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	French Wars of Religion - ninemsn Encarta
		The French Wars of Religion, (1562 to 1598) were a series of conflicts in France fought between Catholics and Huguenots (Protestants) from the middle of the sixteenth century to...
		French Wars of Religion (1562-1598), series of political and social upheavals in France caused by the weakness of the Valois monarchy in the face of religious conflict and aristocratic rivalry.
		The wars saw Roman Catholics, led by the House of Guise, in conflict with Protestant Calvinists, led by the House of Bourbon, and fell into a context of a wider religious quarrel that took place throughout Europe.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_781530755/French_Wars_of_Religion.html (784 words)

	French Wars of Religion â“ Dictionary Definition of French Wars of Religion \| Encyclopedia.com: FREE Online ...
		Noble Power during the French Wars of Religion: The Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy.
		Mary Queen of Scots and the French connection: Alexander Wilkinson considers what the French made of the controversial royal who played a pivotal role in the French wars of religion, both as Queen of Scots and Queen of France.
		Monuments, martyrdom, and the politics of religion in the French third republic.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O48-WarsofReligionFrench.html (1008 words)

	warrel.htm
		The horror of the Religious Wars goes a long way in explaining why the French so earnestly sought peace and order in their country in the years that followed these dark times, and it goes a long way in explaining why the French adopted the system of royal absolutism that will be discussed later.
		One obvious cause of the French Wars of Religion was the Reformation.
		To the French Protestants, followers of John Calvin, (a Frenchman who was a little younger than Luther, but who lived most of his life in exile in Geneva), the essential truth of Christianity was the sovereignty (rule) of God, and that God calls the "elect" to serve Him and be saved.
	www.wright.edu /~christopher.oldstone-moore/confessessay.htm (2066 words)

	Reformation: Religious Wars
		Thus began the French Wars of Religion which were to last for almost forty years and destroy thousands of innocent lives.
		Because of their treaty with the French, the invasion barges which were meant to transport soldiers from the Spanish galleons to the English coastline were not allowed to leave the coast of France.
		The Thirty Years War was, perhaps, the first World War fought in Europe, for nearly every state in Europe became involved in the war in some way or another.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/REFORM/WARS.HTM (2551 words)

	French Wars of Religion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The French Wars of Religion were a series of conflicts fought between Catholics and Huguenots (Protestants) from the middle of the sixteenth century to the Edict of Nantes in 1598, including civil infighting as well as military operations.
		Its members were thereafter commonly known as Huguenots, probably a corruption of Eidgenossen, the name of the Confederates of Switzerland and Geneva from whom the French drew so much of their religious thought and organization.
		At Orléans, Francis, Duke of Guise was assassinated, and Catherine's fears that the war might drag on led her to negotiate a truce and the Edict of Amboise (1563).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion (1745 words)

	Louis XIV
		Louis's reign was remarkable for the establishment of the French Academy and for the work of St. Francis of Sales and St. Vincent de Paul in religion, René Descartes in philosophy, and Pierre Corneille in literature.
		Its gigantic proportions (the western facade is nearly 2,000 feet wide) and the masterpieces of French artists and craftsmen were used by Louis XIV to showcase the power of the French Monarchy.
		No French Protestants were allowed to leave the country; those who openly remained Protestants were promised the right of private worship and freedom from molestation, but the promise was not kept.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/louis_xiv.htm (1720 words)

	[No title]
		The horror of the Religious Wars goes a long way in explaining why the French so earnestly sought peace and order in their country in the years that followed these dark times, and it goes a long way in explaining why the French adopted the system of royal absolutism that will be discussed next time.
		One obvious cause of the French Wars of Religion was the Reformation.
		To the French Protestants, followers of John Calvin, a Frenchman who was a little younger than Luther (but who lived most of his life in exile in Geneva), the essential truth of Christianity was the sovereignty (rule) of God, and that God calls the "elect" to serve Him and be saved.
	www.augie.edu /dept/history/reli.htm (2012 words)

	RMDS Collections
		The French Wars of Religion were long in preparation and far from simply a matter of religion.
		The Penitential Psalms – Translated into French, the psalms came to be associated with the Protestant Reform movement, in part due to Marot's links to the reformers in the eyes of the French Roman Catholic authorities.
		Catherine de Medici–; attacks on and defenses of the Queen Regent and her role in the wars of religion.
	www.lib.virginia.edu /rmds/collections/gordon/religion/index.html (858 words)

	Wars of Religion
		Religion had formed the basis of the social consensus of Europe for a millenium.
		This third war was more protracted, and brought the war to the rural areas in central and southern France, spreading the suffering to the population and raising the cultural tensions between Catholics and Protestants.
		The fourth war was set off when the city of La Rochelle, the de facto capital of the Protestants, refused to pay taxes to the king because of the massacre and refused admittance to the royal governor.
	www.lepg.org /wars.htm (3850 words)

	The National Huguenot Society - Who Were the Huguenots?
		The Huguenots were French Protestants most of whom eventually came to follow the teachings of John Calvin, and who, due to religious persecution, were forced to flee France to other countries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
		The Edict of Nantes, signed by Henry IV in April, 1598, ended the Wars of Religion, and allowed the Huguenots some religious freedoms, including free exercise of their religion in 20 specified towns of France.
		Their character and talents in the arts, sciences, and industry were such that they are generally felt to have been a substantial loss to the French society from which they had been forced to withdraw, and a corresponding gain to the communities and nations into which they settled.
	www.huguenot.netnation.com /general/huguenot.htm (765 words)

	Liberty Magazine
		The European wars of religion, which followed the Reformation and raged roughly from the early mid-sixteenth century to the later mid-seventeenth century, were marked by a range of atrocities, all carried out in the name of Christianity.
		Divided between the majority Roman Catholic population and the minority Calvinist Huguenots, France was racked by civil wars (the French Wars of Religion) and by persecution and communal violence for most of the last 40 years of the sixteenth century.
		The nine civil wars resulted from the unwillingness of Calvinist nobles and congregations to allow fellow believers to be imprisoned, enslaved in the galleys of the royal fleet, or executed.
	www.libertymagazine.org /article/articleview/631/1/98 (2532 words)

	France
		The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) was part of a long tradition dating back to the roots of French history, in which the aristocracy and the monarchy battled each other for supremecy.
		The English and the French would fight a series of Wars that began in the late 1600's and ended in the mid 1700's with the Seven Years' War.
		This is their story: During the War of the Roses, the York and Lancaster Houses fought over who would dominate the monarchy.
	ap_history_online.tripod.com /apeh5a.htm (1735 words)

	Religion History Provence, - by Provence Beyond
		By the end of the war period, the higher orders of ennobled lawyer-administrators and the aristocracy banded more tightly together for protection against the emerging urban and peasant protest movements.
		La Ligue was a Catholic confederation founded in 1576 by the Duc de Guise to defend the catholic religion from the Calvinists, and to unseat Henri III and replace him on the throne with Les Guises, the top men of the party.
		With this, the fighting became a civil war as a good part of the population of Provence took up arms and began massacres of the Carcistes.
	www.beyond.fr /history/religion.html (771 words)

	WARS OF RELIGION: POWER, STRUGGLE, AND SETTLEMENT
		During the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598), the nobility and great families divided over religion and political control.
		Catholic French kings, such as Francis I and Henry II, opposed this spread of Calvinism and persecuted the Huguenots.
		During the reign of Henry II (1547-1559) aristocrats' opposition to the centralization of monarchical authority in France came to a head.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/gbrown/westernciv/wc201/wciv2c4/wciv2c4lsec5.html (496 words)

	French Wars of Religion
		The French Wars of Religion were fought between the Catholic League and the Huguenots from the March 1, 1562 massacre of 1,000 Hugeunots at Vassy to 1598.
		The consummation of the struggle came when the War of the Three Henrys ended with Duke Henry of Nevarre beginning the Bourbon Dynasty as Henry IV of France after he converted to Catholicism to soothe the situation.
		Although Mayenne and other members of the House of Guise had murdered, tortured and wreaked havoc on the lives of many French citizens, for the sake of the country King Henri IV bought peace with him and in January of 1596 a treaty was signed that put an end to the League.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/french_wars_of_religion.htm (1490 words)

	The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629 - Cambridge University Press
		In short, while civil war, popular revolt, and social violence were endemic to pre-modern society, it was the dynamic of religion that distinguished the sixteenth-century civil wars and resulted in the most serious crisis of French state and society before the Revolution.
		And though French ceremonial shared much in common with English coronations across the Channel, by the sixteenth century it was clear that the constitutional aspects of the ceremony so emphasized in England took a backseat to the liturgical nature of the coronation so heavily accentuated in France.
		And as the Wars of Religion were to demonstrate, the special powers of these god-kings were accompanied by explicit responsibilities, the foremost of which was combatting heresy.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521547504&ss=exc&utm_source=DOI&utm_medium=MultiLink&utm_content=0521547504&utm_campaign=CDI (3121 words)

	Military history of France
		French military intervention is most often seen in its former colonies and with its NATO allies in hot spots around the world.
		French Indochina (covering modern Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) and a string of military success in the Scramble for Africa, where it established control over regions that are today covered by modern countries such as Tunisia, Algeria, Chad, Madagascar, and Djibouti.
		Pastry War of 1838 and obliterated the Chinese navy at the
	schools-wikipedia.org /wp/m/Military_history_of_France.htm (6756 words)

	[No title]
		One distinguishing feature of the French Wars of Religion is the proportion of shot to pike: for one reason and another, there were many more musketeers and arquebusiers in the Catholic and Hugenot armies than was typically the case during the 16th century.
		This was not due to any tactical consideration, but was the result of scarcity: the French considered carrying gunpowder weapons preferable to acting as pikemen, and there was no tradition, as among the Swiss and Germans, to counteract this tendency.
		It is known that the Catholic French foot near Epinay put out a screen of "enfants perdus" part-way through the battle, and to have deployed three ranks of arquebusiers along their front when charged by reiters.
	www.geocities.com /TimesSquare/Bunker/7475/dreux.htm (2413 words)

	Untitled Document
		The history of the Hundred Years War cannot be written without understanding the fundamental paradigms that shaped the narratives offered by contemporary chroniclers and commentators, and may certainly provided the framework within which warriors understood warfare and chivalry.
		My dissertation was a study of urban planning and architectural development in Bordeaux from the 1720s to the French Revolution which placed the port city in a national and international context to demonstrate how economic, political, and social relationships were imprinted on the urban and rural environments.
		I analyse treatises by Paré, Joubert and Guillemeau, examining the controversies surrounding the choice to publish in French at a time when Latin was still the accepted language of formal medical discourse, and I discuss debates over subjects of particular social and cultural significance, including male and female seed, the length of pregnancy and hermaphrodites.
	www.history.emory.edu /BEIK/R-Z.htm (5865 words)

	BBC - 16+ SOS Teacher - History European and World History french wars of religion
		The strength of French Calvinism was one important cause of the outbreak of the wars but there were others.
		The weakness of the French crown: not only the long term weakness of limited authority over powerful nobles, but also the shorter term problems including the financial crisis caused by war since 1515 and the minorities of Francis II and Charles IX.
		Of course the immediate cause of the first war were the events at Amboise and Vassy.
	www.bbc.co.uk /schools/16/sosteacher/history/49427.shtml (553 words)

	H-France Reviews
		And most curious of all, perhaps, Conner claims that historians of the French Reformation and civil wars have simply ignored southern France altogether, as they have tended to emphasize the court and the significant events of the wars in northern France.
		It is especially good on analyzing the elite families who lived in and dominated Montauban during the religious wars, as well as their activities and interests as derived from the notarial records.
		The Society for French Historical Studies permits the electronic distribution for nonprofit educational purposes, provided that full and accurate credit is given to the author, the date of publication, and its location on the H-France website.
	www.h-france.net /vol3reviews/holt2.html (1869 words)

	St Bartholomew Day Massacre, France Wars of Religion
		This launched the fourth and fifth civil wars, until in 1576 the Huguenots were granted freedom to worship anywhere in France except Paris.
		But the wars were now being fought between two almost fanatical opposed groups, and it was not at all clear how a solution could emerge.
		This prompted Henri de Guise to renew the Holy League, and a new civil war began (1585 - 1589).
	www.francethisway.com /history/warsofreligion-b.php (378 words)

	Text / The Complete Military History of France
		In a war whose ending foreshadows the next 2000 years of French history, France is conquered by of all things, an Italian.
		Thousands of French women find out what it's like to not only sleep with a winner, but one who doesn't call her "Fraulein." Sadly, widespread use of condoms by American forces forestalls any improvement in the French bloodline.
		The French consider the departure of the French from Algeria in 1962-63, after 130 years on colonialism, as a French victory and especially consider C. de Gaulle as a hero for 'leading' said victory over the unwilling French public who were very much against the departure.
	www.albinoblacksheep.com /text/france.html (1321 words)

	OCF
		If it is about religion, then you might say that the story begins with John Calvin and the spread of Calvinism in France in the first decades of the 16th century.
		As it happened, the French wars of religion would be resolved in compromise, as all disputes that terminate with enduring peaces do.
		And just as the French went through their decades-long phase of zealotry, where Catholic and Protestant tried to extinguish each other in war, so too I went though my own zealous phase, when I thought I was the luckiest person alive because I was in the True Faith.
	www.westminster.edu /staff/martinre/PublicAddressesLectures.htm (4449 words)

	French Religious Wars, 1562-1598 - by ROBERT JEAN KNECHT
		The eight French Wars of Religion began in 1562 and lasted for 36 years.
		Although the wars were fought between Catholics and Protestants, this books draws out in full the equally important struggle for power between the king and the leading nobles, and the rivalry between the nobles themselves as they vied for control of the king.
		In a time when human life counted for little, the destruction reached its height in the St Bartholomews Day Massacre when up to 10,000 Protestants lost their lives.
	www.motorbooks.com /ProductDetails_9661.ncm (179 words)

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