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Topic: French colonisation of the Americas

	History of Niger - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Long before the arrival of French influence and control in the area, Niger was an important economic crossroads, and the empires of Songhai Empire, Mali Empire, Gao, and Kanem-Bornu, as well as a number of Hausa states, claimed control over portions of the area.
		Although French efforts at pacification began before 1900, dissident ethnic groups, especially the desert Tuareg, were not subdued until 1922, when Niger became a French colony.
		French West Africa (Côte d'Ivoire, Dahomey, French Sudan=Mali, Guinea, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Upper Volta) and French Togoland and James Island (The Gambia)
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_Niger (1205 words)

	History of Madagascar - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		In 1947, with French prestige at low ebb, a nationalist uprising was suppressed after one year of bitter fighting, in which 90,000 to 100,000 Malagasy died.
		Tsiranana's rule represented continuation, with French settlers (or 'colons') still in positions of power and unlike many of France's former colonies, strongly resisted movements towards communism.Lonely Planet: Madagascar History In 1972 protests against these policies came to a head and Tsiranana was forced to step down.
		The Americas (French colonization of the Americas): New France (Acadia, Louisiana, Québec, Terre Neuve)
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_Madagascar (1040 words)

	French colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century, and continued as France established a colonial empire in the 17th century.
		The French were also responsible for the settlement of the nation of Haiti, the nation which shares the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic, as well as the islands of Guadeloupe, Martinique, St.
		However, Guadeloupe is unique in these French colonies because slaves gained independence for a brief period from 1795 (due to pressures by the French Revolution, the convention in Paris performed this task and sent Victor Hugues to implement the new law) to the reinstatement of the institution of slavery by Bonaparte in 1802.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_colonisation_of_the_Americas (1468 words)

	Réunion Travel Agencies, ASFA Members, travel agents for cheap airline tickets and discount air fares
		Réunion (French: La Réunion) is an island and overseas département (département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France, located in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar, about 200 km southwest of Mauritius.
		Although the French flag was hoisted by François Cauche in 1638, Santa Apollonia was officially claimed by Jacques Pronis of France in 1642, when he deported a dozen French mutineers to the island from Madagascar.
		From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French immigration supplemented by influxes of Africans, Chinese, Malays, and Tamil (Malabar) Indians gave the island its ethnic mix.
	www.specialfares.net /country.php?country=38 (1451 words)

	Laos - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The early history of Laos was dominated by the wider Nanzhao kingdom, which was succeeded in the 14th century by the local kingdom of Lan Xang that lasted until its decline in the 18th century, after which Thailand assumed control of the separate principalities that remained.
		These then came under French influence during the 19th century and were incorporated into French Indochina in 1893.
		All newspapers are published by the government, including two foreign language papers: the English language Vientiane Times and the French language Le Renovateur.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Laos (1558 words)

	FT.com / World / Europe - Riffraff go into battle over French history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		It refers to the controversial law passed almost unnoticed last February that calls for the "positive role of the French abroad", in particular in its former north African colonies, to be taught to the nation's 12m schoolÃ‚Âchildren.
		Deputies from the former colonies have accused the French curriculum of encouraging textbook racism, glossing over slavery and shedding a positive light on 300 years of colonialism that culminated violently in the Algerian battle for independence in the 1950s and 1960s.
		The fact is that the French system gives considerable leeway to teachers to interpret the curriculum, which is set by a panel of government and academic experts.
	www.ft.com /cms/s/6e253f30-6921-11da-bd30-0000779e2340.html (786 words)

	Cornelius J. Jaenen \| French Expansion in North America \| The History Teacher, 34.2 \| The History Cooperative
		Having outlined the French colonial effort, the first point I should like to make is that no single model of colonial expansion, no single paradigm of government, and no single framework of societal evolution can adequately characterize or explain New France.
		There is a French Canadian nationalist myth, of course, that France never adequately supported her Canadian colony and that she finally abandoned it.
		French native policy was very different as well, shifting from a more confrontational approach in the south to accommodating alliances and appeasement in the boreal colony.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ht/34.2/jaenen.html (3537 words)

	Laos - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Laos traces its history to the kingdom of Lan Xang, founded in the 14th century, which lasted until the 18th century, when Siam assumed control of the separate principalities that remained.
		French, once common in government and commerce, has declined in usage, while knowledge of English—the language of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)—has increased in recent years.
		French colonial empires I- Former French protectorates and colonial possessions:
	en.wikipedia.ifc.com.pl /wiki/Laos (2948 words)

	Laos Information Center - laos girls
		The early history of Laos was dominated by the wider Nanzhao kingdom, which was succeeded in the 14th century by the local kingdom of Lan Xang that lasted until laos geography its decline in the 18th century, after which Thailand assumed control of the separate laos children principalities that remained.
		French, once common in government and commerce, has declined in usage, while knowledge of English - the language of the Association of Southeast economy of laos Asian Nations (ASEAN) - has increased in recent years.
		French West Africa (Côte d'Ivoire, Dahomey, French Sudan, Guinea, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Upper Volta)
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_H_-_L/Laos.html (1677 words)

	spain - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		It was also the wealthiest nation but the uncontrolled influx of goods and minerals from Spanish colonisation of the Americas resulted in rampant inflation and economic depression.
		In the meantime, Spain lost most of its colonies in the Americas during the 19th century, a trend which ended with the loss of Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico to the United States after the Spanish-American War of 1898.
		In the touristic areas of the Mediterranean costas and the islands, German and English are spoken by tourists, foreign residents and tourism workers.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Spain (3861 words)

	New Page 0
		America is on troubled terrain in recent history, and there is a groundswell of diffidence (if not hatred) of the ME “natives” against those perceived to command the largest outside power exercised in the region, yet exercise their power selectively, unjustly and inconsistently.
		America and Europe need to be attentive to the deafening call for change, and support those calls which square with Western values of freedom and progress.
		The French paper Le Monde reported in October 2002 the non-Jewish population in Israel at 27 per cent of the population (not including territories occupied in 1967).
	www.mallat.com /englishversion.htm (9339 words)

	French Togoland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		French Togoland was a France Mandate territory in West Africa, which later became the Togolese Republic.
		Togoland was divided into French and British administrative zones in 1916, and following the war, Togoland formally became a League of Nations mandate divided for administrative purposes between France and the United Kingdom.
		By statute in 1955, French Togoland became an autonomous republic within the French union, although it retained its UN trusteeship status.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_Togoland (321 words)

	French colonial empires - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Early French attempts to found colonies in Brazil, in 1555 at Rio de Janeiro (the so-called France Antarctique) and in 1612 at São Luís (the so-called France Équinoxiale), and in Florida were not successful, due to Portuguese and Spanish vigilance and prevention.
		Settlement along the South American coast in what is today French Guiana began in 1624, and a colony was founded on Saint Kitts in 1625 (the island had to be shared with the English until the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, when it was ceded outright).
		The true beginnings of the second French colonial empire, however, were laid in 1830 with the French invasion of Algeria, which was conquered over the next 17 years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_colonial_empires (2905 words)

	French East India Company - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The French East India Company (French: La Compagnie française des Indes orientales or Compagnie française pour le commerce des Indes orientales) was a commercial enterprise, founded in 1664 to compete with the British and Dutch East India companies.
		With the decline of the Mughal Empire, the French decided to intervene in Indian political affairs to protect their interests, notably by forging alliances with local rulers in south India.
		From 1741 the French under Joseph François Dupleix pursued an aggressive policy against both the Indians and the English until they ultimately were defeated by Robert Clive.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_East_India_Company (418 words)

	English
		Dialect in North America is most distinctive on the east coast of the continent; this is largely because these areas were in contact with England, and imitated prestige varieties of British English at a time when those varieties were undergoing changes.
		At the time America was a relatively new country and Webster's particular contribution was to show that the region spoke a different dialect from Britain, and so he wrote a dictionary with many spellings differing from the standard.
		One of the consequences of the French influence is that the vocabulary of English is, to a certain extent, divided between those words which are Germanic (mostly Anglo-Saxon), and those which are "Latinate" (Latin-derived, mostly from Norman French but some borrowed directly from Latin).
	www.websters-online-dictionary.net /definition/english... (14524 words)

	City Mayors: Historic cities - The Americas
		Unesco World Heritage says: Goiás is a testament to the occupation and colonisation of the lands of central Brazil in the 18th and 19th centuries.
		Québec was founded by the French explorer Champlain in the early 17th century.
		Jefferson's use of an architectural vocabulary based upon classical antiquity symbolises both the aspirations of the new American republic as the inheritor of European tradition and the cultural experimentation that could be expected as the country matured.
	www.citymayors.com /culture/historic_americas.html (2902 words)

	Easter Island
		The reconstruction of hypothetical cataclysms or imaginary migrations from ancient Peru, China or India was based on a widely held perception and resulted in a sweeping conclusion: an outright denial that the indigenous population discovered on Rapa Nui were the real masterminds of their civilisation and its cultural features.
		Nevertheless, the anecdote appears to have had a significant impact on the French missionaries who were the first Europeans to settle on the island about 20 years after the reported incident.
		More importantly, the French missionaries invoke the traditional claim that cannibalism was rampant among Easter's population until the introduction of Christianity (Métraux, 1940:150).
	sacredsites.com /americas/chile/easter_island.html (13993 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Karaikal
		Karaikal is located in a small coastal enclave of territory which was formerly part of French India, and, together with the former French coastal enclaves of Pondichery, Yanam, and MahÃ©, forms the Union Territory of Pondichery.
		The earlier generation also speak the French dialect.
		The town also has the offices of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), which explores, produces and supplies oil and natural gas.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Karaikal (456 words)

	European Crusades, Chrisitianisation and Colonisation
		Given its present name in 1793, during the French revolution, to celebrate the union of the revolutionaries from Marseilles with the National Guard on August 10, 1792.
		In the words of Professor Michel Mollat du Jourdin, a French historian, it was 'a zone of encounters and contacts...a centre for all types of exchanges...a privileged cross-roads of culture from earliest times'.
		Two proofs of this passage of ideas and icons are an erotic ivory statuette of an Indian goddess dug out of the ruins of Pompeii, and the bronze representation of the Greek sea God Poseidon found in the remains of a 2,000 year-old trading post on the West Indian coast.
	www.aliasoft.com /themes/colonisation.html (10040 words)

	Minutes of Second Congress of the Communist International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		It is correct that the jingoist and chauvinist mood of the labour aristocracy in England and America forms the greatest danger for communism and the greatest support for the Second International, and is the greatest treachery on the part of the leaders and workers who belong to such a bourgeois international.
		After the war the Negroes, many of whom had received medals for bravery from the English and French governments, returned to their Southern villages where they were subjected to lynch law because they dared to wear their uniforms and their decorations on the street.
		The whole of Latin America must be regarded as a colony of the United States, and not only its present colonies such as the Philippines etc. Central America is under the complete control of the United States through her forces of occupation.
	www.marxists.org /history/international/comintern/2nd-congress/ch04.htm (8262 words)

	British Empire - Questionz.net , answers to all your questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Colonisation of the Americas The British Empire first took shape from the early 17th century, with the English settlement of the eastern colonies of North America, which would later become the original United States as well as Canada's Maritime provinces, and the colonisation of the smaller islands of the Caribbean such as Jamaica and Barbados.
		During the long period of unbroken Whig dominance of domestic political life (1714-62), the empire became less important and less well regarded, until an ill-fated attempt to reverse the resulting "salutary neglect" provoked the American War of Independence (1775-83), depriving Britain of her most populous colonies.
		The period is sometimes referred to as the end of the "first British Empire", indicating the shift of British expansion from the Americas in the 17th and 18th centuries to the "second British Empire" in Asia and later also Africa from the 18th century.
	www.questionz.net /Law/British_Empire.html (3906 words)

	Tahiti And Europeans
		Today, the Territory of French Polynesia (consisting of five archipelagoes, parts of which are the Society Islands), includes the islands of Tahiti, Mo'orea, and the Marquesas, and is located approximately 10 to 30 degrees south of the equator and 130 to 155 degrees west of Greenwich.
		The land area of all of French Polynesia is approximately 1297 square miles (3,360 square kilometers) and the largest island is Tahiti at 402 square miles (or 1041 square kilometers).
		The estimated population for French Polynesia in July 2004 was 266,339 (27.5 per cent below the age of 14), with the majority of the population (~64% or 170,457) living on the island of Tahiti.
	www.csuchico.edu /~curban/TahitiAndEuropeansFa2004.html (8971 words)

	April 2006 Newsletter
		A colorful and engaging study that argues that the language of love was central to the construction and imagination of the French presence in the Pacific.
		The prize is meant to encourage beginning academics in the field of French Colonial History and to honour the career of one of French Colonial History's greatest historians.
		Bill Eccles was an outstanding supporter of graduate students and this prize is meant to continue his work by encouraging those at the beginning of their careers in our field.
	www.frenchcolonial.org /Newsletter.htm (3483 words)

	eHistLing - World-Wide English
		The first British Empire was characterised by the colonisation of the Americas starting with the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown (1607) and including the early sugar-producing colonies of the Caribbean.
		The first permanent British settlements in America were established in 1607 at Jamestown (after king James I), Virginia (after queen Elizabeth I, ‘the Virgin Queen’).
		Apart from European settlers, the population of the Americas grew rapidly because of the cruel enslavement of native Africans.
	www.ehistling-pub.meotod.de /01_lec06.php (4217 words)

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