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Topic: French Mandate of Lebanon

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Lebanese

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	Lebanon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Lebanese Republic or Lebanon is a country in the Middle East, along the Mediterranean Sea (on the west), bordered by Syria on the east and north, and Israel on the south.
		Lebanon borders Syria for 375 kilometres to the north and to the east and Israel for 79 kilometres to the south.
		Lebanon claims that the Shebaa farms are occupied Lebanese territory, Israel claims that the Shebaa farms are occupied Syrian territory (and thus would be dealt with in an Israel-Syrian treaty).
	creekin.net /n103-lebanon.html (3649 words)

	French Mandate of Lebanon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The French mandate of Lebanon was a League of Nations mandate created at the end of World War I.
		The new territory was granted a flag, merging the French flag with the Lebanese cedar.
		Lebanon gained its independence in 1943 and the French left the country in 1945.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_Mandate_of_Lebanon (631 words)

	Lebanon - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Lebanon did not enter the Oct., 1973, Arab-Israeli War, nor did the Lebanese army interfere with Palestinian guerrillas operating in S Lebanon.
		Lebanon became embroiled in civil war among the Christians, Muslims, and Palestinians from early 1975 to late 1976.
		Lebanon and Syria: internal and regional dimensions: the following is an edited transcript of the twenty-fifth in a series of Capitol Hill conferences convened by the Middle East Policy Council.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-lebanon.html (2925 words)

	Lebanon
		Although Lebanon traditionally considered itself the only Christian country in the Arab world, by the 1970s the Muslim population was greater than that of the Christians, a situation that led to sectarian unrest and struggles for political and economic power.
		Lebanon's first president after independence was Bishara al Khuri, elected in 1943 for a six-year term; reelected in 1949 for a second term, he became increasingly imperial in his actions.
		Lebanon's mountainous terrain, proximity to the sea, and strategic location at a crossroads of the world were decisive factors in shaping its history.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/lebanon/all.html (18173 words)

	Lebanon - World War II and Independence
		When the Mandate began, Lebanon was still suffering from the religious conflicts of the 1860s and from World War I. The French authorities were concerned not only with maintaining control over the country but also with rebuilding the Lebanese economy and social systems.
		Another negative effect of the Mandate was the place given to French as a language of instruction, a move that favored Christians at the expense of Muslims.
		Second, although Lebanon is an Arab country with Arabic as its official language, it could not cut off its spiritual and intellectual ties with the West, which had helped it attain such a notable degree of progress.
	countrystudies.us /lebanon/21.htm (852 words)

	Lebanon: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — FactMonster.com
		Lebanon lies at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea north of Israel and west of Syria.
		Lebanon's new prime minister, Najib Mikati—a compromise candidate between the pro-Syrian and anti-Syrian groups—announced that new elections would be held in May. On April 26, after 29 years of occupation, Syria withdrew all of its troops.
		The commander of Lebanon's Republican Guard, the former head of general security, the former chief of Lebanon's police, and the former military intelligence officer were indicted for the February assassination.
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0107710.html (1868 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Maronite Christians in Lebanon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The French controlled Greater Syria (which included Lebanon) following World War I. During the French mandate period, Lebanon was declared a distinct geopolitical entity from Syria by the French in an effort to create a district where their allies, the Maronites, could constitute a majority.
		Lebanon’s Maronite community is the country’s second largest ethnopolitical group at approximately one-quarter of the population, and they reside mainly in Beirut and its suburbs (GROUPCON = 2).
		Since resolved, Lebanon’s fragile peace is dependent on a sectarian governmental structure, where the President is a Maronite Christian, the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, and the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shi'a Muslim.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=66002 (1124 words)

	Lebanon - History
		Greater Lebanon, on the other hand, created at the expense of Greater Syria, was formally constituted under the League of Nations mandate granted to France in 1920 and includes the Biqa Valley, Beirut, southern Lebanon and northern Lebanon.
		Hence, in the Statue of 1861 Mount Lebanon was separated from Syria and reunited under a non-Lebanese Christian mutasarrif (governor) appointed by the Ottoman sultan, with the approval of the European powers.
		Lebanon was thus divided between a Christian government in East Beirut and a Muslim government in West Beirut, with no president.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/lebanon/history.htm (9651 words)

	French Mandate of Greater Lebanon 1920-1943 (Lebanon) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Its flag was the French flag with a cedar centered on the white stripe.
		The Constitution of Lebanon promulgated on 23rd May 1926 said, "Article 5: The Lebanese flag is blue, white, red with a cedar in the white part".
		According to Nehmé 1995, "Lebanese flag during the French Mandate: It was similar to the Blue, White and Red French Flag with a green Cedar in the middle, and was designed by the president of the Lebanese Nahda (renaissance) Movement, the late Naoum Mukarzel."
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/lb-frm20.html (280 words)

	Selection of Library Materials for Middle East Studies from Lebanon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Lebanon is known for the beauty of its mountains which reach a maximum elevation of 10,130 feet at Qurnat al-Sawda', where many cedar trees grow.
		Lebanon is the only country in the Middle East that is governed by a Christian president, although the Christians are no longer the majority in the country.
		Lebanon is the only country in the Middle East that does not have an official government press, and unlike many other Arab countries, the government of Lebanon has never attempted to control publishing.
	www.lib.umich.edu /area/Near.East/mabraham65.html (4195 words)

	History of Lebanon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The origin of the name "Lebanon" (lebanôn) may be explained in a couple of ways but the most likely and most widely held view is that the name "Lebanon" is derived from the Semitic root lbn or laban and labnan meaning "white" and "to be white".
		Hence, in the Statue of 1861 Mount Lebanon was separated from Syrian administration and reunited under a non-Lebanese Christian mutasarrif (governor) appointed by the Ottoman sultan, with the approval of the European powers.
		Lebanon's first president after independence was Bishara al Khouri, elected in 1943 for a six-year term; reelected in 1949 for a second term, he became increasingly imperial in his actions.
	www.cedarland.org /hist.html (9337 words)

	Flag of Lebanon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The flag of Lebanon was adopted on December 7, 1943.
		The Lebanese flag, during the French mandate (1918-1943).
		During the French Mandate of Lebanon, the Lebanese flag was designed by the president of the Lebanese Renaissance Movement, the late Naoum Mukarzel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon (477 words)

	History of Lebanon, Ottomans- French- Independence 1516-1943
		The Ottomans divided Lebanon into districts, segregating or adding regions as deemed convenient for them to weaken the country; they annexed part of it to Syrian districts in attempts to erase the Lebanese identity.
		Lebanon became an intellectual and commercial center in the second half of the 19th century.
		Lebanon was relieved in September 1918 when the British general Edmund Allenby and Faysal I, son of Sharif Husain of Mecca reached the region.
	www.lgic.org /en/history_lebanon1516.php (828 words)

	Lebanese Pound - LBP real-time currency
		Lebanon became part of the Ottoman Empire on January 16, 1842 when the Mount Lebanon Emirate came to an end.
		After World War I, the State of Great Lebanon was declared under French Mandate, and on September 1, 1926, the Lebanese Republic was founded, gaining independence on November 26, 1941.
		The French created the Lebanese-Syria Pound (XLSP) equal to 20 French Francs, which were used in a common currency area for both Lebanon and Syria.
	www.ameinfo.com /financial_markets/Lebanon/Currency (328 words)

	Lebanon Voice Chat - Gallery Beirut - First and Best Lebanese VoiceChat Chat Community
		barracks, this building was the headquarters of the French governor during the French Mandate.
		From the French Mandate Period until the 1960's it served as Law Courts.
		Until the recent war in Lebanon this church, built in 1767, was the oldest functioning church in Beirut.
	www.lebanonvoice.com /gallery/beirut.phtml (1678 words)

	Lebanon's History: French Intervention
		The first and only complete census that had been held in Lebanon as of 1987 took place in 1932 and resulted in the custom of selecting major political officers according to the proportion of the principal sects in the population (see The Basis of Government, ch.
		However, the redefinition of Lebanon changed the demographic makeup of the country.
		These troops proclaimed Lebanon and Syria independent, but because their own status was so precarious, the Free French continued to occupy Lebanon.
	www.ghazi.de /french.html (1893 words)

	French Mandate - History - Lebanon - Middle East: lebanon mountain, conflict ethnic, christian lebanon, after war, ...
		With the breakup of the Ottoman Empire after the war, the League of Nations awarded Lebanon to France as a mandate in 1920.
		The mandate combined the mainly Christian Lebanon Mountains with the mainly Muslim coastal plain (formerly Phoenicia) and the Muslim Bekaa (including some of the Anti-Lebanon mountain ridges) to form “Greater Lebanon,” marking the creation of Lebanon as it is known today.
		In 1926 France forged a dependent Republic of Lebanon, which emerged as an independent state in 1943.
	www.countriesquest.com /middle_east/lebanon/history/french_mandate.htm (131 words)

	Lebanon: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		Lebanon: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		Lebanon and Syria: internal and regional dimensions: the following is an edited transcript of the twenty-fifth in a series of Capitol......
		LEBANON: READY TO GO IT ALONE?(Statistical Data Included)
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107710.html (1961 words)

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