned industries, collectivization of land, the "Malagachization" of society away from French values and customs (most notably use of the French language), international nonalignment, and exit from the Franc Zone.
	countrystudies.us /madagascar/3.htm (1255 words)

	French Fifth Republic
		The Fifth Republic of France emerged from the ashes of the French Fourth Republic[?], replacing a weak and factional parliamentary government[?] with a stronger, more centralized democracy.
		The former general Charles de Gaulle used the crisis as an opportunity to create a new French government with the stronger office of President.
		Until recently, French Presidents had a very long term (7 years, now reduced to 5 years), and they still have more internal power than most of their European counterparts.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fi/Fifth_Republic.html (124 words)

	France Encyclopedia Article @ Feebly.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.
		French Fourth Republic was established after World War II, and struggled to maintain its economic and political status as a dominant
		President of the French Republic is elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a 5-year (originally 7-year) term.
	www.feebly.net /encyclopedia/France (3088 words)

	Mauritania - Postwar Reforms
		The 1946 constitution of the French Fourth Republic established the former colonies of the AOF as overseas territories of France integrally tied to the French Union.
		The franchise created by the 1946 French constitution was small and restricted to government officials, wage earners, veterans, owners of registered property, and members or former members of local associations, cooperatives, or trade unions.
		In 1947 individuals literate in French and Arabic were added to the electorate, and in 1951 heads of households and mothers of two children were made eligible.
	countrystudies.us /mauritania/14.htm (764 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Whole territory of the French Republic, including all the overseas departments and territories, but excluding the French territory of Terre Adélie in Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended since the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959.
		Marianne is a symbol of the French Republic.
		Although commonly associated with the French Revolution and suggested by Robespierre in December, 1790, France's motto, "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité" was not adopted until the Revolutions of 1848 in France.
	www.gamecheatz.net /games.php?title=France (6912 words)

	French Equatorial Africa - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		French Equatorial Africa former French federation in W central Africa.
		The federation was formed in large part through the efforts of Savorgnan de Brazza, who forged the link between French possessions in the Congo basin and those in W Africa.
		In the Fourth French Republic, French Equatorial Africa was given representation in the French parliament and in the assembly of the French Union.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-frencheq.html (364 words)

	History of Cote d'Ivoire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		French explorers, missionaries, trading companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the lagoon region.
		The Brazzaville Conference in 1944, the first Constituent Assembly of the French Fourth Republic in 1946, and France's gratitude for African loyalty during World War II led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946.
		French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects," the right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labor were abolished.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/cotedivoire.html (1859 words)

	French Fifth Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on October 5, 1958.
		Charles de Gaulle used the crisis as an opportunity to create a new French government with a stronger office of president, which before was largely that of a figurehead.
		French presidents, as in preceding constitutions, were given a long term (7 years, now reduced to 5 years) and currently still have more internal power than most of their European counterparts in parliamentary democracies.
	enc.qba73.com /link-French_Fifth_Republic (507 words)

	2. Regions. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Toward the end of World War II, the Free French administration under Charles de Gaulle agreed to implement a series of major reforms in its West African colonies.
		The French never intended the Brazzaville Accords to lead to colonial self-government; rather, the reforms were designed to strengthen the relationship between France and its West African colonies and to reward Africans for siding with the Free French.
		The second constituent assembly framed a new French constitution and placed the colonies within the framework of a unitary republic.
	www.bartleby.com /67/4321.html (436 words)

	French in West Africa
		The French goal of increasing their stake in West Africa was influenced by similar policies undertaken by their fellow Europeans in Africa culminating in the late nineteenth century with a European "scramble for Africa." Industrialization and economic conditions in Europe influenced the expansion of European interests in West Africa from the nineteenth century on.
		The French were rather harsh in their administration and their attempts to increase their economic footholds, utilizing such means as forced labor (courvee) and imprisonment (indigenant) to maintain and expand their interests.
		The French colonial encounter in West Africa was driven by commercial interests and, perhaps to a lesser degree, a civilizing mission.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /K-12/French_16178.html (2086 words)

	Cambodian History Part I
		French nationals naturally held the highest positions, but even on the lower rungs of the bureaucracy Cambodians found few opportunities because the colonial government preferred to hire Vietnamese.
		At this point, Tokyo intervened and compelled the French authorities to agree to a treaty ceding the province of Batdambang and part of the province of Siemreab to Thailand in exchange for a small compensation.
		The French yielded: the police and the judiciary were transferred to Cambodian control at the end of August, and in October the country assumed full command of its military forces.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/cambhist1.htm (3097 words)

	French Equatorial Africa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The federation was formed in large part through the efforts of Savorgnan de Brazza, who forged the link between French possessions in the Congo basin and those in W Africa.
		In the Fourth French Republic, French Equatorial Africa was given representation in the French parliament and in the assembly of the French Union.
		In 1959 the new republics formed a loose association called the Union of Central African Republics, and in 1960 they became fully independent republics within the French Community.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fr/FrenchEq.html (255 words)

	The U.S. Army Professional Writing Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In 1958, after several years of war in the then- French province of Algeria, which resulted in thousands of military and civilian casualties, the French Fourth Republic collapsed and was replaced by a new republican government hostile to the war.
		The government of the Fourth Republic lost credibility and most of its popular support because of a perceived loss of control of the military waging the war and its toleration, if not encouragement, of the army's widespread use of torture, assassination, and violent intimidation.
		The methods the French Army used in its antiterrorism campaign in Algiers from 1957 to 1958 became widely accepted military and government policy, a policy that led directly to failure and defeat.
	www.army.mil /professionalwriting/volumes/volume3/june_2005/6_05_1.html (2436 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Mob rule vs. people rule
		In this period the French Fourth Republic was succeeded in 1959 by Charles de Gaulle and the Fifth Republic.
		The wires hummed with news that French tanks were crossing the Rhine (in the reverse direction) to put down the insurrection.
		The country made the instant assumption that the French army was defending an established French government (the Fifth Republic as it happened), and the revolutionary movement disappeared in a heartbeat.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=18355 (641 words)

	[No title]
		The late French President Francois Mitterrand, then Interior Minister in the French government, had said in response to the rebel offer of talks that "the only possible negotiation is war".
		The French colonial administration had no inkling of the events that were to unfold.
		Not only the French authorities, but the Algerian public and the Arab world in general were taken by surprise when the announcement about the formation of the "Revolutionary Committee for Unity and Action" was made.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20041203000806300.htm&date=fl2124/&prd=fline& (1284 words)

	H-Net Review: Sean Kennedy on France Restored: Cold War Diplomacy and the Quest for Leadership in ...
		The French Fourth Republic's allies, particularly the United States, were anxious to re-arm the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and bolster West European security, and were thus furious at this outcome.
		Fourth Republic politicians had initially hoped that the EDC would contain a revival of German power, the very notion of which still disturbed them nearly ten years after the war had ended.
		The French perceived the FRG as becoming increasingly arrogant, and feared it would use the imbroglio to present itself to the Americans as being a more reliable ally than the Fourth Republic.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=18409996001629 (1884 words)

	Election Resources on the Internet: Presidential and Legislative Elections in France
		In May 1958, France seemed to be on the verge of civil war, as the leaders of the Fourth Republic appeared unable to agree on the formation of a new government to deal with the worsening crisis in Algeria, which had sparked a military insurrection.
		Although the process was carried out in a manner contrary to the provisions of the 1958 constitution, French voters nonetheless approved the measure in an October 1962 referendum, by 13,150,516 votes in favor (62.3%) to 7,974,538 against (37.7%), on a 77% turnout.
		At this juncture, the French political system appeared to be evolving in the direction of two-pole, multi-party politics dominated by RPR and UDF on the center-right, with PS and PCF on the left.
	electionresources.org /fr (2098 words)

	Madagascar's Battle for Independence
		The 1946 constitution of the French Fourth Republic made Madagascar a territoire d'outre-mer (overseas territory) within the French Union.
		After France adopted the Constitution of the Fifth Republic under the leadership of General Charles de Gaulle, on September 28, 1958, Madagascar held a referendum to determine whether the country should become a self-governing republic within the French community.
		After a year of negotiations between Tsiranana and his French counterparts, Madagascar's status as a self-governing republic officially was altered on June 26, 1960, to that of a fully independent and sovereign state.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/madagascar.htm (1703 words)

	ZNet Commentary: Solidarity: remembering Algeria and Fanon
		Anti-colonial critics of French opposition to the war tended to focus on that opposition's nationalism - the war was bad because it hurt France, not because it annihilated hundreds of thousands of Algerians.
		Some French opponents of the war became so alienated from their own country they moved to independent Algeria, being dubbed "pieds rouges" in opposition to French Algerian settlers, the "pieds noirs".
		What French governments did in Algeria is being variously repeated now by the US and its allies and their proxies in Palestine, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Colombia.
	www.zmag.org /sustainers/content/2006-05/16solo.cfm (1985 words)

	Politics Essays - French Politics - The Fourth Republic
		Yet there were reasons for constructing the Republic in the way that was to lead to so much instability, namely striking a balance between dictatorship and revolution, which had so often dogged French politics in the past.
		The final factor of those three already mentioned which contributed to immobilisme was the conflict between the deputés and party activists; the former tended to support one another and look after their careers, whilst the latter were dissatisfied with the compromises made by the deputés, even when such compromises were necessary.
		In conclusion, the Fourth Republic contained many structural weaknesses that were not conducive to any long-term stability and effectiveness in government.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1350/essays/fourthrp.html (1510 words)

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