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Topic: French Indochina

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Indo-China
		Subsequently Nguyen-an, hereditary governor (chua) of the southern province, succeeded in eliciting French assistance, seized Saigon in 1789 from the Tay-shons, and Hue in 1801.
		The government of Laos is directed by a French administrator in the name of the king; six-thirteenths of the administration is borne by Cochin China, five-thirteenths by Annam-Tong-king, and two-thirteenths by Cambodia.
		The French troops meanwhile gained victory after victory: Bac-ninh, Kep, Thai-nguyen, and Hung-hao were successively captured and on 2 June, 1884, a treaty was signed promising indemnity for the Christians, and a general amnesty for those who had assisted France.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07765a.htm (15447 words)

	The French Experience (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		All French POWs who were alive in captivity at the end of the French Indochina War were released under the terms of the 1954 Geneva Conventions.
		French Legionnaires and colonial troops were, in the main, returned home through China and Russia, thereby making it impossible for the French to account for all their troops.
		The "thousands" of French soldiers who were returned to France in the late 1980's were actually the remains of over 25,000 Frenchman who had died in the French Indochina War and were buried in French military cemeteries in Vietnam.
	www.miafacts.org /french.htm (1506 words)

	Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Summary and Chapter I
		Although the French admit the influence of this government, they have consistently refused to deal with its leader, Ho Chi Minh, on the grounds that he is a communist.
		Following French ratification, which is expected within a few days, the way will be open for recognition of these local governments by the countries of the world whose policies support the development of genuine national independence in former colonial areas.
		INDOCHINA IN U.S. In the interval between the fall of France in 1940, and the Pearl Harbor attack in December, 1941, the United States watched with increasing apprehension the flux of Japanese military power into Indochina.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/pentagon/pent1.html (4691 words)

	French Indochina
		After conquering the east coast of China, Japan’s next step was to conquer French Indochina, now called Vietnam.
		Japan then stationed its troops in the northern part of French Indochina and used its railroads for troop movements.
		By the summer of 1941, the Japanese had stationed its troops in both southern and northern French Indochina.
	library.thinkquest.org /CR0215466/french_indochina.htm (218 words)

	The Grand Alliance and the Future of French Indochina, 1945 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Furthermore, the French Government has already decided at the Brazzaville conference the principles of the policy she means to follow in her overseas possessions.
		As early as June 1943, the French Committee of National Liberation made it known to its allies that it considered that area as one where it would be extremely desirable for all the interested parties to establish thorough military collaboration.
		French policy toward Indochina will be dominated by the desire to reestablish control in order to reassert her prestige in the world as a great power.
	www.teachingamericanhistory.com /library/index.asp?document=919 (5537 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, AL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		French Indochina (French: L'Indochine franÃ§aise, Vietnamese: ÄÃ´ng DÆ°Æ¡ng thuá»c PhÃ¡p) was the part of the French colonial empire in Indochina in southeast Asia, consisting of a federation of protectorates (Tonkin and Annam, which now form Vietnam, as well as Cambodia and Laos) and one directly-ruled colony (Cochin China).
		French Indochina was formed in October 1887 from Annam, Tonkin, Cochin China, and the Kingdom of Cambodia; Laos was added after the Franco-Siamese War of 1893.
		The French formally left the local rulers in power, who were the Emperors of Vietnam, Kings of Cambodia, and Kings of Luang Prabang, but in fact gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting only as figureheads.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=French_Indochina (715 words)

	Indochina - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Indochina, name sometimes given to the peninsula between India and China, which includes Myanmar (formerly known as Burma), Thailand, the Malay...
		Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, military struggle fought in Vietnam from 1959 to 1975, involving the North Vietnamese and the...
		Indochina, Communism, First Indochina War, peoples, picture of French Indochina, regions, roots of the Vietnam War, World War II
	encarta.msn.com /Indochina.html (108 words)

	Indochina. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		It comprised the French colony of Cochin China and the French protectorates of Tonkin, Annam, Laos, and Cambodia (Cochin China, Tonkin, and Annam were later united to form Vietnam).
		The centuries before European intervention saw the growth and decline of the Khmer Empire in Cambodia, the rise and fall of Champa, and the steady expansion of Annam.
		Even before the end of the war, the French announced plans for a federation of Indochina within the French Union, with greater self-government for the various states.
	www.bartleby.com /65/in/Indochin.html (308 words)

	VIETNAM: FRENCH INDOCHINA WAR
		French rule was consolidated by 1883, conducted for the benefit of France with little regard for the local inhabitants.
		As with the Americans later, the French had superior firepower and military technology but the Vietminh were fighting on home territory, could dominate the jungles and roads, and had a single-minded purpose shared from the top to the bottom of their society and army.
		The French lost outposts (some with huge losses such as the evacuation of Cao Bang), but ultimately the Gen. Giap's string of offensives failed and Vietminh losses were so high they had to call off the attacks in 1951.
	www.olive-drab.com /od_history_vietnam_french.php (1312 words)

	U.S. Involvement in Indochina
		The beginning of the First Indochina War was marked by an outbreak of fighting as a result of a violation in the cease-fire agreement when Viet Minh soldiers refused a French demand to leave Haiphong.
		After seven years of fighting against the Viet Minh, the French governance in Indochina ended shortly after the bloody battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 when, at the brink of surrender, they were unable to obtain U.S. reinforcements or additional military aid.
		By the end of the First Indochina War, 75,867 French soldiers had lost their lives and $3 billion had been spent in a war that led to the withdrawal of French troops after the 1954 Geneva Accords were signed.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1888.html (4840 words)

	French Indochina 1945-1954 Au Revoir Colony!
		Upon the Japanese surrender in Indo-China, French Forces began reinforcing their newly regained colonies in order to prevent a popular liberation movement and communist insurgents from exploiting the existing power vacuum.
		This move was also viewed as a 'housekeeping' measure to restore French control over lands the French had deemed a portion of France.
		Furthermore, there were large numbers of Russian escapees from the various involuntary repatriations after having either served in the Soviet army and having been captured, or worse, having served in the Wehrmacht in an attempt to free their homeland from Communism.
	17thdivision.tripod.com /thepeacethatwasnt/id3.html (241 words)

	French Indochina
		French Indochina was a federation of French colonies and protectorates in Southeast Asia, part of the French colonial empire.
		French Indochina was formed in October 1887 from Annam, Tonkin, Cochin China, and the Kingdom of Cambodia; Laos was added in 1893.
		The French formally left the local rulers in power (Emperors of Vietnam, Kings of Cambodia, Kings of Luang Prabang), but in fact gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting only as figureheads.
	www.vietnamwar.net /FrenchIndochina.htm (553 words)

	Under French Rule
		During the Indochina War between the French and Viet Minh, from 1945-1954, the French recruited thousands of Montagnards, including teenagers and thirteen battalions of Montagnards were armed and joined the French Forces in their fight against the North Vietnamese communists (Viet Minh).
		Then on April 15, 1950, the French reneged on their promise to the Montagnards regarding the PMSI and gave a portion of the northern remote region of the Central Highlands (from the 17th to the 16th parallel) to the Associated State of Vietnam.
		At the same time, the French increasingly rounded up Montagnards from each village who served as corvée laborers, without compensation, and were used to carry food and ammunition for the French army, and to build emergency airstrips and new strategic roads.
	www.mhro.org /french_rule.html (1434 words)

	China Vietnam France Indochina War 1882-1883
		French captain Henri Laurent Riviere (1827-83) was sent with a small force to Tonkin's administrative center, Hanoi, to evict the Chinese and to subdue the rebel "Black Flag Prirates." He captured the Hanoi fortress, Nam Dinh's coast, and the Hon Gay coal mine.
		French reinforcements were sent to the area, and France obtained a Vietnamese agreement on a treaty ceding Tonkin (1882).
		Ten years later Siam relinquished to the French its claims to Laos, which was incorporated into a federation known as French Indochina.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/india/indochina1882.htm (312 words)

	French Indochina: The Friendly Neighborhood Opium Den
		In 1858 a French invasion fleet arrived off the coast of Vietnam, and after an abortive attack on the port of Danang, not far from the royal capital of Hue sailed south to Saigon, where they established a garrison and occupied much of the nearby Mekong Delta.
		Unable to oust the French from their Saigon beachhead, the Vietnamese emperor finally agreed to cede the three provinces surrounding Saigon to the French and to pay an enormous long-term indemnity worth 4 million silver francs.
		Moreover, Doumer's reforms gave French investors new confidence in the Indochina venture, and he was able to raise a 200 million franc loan, which financed a major public works program, part of Indochina's railway network, and many of the colony's hospitals and schools.
	www.drugtext.org /library/books/McCoy/book/21.htm (1585 words)

	French Indochina: Opium Espionage and "Operation X"
		The French commanders struck poses of almost fictional proportions: General de Lattre, the gentleman warrior; Gen. Raoul Salan, the hardened Indochina hand; Maj. Roger Trinquier, the cold-blooded, scientific tactician; and Capt. Antoine Savani, the Corsican Machiavelli.
		French military publicists wrote of the excellence of this general's tactical understanding or that general's brilliant maneuvers, while the Viet Minh press projected socialist caricatures of struggling workers and peasants, heroic front-line fighters, and party wisdom.
		Although the French euphemistically referred to these local troops as "supplementary forces" and attempted to legitimize their leaders with ranks, commissions, and military decorations, they were little more than mercenariesand very greed*, very expensive mercenaries at that.
	www.drugtext.org /library/books/McCoy/book/27.htm (6147 words)

	CAT Pilots Honored with France's Highest Award
		Eventually some 15,000 French Union Forces established a series of nine interlocking outposts rumored to be named after mistresses of the French commanding general.
		The USAF trained French military and civilian pilots in the operation of the C-119s as well as trained ground crews in the maintenance of the aircraft.
		A young French Army officer, Lieutenant Jean Arlaux, and a Malay paratrooper were the sole survivors of the crash landing.
	www.air-america.org /News/CAT_Pilots_Receive_French_Award.shtml (1511 words)

	ABOUT DEGAR
		The French who were first to colonize our territories from 1895-1954, called us “ Montagnards”, which means mountaineers, because over the centuries we were driven from our fertile coastal areas to the mountains of Southeast Asia by invading Cham and Vietnamese peoples.
		To their credit however, the French recognized our rights to these lands on which we were born, which our ancestors had occupied for thousands of years.
		As the denizens of this once peaceful land, we the Degar people were recruited and attacked by both sides of the Viet Minh and the French in the first Indochina war.
	www.montagnard-foundation.org /about-degar.html (1499 words)

	The Pentagon Papers, Chapter 4, "US and France in Indochina, 1950-56"
		General Erskine reported that a permanent solution of the Indochina crisis went beyond military action alone, the core of the problem being a deep-seated hatred and distrust of the French by the population that precluded their cooperation in the prosecution of the war.
		Despite French pronouncements on their role in fighting communism, there is little reason to believe that they regarded the Indochina war in the same light as the U.S. viewed the Korean War.
		French until their purposes were clear and their promise to unequivocally support a new regime firm.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/pentagon/pent9.htm (12609 words)

	Vietnam (French Indochina)
		A French colony prior to WWII, after the fall of France it took orders from the Vichy French, aligned with the Axis powers.
		Although never invaded by Allied forces, the area was subjected to aerial bombings and naval attacks at the end of the war.
		In August 1945, the French returned to occupy their former colony, but faced a new war with Communist Viet insurgency.
	www.pacificwrecks.com /provinces/vietnam.html (197 words)

	Leadup to French Colonization
		French vessels bombard Da Nang in response to persecution of Catholic missionaries.
		Authorized by Napoleon III to launch a naval expedition to punish the Vietnamese and force them to accept a French protectorate, French and Spanish forces seized Da Nang (in their second attack) after several missionaries had been killed.
		French troops move to northern Vietnam to expand control of Indochina.
	www.ichiban1.org /html/history/bc_1964_prewar/pre_colonialism_1427_1893.htm (221 words)

	French Foreign Legion La Legion Etrangere French Foreign Legion
		Memoir of an Englishman in the French Foreign Legion during the Syrian campaign of the late 1920s relates the brutal story of life in the Legion and war in the deserts of Syria.
		No French army officer had ever spoken up in such detail on the subject of torture during the bloody 8 year conflict (1954-1962) that led to Algeria's independence until this book.
		French text but hundreds of self-explanatory color photos of this efficient unit in airborne, canine, firearms training and active ops against terrorists and hijackers.
	www.warbooks.com /france.html (1860 words)

	Amazon.ca: French Foreign Legion: Infantry and Cavalry Since 1945: Books: Martin Windrow,Mike Chappell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Indeed, The French Foreign Legion since 1945 is unique because it's a Men at Arms title with the same number of pages as an Elite booklet.
		Because for political reasons, the French conscripts could not be used to fight in foreign lands and today the use of the Legion as a highly trained Force d'Intervention requires highly trained long service volunteers, the Legion has always been stretched thin.
		There was no standard order of clothing and equipment in the first twenty some years after the war but what was worn and used depended on where you were.
	www.amazon.ca /French-Foreign-Legion-Infantry-Cavalry/dp/1855326213 (714 words)

	[No title]
		The authors both have long-standing interests in the Indochina War, and hope to bring various elements of this fascinating conflict to a wider audience.
		Terrain : Photos of representative terrain (not all of Indochina is jungle or rice paddies).
		Much of the material presented here is translated from French sources, and several bits have not appeared in English before.
	members.lycos.co.uk /Indochine/index.html (286 words)

	Dien Bien Phu
		The conferees decided to divide what had been called French Indochina into three nations: Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam (with Vietnam temporarily divided at the 17th parallel into northern and southern administrative districts pending unification elections scheduled for July 1956).
		There are a series of the key texts that determined the future for Indochina after World War II 28 November 1943, Roosevelt and Stalin discussed the future of French Rule in Indochina at the Teheran Conference
		March 1946, Agreement on the Independence of Vietnam in which the French Government recognized the Republic of Vietnam as a free state, forming part of the Indochinese Federation and the French Union.
	novaonline.nvcc.edu /eli/evans/his135/events/dienbienphu54.htm (885 words)

	UCLA Asia Institute: Diary Offers Window into French Indochina
		He was working on his doctoral dissertation about labor and nationalism in French Indochina in the first half of the twentieth century.
		On April 10, 2006, Del Testa presented the site and solicited feedback from a group of Los Angeles-area teachers and scholars at an event put on at UCLA by the Center for European and Eurasian Studies and the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, where Del Testa had briefly served as assistant director in 2001.
		From that day, when the Japanese took control of Indochina, to the defeat of French forces by the Viet Minh in 1954, nationalistic sentiment and the value placed on racial purity increased.
	www.international.ucla.edu /asia/article.asp?parentid=44428 (974 words)

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