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	French Revolution - MSN Encarta
		During the course of the Revolution, France was temporarily transformed from an absolute monarchy, where the king monopolized power, to a republic of theoretically free and equal citizens.
		The effects of the French Revolution were widespread, both inside and outside of France, and the Revolution ranks as one of the most important events in the history of Europe.
		From the beginning of the 20th century until the 1970s, the French Revolution was most commonly described as the result of the growing economic and social importance of the bourgeoisie, or middle class.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761557826/French_Revolution.html (979 words)

	French Revolution Encyclopedia Article @ Forenoon.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		While France would oscillate among republic, empire, and monarchy for 75 years after the First Republic fell to a coup d'état, the Revolution is widely seen as a major turning point in the history of Western democracy—from the age of absolutism and aristocracy, to the age of the citizenry as the dominant political force.
		The slogan of the French Revolution was "Liberté, égalité, fraternité, ou la mort!" ("Liberty, equality, fraternity, or death!").
		From a fiscal perspective, the solvency of the French crown was equivalent to the solvency of the French state.
	www.forenoon.net /encyclopedia/French_revolution (5515 words)

	55. The French Revolution and the Restoration of Monarchy in France. Wells, H.G. 1922. A Short History of the World
		In 1787 this French monarchy found itself bankrupt and obliged to call representatives of the different classes of the realm into consultation upon the perplexities of defective income and excessive expenditure.
		In 1791 the experiment of Constitutional monarchy in France was brought to an abrupt end by the action of the king and queen, working in concert with their aristocratic and monarchist friends abroad.
		For some time the French thrust towards Ita’y was hung up, and it was only in 1796 that a new general, Napoleon Bonaparte, led the ragged and hungry republican armies in triumph across Piedmont to Mantua and Verona.
	www.bartleby.com /86/55.html (2366 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: France
		Joan of Arc, who saved the French monarchy, as the heroine of Christendom, and believed that the Maid of Orléans meant to lead the king of France on another crusade when she had secured him in the peaceful possession of his own country.
		During the course of the nineteenth century French diplomacy at Rome and in the East has aimed at safeguarding the prerogatives of France as patron of Oriental Christendom, and of thus justifying the traditional trust of the Orientals in the "Franks" as the natural champions of Christianity in the Ottoman Empire.
		Side by side with this peaceful conquest of the African continent by the initiative of a French cardinal, a place of honour must be given to the wonderful part played in the colonization and development of French Guiana, since the year 1828, by Mother Javouhey, of whose efforts in Senegal we have already spoken.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06166a.htm (15159 words)

	Third French Republic
		The French Third Republic, sometimes written as the IIIrd Republic (1870-1940), was the governing body of France between the Second Empire and the Fourth Republic.
		However, the French Second Empire lasted only twenty years because of the rise of another world power, one that was to upset the balance of power in Europe and eventually bring about World War One - the German Empire.
		By the late 1870s, with public opinion swinging heavily in favour of a republic, the President of the Republic, Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta, himself a monarchist, made one last desparate attempt to salvage the monarchical cause by dismissing the republic-orientated prime minister and appointing a monarchist duke to office.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/third_french_republic.htm (1047 words)

	To What Extent Did The Valois-Habsburg Conflict Weaken The French Monarchy During The Period Of 1519-1529
		Perhaps the biggest threat to the monarchy from the aristocracy was that of Charles de Bourbon whom Charles appointed Constable of France in 1515.
		The French army besieged Naples but after the blockade was lifted an outbreak of plague or cholera in the French camp carried off Lautrec and a large proportion of the army lifting the siege.
		However, these weaknesses were only temporary and the French monarchy, probably, because it was so strong to start off with was able to recover and continue to develop in a similar way to the manner in which it had been changing since the mid 15th Century.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/21/emr194.shtml (4235 words)

	Chapter 2 Page 1
		We pick up the story of the French monarchy at the beginning of the eighteenth century, by which time the Bourbon Kings had taken on an unprecedented level of responsibility for ruling all of France.
		To a historian, perhaps the most interesting aspect of eighteenth century French politics was a battle being waged among political theorists.
		Not surprisingly, supporters of the monarchy regarded this act as a heinous crime and thought that its perpetrator must have been a madman who should be exorcised from society.
	chnm.gmu.edu /revolution/chap2a.html (509 words)

	fren
		With the collapse of the monarchy, the French had an opportunity to reshape politics and society according to Enlightenment principles.
		The finances of a state are the crucial junction of economic and political life, and it is in the financial crisis of the French state that revolution was born.
		Instead, it was the signal to a great number of French people, including many in the aristocracy and clergy, but especially Parisians, that it was high time the promises of a new society founded upon reason should be fulfilled.
	www.wright.edu /~christopher.oldstone-moore/frenchessay.htm (2124 words)

	France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		French nobles who opposed the revolution emigrated to other European countries and encouraged foreign rulers to declare war on France.
		While French soldiers were fighting abroad for the revolution, often never quite clear in their minds wether they were looting or liberating the countries into which they poured, the republican enthusiasm in Paris was spending itself in a less glorious fashion.
		The forces released by the French revolution were exhausted, the French monarchy was restored and a revolutionary era came to an end.
	www.hyperhistory.com /online_n2/civil_n2/histscript6_n2/fr_revol1.html (590 words)

	The French revolution of 1848
		At the close of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars (1789-1815) the Bourbon dynasty was restored in France in the person of a brother of the King who had been sent to the guillotine during the revolution.
		This restoration King, Louis XVIII, alienated opinion due to his absolutist tendencies and his 'legitimate' monarchy was usurped in 1830 with a junior, Orleanist, branch of the dynasty being recognised as Kings of the French rather than as Kings of France.
		These revolutionary developments were perhaps more Parisian than French, they were orchestrated by a radical section of the population of Paris but they did not generally receive the support of the French provinces.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /history/1848/french_revolution_1848.html (794 words)

	The French Revolution
		In addition to his "qualities", his unpopular wife, Marie Antoinette, whom the French nicknamed "The Austrian Whore", was unhappy with her marriage to the sexually impotent Louis.
		The French Monarchy was bankrupt in 1789 - France was not.
		Throughout the 18th century France was at war with Britain in a series of Wars that spanned from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the 1750s.
	ap_history_online.tripod.com /apeh8.htm (1074 words)

	SparkNotes: the French Revolution (1789–1799): Key People & Terms
		Calonne proposed a daring plan to shift the French tax burden from the poor to wealthy nobles and businessmen, suggesting a tax on land proportional to land values and a lessened tax burden for peasants.
		The wife of King Louis XVI and, in the French commoners’ eyes, the primary symbol of the French royalty’s extravagance and excess.
		Also known as constitutional monarchy, a system of government in which a king or queen reigns as head of state but with power that is limited by real power lying in a legislature and an independent court system.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/frenchrev/terms.html (2051 words)

	The Crisis of the French Monarchy
		Louis XIV and his advisors had attempted to centralize the monarch's authority by both limiting the power of regional aristocrats and parlements and by establishing a civil bureaucracy loyal to the king.
		France in the eighteenth century was a deeply stratified society; it was divided into three estates: the nobility, the church, and the third estate (everyone who is not nobility or in the church).
		The Nobles of the Sword had little commerce or respect for the Nobles of the Robe; this division was a crucial element in the downfall of the monarchy and the Revolution.
	www.wsu.edu:8000 /~dee/REV/CRISIS.HTM (1161 words)

	French Settlement
		The French culture that was brought to Louisiana over 300 years ago remains strong today.
		In 1712 the financially beleaguered French monarchy gave control of Louisiana to wealthy French financier Antoine Crozat, but the population remained quite small throughout his proprietorship.
		In that year, as a result of French warfare with the Natchez people who lived on the east bank of the Mississippi, Louisiana was returned to the French monarchy.
	www.latech.edu /tech/liberal-arts/geography/courses/310/text/french.htm (1148 words)

	The Succession to the French throne
		France, which emerged as a fragment of Charlemagne's empire in the 9th century, was a monarchy until September 22, 1792, ruled from 987 by Hughes "Capet" and his male-line descendants (from 1589, the Bourbons).
		French succession laws were never written down until the first written constitution, that of September 1791, which was in force for one year only.
		Under one interpretation of the French succession law, all the descendants of Felipe V are excluded from the throne, hence the issue of Louis-Philippe became rightful claimants in 1883.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/succession.htm (1500 words)

	French Revolution
		French scholar Jean Champollion was eventually able to use the Rosetta Stone to decipher ancient hieroglyphics.
		The Treaty of Luneville was a Treaty of Peace concluded at Luneville, Feb. 9, 1801.
		It was between the French Republic, and the Emperor and the Germanic Body.
	www.squireshistory.freeservers.com /frenchrevolutiontimeline.htm (4821 words)

	[No title]
		Reading this pamphlet, one realized that even the ablest men of the ancien regime, as well as men who cannot be denied certain historical talents, have become so confused by the fateful events of that February that they have lost all sense of history and, indeed, no longer understand their previous actions.
		And whereas the French Revolution was to revive the old Estates General that had quietly died since Henry IV and Louis XIV, the English Revolution, on the contrary, could show no comparable classical-conservative element.
		In reality, however, the consolidation of the constitutional monarchy is only the beginning of the magnificent development and transformation of bourgeois society in England.
	marx.eserver.org /1850-17c.england.txt (1303 words)

	Louis XIV
		Louis's reign was remarkable for the establishment of the French Academy and for the work of St. Francis of Sales and St. Vincent de Paul in religion, René Descartes in philosophy, and Pierre Corneille in literature.
		Its gigantic proportions (the western facade is nearly 2,000 feet wide) and the masterpieces of French artists and craftsmen were used by Louis XIV to showcase the power of the French Monarchy.
		No French Protestants were allowed to leave the country; those who openly remained Protestants were promised the right of private worship and freedom from molestation, but the promise was not kept.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/louis_xiv.htm (1720 words)

	The French Revolt and Empire
		The day was won for the French by their regular army artillerists who effectively cannonaded the invading troops to a bloody halt.
		By the end of 1800, French generals Moreau, Brune and Macdonald were repeating the earlier drive east through southern Germany and so finally the Austrian government sued for peace, officially bringing the French Revolutionary Wars to a close in early 1801.
		With their strategic center breached, the Austrians were unable to prevent the French occupation of Vienna, and in December of 1805 the remaining Allied army catastrophically lost the Battle of Austerlitz to Napoleon, knocking Austria out of the wars for several years.
	www.wtj.com /articles/napsum1 (3463 words)

	French Revolution - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring.
		While France would oscillate among republic, empire, and monarchy for 75 years after the First Republic fell to a coup by Napoleon Bonaparte, the revolution nonetheless spelled a definitive end to the ancien régime, and eclipses both subsequent revolutions in France in the popular imagination.
		On July 27, 1794, the French people revolted against the excesses of the Reign of Terror in what became known as the Thermidorian Reaction.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=11188 (4753 words)

	Apanages in the French Monarchy
		The practice was soon adopted by the feudal barons (Nevers in 1015, Vendome in 1016, the county of Burgundy in 1049) and eventually became the basis for inheritance by primogeniture.
		French princes were given a title at birth which had nothing to do with an apanage, or ownership of anything.
		The annuities of the comte de Provence and comte d'Artois were sequestered in 1792, as a consequence of the law of Feb. 9, 1792 on the estates of émigrés; the subsidies to pay off their debts were continued.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/france/apanage.htm (5293 words)

	Books in Review: The Religious Origins of the French Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Protestant Reformation was the ultimate cause of political revolution-from the French Revolution of 1789 to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the victory of Bolshevism.
		In the aftermath of the French Revolution conservatives trotted out theories about the ultimately Protestant origins of political revolt: disobedience towards God had led in short order to disobedience towards all constituted authority, with the French Revolution finally attempting and the Bolshevik Revolution finally achieving the abolition of Christianity.
		The strife caused by the spread of Calvinism, the attempt of the monarchy to create a royal religion which could not be used to undermine monarchic authority, and the resistance to a coercive and intolerant state all created a place for religious discussion about tyrannicide, contract theory, divine right, and religious tolerance.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft9702/reviews/ravitch.html (1133 words)

	Creating French Culture (Library of Congress Exhibition)
		In such moments, the French have thrice heeded the call of charismatic and prestigious leaders (Napoleon I, Napoleon III, and Marshall Pétain) whose temperaments and politics paid short shrift to democracy.
		That victory owes much to the French men and women who have defended freedom and democracy against domestic and foreign foes alike, often at the peril of their lives.
		In December 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a French Jew falsely accused of treason, was sentenced to lifelong internment on Devil's Island.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/bnf/bnf0006.html (1385 words)

	Arguments for Monarchy - Canadian Monarchist ONLINE
		Constitutional monarchy alone is capable of integrating the executive, legislative and judicial functions of government.
		Constitutional monarchy allows the celebration of public social events, such as the marking of collective anniversaries and the bestowal of honours, to be free of the taint of partisan politics.
		Republicans claim that monarchies are undemocratic, outdated and are stuck in the dark ages.
	pages.interlog.com /~rakhshan/parg.html (2404 words)

	Template without comments
		The aristocracy, and the monarchy in particular, were the ultimate trendsetters in French society.
		He made the palace the center of court life, and lured French nobles obsessed with the mystique of princely power to the palace for extended stays.
		This chapter became as important in French history as the hundreds of years of absolute monarchy that preceded it, and cemented the fact that any sort of monarchy was no longer "rooted" in France.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/rschwart/hist255/kat_anna/lesmis5.html (411 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the ensuing battle, a combined army of French and Scottish soldiers routed an English army almost twice their size.
		“At the time, the French monarchy was hard up, so the only way to reward the Scots was by giving them land.
		The fruit of Charles’ illicit union was a certain Charles Lennox, who later became the Duke of Richmond, a direct ancestor of the late Lady Diana.
	www.french-news.com /fn05/main.aspx?section=regioncentre (673 words)

	SparkNotes: The French Revolution (1789-1799): Limited Monarchy and the end of the First Stage of the French ...
		Under the new constitution, Louis XVI could only temporarily veto legislation passed by the assembly and his ministers, formerly only responsible to the throne, were held accountable by the members of the legislative branch.
		With the French Revolution's turn toward violence and democracy, Francis II understood his own version of a domino theory--namely, if monarchy is allowed to crumble in one European country, it will fall in the rest of Europe shortly thereafter.
		These actions forced many previously willing and interested members of French society into a dilemma: assuming person x is religious and devout, as most French peasants and workers were, he faces the choice between a godless revolution and his church.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/frenchrev/section7.rhtml (1371 words)

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