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	Battle of the Mediterranean - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the surrender of France to the Germans in 1940, the French navy in the Mediterranean was considered a potentially grave threat to the Royal Navy by the British, so it was imperative for them that this threat was neutralised.
		The French squadron at Alexandria in Egypt was dealt with via negotiations, mainly because the two commanders, Admirals Godfroy and Cunningham, were on good personal terms.
		British terms - an ultimatum - to place the bulk of the French Fleet, at Mers-el-Kebir in North Africa, out of German reach were refused, and so it was largely destroyed by bombardment on July 3, 1940 by the British Force H from Gibraltar (Admiral Somerville).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean (1004 words)

	Fleet Battle
		Fleet battle is aimed, through the defeat and even destruction of the enemy’s main force at sea, at gaining command of that sea.
		Battle, in the form of fleet actions, is the crowning act of naval warfare and the supreme test of the naval profession.
		In 1588, Phillip II sent the mighty fleet of the Spanish Armada to England to defeat the English Navy and invade the country.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/fleet-battle.htm (4252 words)

	Empires in Arms - Grand Campaign
		March saw the unblockaded French Mediterranean fleets conducting a daring port raid on Gibraltar which the the overconfident British had neglected to garrison properly (the one factor in Gibraltar was garrisoning the supply depot there...
		French screening forces advanced rapidly to Magdeburg, feeding on the depot there, while the main French army (such as it was) suppressed Austrian picket forces in Berg, Kleves and Flanders, and new corps moved towards the front gathering together garrisons from the French rear-areas to bolster the desperately under-strength French army.
		The French campaign for Baden was short and decisive, with Davout and the I and VII corps investing Freiburg and carrying it in a short and bloody assault.
	www.soapyfrog.net /eia.htm (5685 words)

	A History of Europe, Chapter 11
		Still, the French required some help from the English navy to win, and when the treaty ending the war was signed in 1659, Spain got off easier than expected; she lost Artois in the north and Roussillon in the south, but got to keep the rest of Belgium and Burgundy, and Catalonia was returned.
		The French were making the same mistake that the Spaniards had made in the previous century: they spent most of their wealth, instead of investing it.
		French troops marched forth to occupy Belgium and (with the cooperation of Savoy) Milan.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /europe/eu11.html (18610 words)

	Ut Veniant Omnes
		The Russian Army and Fleet are forced to withdraw temporarily, and the British and Ottomans mine the Dardanelles, and reinforce the forts, to ensure the safety of the Ottoman Empire.
		The expected blow of French attack on their borders does not come, as the full weight of the French army is engaged to the north, holding the English beachheads, now trenches inland, at a standstill.
		The French government is hereby strongly urged to decommission those troops remaining in the field and apprehend those officers remaining at large.
	seigmajestat.alternatehistory.com /UtVeniantOmnes2.html (7621 words)

	History of Nova Scotia; Acadia, Bk.7, Second Siege of Louisbourg: 1758.
		The French had claimed large parts of North American territory as their own, including the Ohio valley and all that land west and north at the Isthmus of Chignecto (defined, current day, as the Province of New Brunswick).
		That the French had designs on Minorca was likely not new intelligence to the English; this latest French threat, however, was to drive the English into immediate action.
		Minorca fell immediately to the French; on the continent, the Duke of Cumberland with 50,000 men for the defence of Hanover fell back before a French army; in America the English were bested by the genius and activity of Moncalm, emphasized, as it was, with the defeat of Braddock in 1755.
	www.blupete.com /Hist/NovaScotiaBk1/Part7/Ch01.htm (1092 words)

	SUPERIOR FORCE Chapter 1
		The British naval position in the Mediterranean had undergone an overwhelming change since the turn of the century when to be in command of the Mediterranean Fleet was the crowning pinnacle of an Admiral’s career; when France was the certain enemy; when Italy and Austria possessed feeble navies.
		The cardinal principal of French naval strategy was to safeguard the link with French North Africa and, clearly, their fleet was in no position to do this and carry out all the other tasks; for the time being, the British would remain in the eastern basin.
		Mediterranean War Orders No. 1[35] sent to Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley Milne on 20 August directed him to concentrate at Malta, where he would be reinforced, ‘if necessary’, to enable him to ‘accept battle with the Austrian Fleet and any German force which may be in the Mediterranean’.
	www.flamboroughmanor.co.uk /superiorforce/chapter1.htm (7873 words)

	Toulon - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Population of the city (commune) at the 1999 census was 160,639 inhabitants (168,200 inhabitants as of February 2004 estimates).
		Population of the whole metropolitan area (in French: aire urbaine) at the 1999 census was 564,823 inhabitants.
		After the Allied landings in North Africa (Operation Torch) the German Army occupied southern France, leading to the scuttling of the French Fleet at Toulon 27 November 1942.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Toulon (328 words)

	Wikinfo \| Toulon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Population of the metropolitan area (in French: aire urbaine) at the 1999 census was 564,823.
		After the Allied landings in North Africa (Operation Torch) the German Army occupied southern France, leading to the scuttling of the French Fleet at Toulon.
		The French Mediterranean Fleet is based in Toulon.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Toulon (207 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Autumn 1998
		French resistance to the Vichy regime found a refuge in North Africa, as did the opposition to the Fourth Republic in the late 1950s.
		The French view American membership in NATO as a means for the United States to intrude into European affairs, wanting to play a role commensurate with its power, but only in regions like the eastern Mediterranean where its interests are paramount.
		There is, however, an emerging risk in the Mediterranean in which US and European interests are clearly aligned, and in response to which the provisions of the North Atlantic Treaty would undoubtedly apply, and that is the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and their long-range delivery systems.
	www.carlisle.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/98autumn/carlson.htm (4909 words)

	Untitled Document
		Napoleon Bonaparte, son of a poor village lawyer, was born on the Mediterranean island of Corsica.
		After the Battle of the Nile, in which the French Mediterranean fleet was destroyed by the British under Admiral Horatio Nelson, Napoleon's army in Egypt was cut off from France.
		In the French Revolution of 1795, Napoleon played (1) no part at all (2) a minor role in support of the Revolution (3) a minor role in support of the monarchy (4) a major role as head of all Revolutionary armies.
	www.geocities.com /amydiem/Napoleon/Napoleon.htm (2530 words)

	Nelson, The Life of Horatio Lord Nelson - CHAPTER VI
		Nasseli, their general, refused to seize the French vessels at Leghorn, because he and the Duke di Sangro, who was ambassador at the Tuscan court, maintained that the king of Naples was not at war with France.
		The French commandant at St. Elmo, relying upon the strength of the place, and the nature of the force which attacked it, had insulted Captain Foote in the grossest terms; but CITOYEN Mejan was soon taught better manners, when Trou- bridge, in spite of every obstacle, opened five batteries upon the fort.
		The French, who had no longer any hope from the fate of arms, relied upon their skill in negotiation, and proposed terms to Troubridge with that effrontery which characterises their public proceedings; but which is as often successful as it is impudent.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/biography/TheLifeofHoratioLordNelson/chap6.html (11981 words)

	EXN.ca \| Discovery
		On August 1st, 1798, the British commander Horatio Nelson destroyed the French Mediterranean fleet in the Battle of the Nile.
		A French marine archaeologist has completed a study of the site of the battle and says the position of the French ships on the bottom of the harbour provide a 'snapshot' of why the British were victorious.
		The French government has announced it plans to mark "Le Meredien" — the Paris prime — with a line of trees and olive groves, stretching virtually the length of the country.
	www.exn.ca /Stories/1999/06/28/52.asp (547 words)

	Sunken Frigate Yields Carthaginian Artifacts
		French divers recovered the stelae, many bearing inscriptions, from the remains of the warship Magenta, which had crossed the Mediterranean with its precious cargo only to catch fire, explode, and sink in Toulon's harbor.
		Meanwhile, divers have brought to the surface the face and midriff of an exquisite statue of the Roman empress Sabine (A.D. 86/87-137), wife of Hadrian; the face has been reunited with pieces on display at the Louvre that were salvaged from the ship shortly after it sank.
		The Magenta, flagship of the French Mediterranean fleet, was carrying 2,080 stelae excavated by Evariste Pricot de Sainte-Marie, an interpreter at the French Consulate in Tunis.
	www.archaeology.org /9907/newsbriefs/stelae.html (695 words)

	The Trial and Execution of Admiral the Honourable John Byng, Part I
		On land, the French and their Indian allies continued to get the better of their British opponents: in July 1755, the French routed and killed General Edward Braddock, who tried to take Fort Duquesne (modern day Pittsburgh) with poorly trained British soldiers unused to North American tactics and with inadequate intelligence.
		If the French had not attacked Minorca, he and his fleet were to head for Toulon, the base of the French Mediterranean fleet, and blockade.
		The French dispatch appeared in British newspapers, inciting the British populace, and when Byng's own dispatch appeared on 23 June, the ministry made the most of the three weeks' hiatus to duck any responsibility for failure.
	lifeloom.com /II2Guest.htm (3592 words)

	The World War
		French Mediterranean fleet attacked by British while en route to Trieste to surrender.
		French government in Algiers announces peace treaty with Germans: France to cede Briey-Longwy, large portions of French Africa and French Caribbean possessions to Germany.
		Portions of the Channel Fleet are dispatched to destroy the attackers.
	www.althist.com /worldwar.htm (1425 words)

	Battle of Lagos Bay, 18 August 1759 (Portugal)
		The French Mediterranean fleet under Admiral de la Clue had broken out of Toulon in an attempt to join the main fleet at Toulon.
		The British blockade fleet, under Vice Admiral Boscowen, was in Gibraltar taking on water and food when the French sailed, but their attempt to sneak past Gibraltar failed, and the British fleet was soon on their tail.
		Of the French Mediterranean fleet, only two reached Brest, while the British were able to add Boscowen's ships to the Channel fleet, preparing for battle with the main French fleet.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/battles_lagosbay.html (210 words)

	Though the war career of HMS Ark Royal spanned only a brief 27 months
		Within a fortnight, the fleet was at sea in strength to cover a stricken submarine and Blackburn Skuas from the Ark Royal chalked up a 'first' by shooting down an enemy shadower, the first Luftwaffe casualty to the RN.
		Two of her Skua squadrons, however, were in the UK and on 10 April 15 of these aircraft, working from the Orkneys to the limit of their range, dive-bombed and sank the German cruiser Konigsberg in the port of Bergen.
		Moored end-on, unable either to flee or to fight, the French suffered little more than ritual execution: the new battle-cruiser Dunkerque took a three-shell salvo and had to be beached; the old Bretagne exploded and capsized; and the Bretagne's sister Provence had also to be beached to prevent her foundering.
	www.xsouth.freeserve.co.uk /though_the_war_career_of_hms_ark.htm (1639 words)

	It
		The warships were returning from a skirmish with the French Mediterranean fleet.
		Shovell was worried about the possibility of hitting the rocks, but the consensus opinion placed the fleet safely west of the Ile d’Ouessant, an island outpost of the Brittany peninsula, and in the mouth of the English Channel.
		Thus when they thought the fleet had reached to mouth of the English Channel, they had in fact overshot their mark and traveled too far to the north.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~hist424/Eric.htm (676 words)

	General Friedrich von Bernhardi, The Next War
		England's Mediterranean fleet is correspondingly strong and would--especially in combination with the French Mediterranean squadron--seriously menace the coasts of Italy, should that country be entangled in a war against England and France.
		Even the French are on the point of building a formidable fleet, and their colonial Empire, so far as territory is concerned, is immensely superior to ours.
		If the enemy succeeds in destroying our fleet and landing with strong detachments on the North Sea coast, large forces of the land army would be required to repel them, a circumstance widely affecting the progress of the war on the land frontiers.
	h-net.org /~german/gtext/kaiserreich/bernhardi.html (10510 words)

	Nelson and The Battle of Trafalgar
		In this year, which celebrates the 200th anniversary of Lord Nelson’s death at Trafalgar, it is appropriate to reappraise the achievements of a national hero whose twice life-size statue stands upon a 170-foot pedestal in the center of London.
		In portraiture, caricature and fancy dress, Nelson is instantly recognizable as the semi-blinded, one-armed diminutive naval officer whose derring-do destroyed French and Spanish fleets, and who was involved in an interesting ménage à trois with Lady Emma Hamilton.
		The combined desire to cause mayhem in the French fleet and his innate craving for glory impelled Nelson to courageously board and capture two enemy ships.
	www.thehistorynet.com /bh/bllordnelson2 (833 words)

	THE MILLSTONE Chapter 8
		Until 1911 the French war plans continued to stipulate that Brest (at left) on the Atlantic Coast would be the main point of concentration for a war against Germany.
		The Admiral was in agreement with his English counterpart that, while the French blocked the western exit of the Mediterranean, the British should block the Adriatic.
		So ‘immensely struck’ was Huguet by this that he at once volunteered to Wilson ‘where the French G[eneral] S[taff] want us to go, and what their plans are.’[46] Wilson himself would travel to Paris at the end of the month for detailed consultations with Joffre and his staff at the French War Office.
	www.flamboroughmanor.co.uk /themillstone/chapter8.htm (7402 words)

	The Books of Dudley Pope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In a daring foray, under the very nose of the French Mediterranean fleet, he is to sail his tiny cutter close in to the Italian shore - there to rescue a party of stranded aristocrats, among them the beautiful Marchesa di Volterra, from Napoleon's fast-advancing army...
		With a crew grown slack and mutinous under its alcoholic ex-captain, the Juno is in no state when she arrives to take on the pride of the French fleet.
		This time his task is not to pursue the French fleet, but to rescue a group of influential British prisoners being held hostage by Napoleon.
	www.geocities.com /cjstein_2000/DudleyPope/dudleypope.html (3442 words)

	Ship Descriptions - L
		In 1901 the Papayanni fleet was transferred to J. Ellerman, but the LACONIA was scrapped at Genoa in 1902 as too old for his use.
		In 1918 she repatriated French prisoners of war and Belgian refugees and in 1919 was used as a troopship between Antwerp / Plymouth and Australia and then UK - USA with returning troops.
		The LINCOLN belonged to the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway Co, which was a forerunner to the Great Central Railway Co. She was a 1,075 gross ton ship, length 251.5ft x beam 32.2dt, one funnel, two masts, iron hull, single screw, speed 12 knots.
	www.theshipslist.com /ships/descriptions/ShipsL.html (14368 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of Scientific American Supplement, October 3, 1891
		The central battery and barbette ship Redoutable, illustrated this week, forms part of the French Mediterranean squadron, and although launched as early as 1876 is still one of its most powerful ships.
		The visit of the French squadron under Admiral Gervais to England has revived in many a nautical mind the recollection of that oft-repeated controversy as to the relative advantages of armored belts and citadels.
		An anecdote is related of a French ophthalmic surgeon, that a distinguished patient applied to him for relief from a visual defect; the surgeon advised him to go into the country and look out upon the green fields.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/1/4/9/8/14989/14989-h/14989-h.htm (17064 words)

	CCC - War Against Iraq: The British Invasion of 1941 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		But the government of the 4-year old King of Iraq, directed by his uncle who served as Regent, proved too feeble to surmount the opposition of pro-Italian Prime Minister Rashid Ali el Gailani, a lawyer and co-founder of the Muslim Brotherhood whose cells were active throughout the Middle East.
		But even this was limited by the abilities of half-trained students piloting a fleet composed primarily of bi-planes hastily rigged to carry twenty-pound bombs, hardly more than air-launched grenades.
		Fortunately, the arrival from Egypt of eight Wellington medium bombers, a few Gladiators, and 300 soldiers of the King's Own Royal Regiment that were air-lifted from the RAF base at Shaibah caused the air vice-marshal in command to conclude on 2 May that attack was the best form of defense.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/dec02/middleEast.asp (3541 words)

	Toulon
		Although its port is France's second largest, the city of Toulon is not all that big, especially when compared with the city surrounding France's largest port, Marseille, 40 miles to the west.
		During World War 11, it was the scene of dramatic events, particularly the scuttling of the fleet during the night of November 27/28, 1942.
		And the waterfront is not as picturesque as in many other French towns, owing to the fact it was bombed heavily in that war.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/facility/toulon.htm (734 words)

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