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	French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The law is an amendment to the French Code of Education that expands principles founded in existing French law, especially the constitutional requirement of laïcité: the separation of state and religious activities.
		The law does not mention any particular symbol, though it is considered by many to specifically target the wearing of headscarves (a khimar, considered by some to be required as part of hijab ["modesty"]) by Muslim schoolgirls.
		The law itself may not be challenged before French courts (since this would have warranted action before the Constitutional Council before the signing of the law); however, the courts may significantly curtail its application — especially given the inherent margin of appreciation of what is ostentatious or not.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_headscarf_law (5395 words)

	Islam in France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 2005 French riots are only the starkest illustration of these problems to date, but smaller scale riots have been re-occurring througout the 1980s and 1990s, first in Vaulx-en-Velin in 1979, and in Vénissieux in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999.
		The French government position, and most public opinion, is opposed to the wearing of an "ostentatious" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of laïcité.
		The French Olivier Roy, a top advisor to French President Jacques Chirac, holds that the primary motive of all of this activity is resistance to colonialism and control of the Islamic World by outsiders.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Islam_in_France (3721 words)

	Islam in France - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Their beliefs non-Muslims and rejection of French secular enlightenment values are at odds with some of the modern modernized French Muslim youth, but are very appealing to other French Muslim youths.
		This tendency is the one followed by the majority of French Muslims: about three quarters of French Muslims fast during Ramadan, about two-thirds avoid alcohol, and most do not eat pork.
		In 2004, the French government expelled several imams of foreign citizenship involved in radical politics, or advocating criminal behavior.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Islam_in_France (3386 words)

	Islam in France Article, IslamFrance Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There is a Muslim school in Réunion (French island to the east of Madagascar), and the first Muslim collège (school for students aged 11 to 15)opened its doors in 2001 in Aubervilliers with 11 students.
		French media pointsto the high rates of crime and poverty among certain immigrant communities, and to the influence individual Muslims have had onnational athletics, the arts, and popular culture.
		Because influence in French politics is possiblewithout resorting to violence, the use of violence in that context is considered counterproductive toward achieving their goal ofguiding the political system according to the principles of Islam.
	www.anoca.org /french/muslim/islam_in_france.html (3298 words)

	Islam in France
		The French State does not legally recognise ethnic background and religions, but in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of the French Muslims.
		Some assume their religion within the French model: they practice prayer (salat), observe the fast of Ramadan, don't eat pork and don't drink wine.
		There is a Muslim school in Réunion (French island to the east of Madagascar), and the first Muslim (school for students aged 11 to 15) opened its doors in 2001 in Aubervilliers with 11 students.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/i/is/islam_in_france.html (3386 words)

	Encyclopedia: Islam in France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools is an amendment to the French Code of Education banning students from wearing conspicuous religious symbols in French public primary and secondary schools.
		Mantes-la-Jolie or Mantes or Mantes-sur-Seine is a commune of northern France, the capital of an arrondissement (sous-préfecture) and the third largest town in the département of Yvelines on the left bank of the Seine, some 30 miles north west of Paris.
		Those militants who follow a version of shariah based on the classical fiqh ("jurisprudence") as interpreted by local ulema ("jurists"), were the most prominent of several competing trends in modern Islamic philosophy in the 1970s and 1980s.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Islam-in-France (6923 words)

	USATODAY.com - French senate adopts ban on Islamic headscarves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		PARIS (AP) — A law banning Islamic headscarves in France's public schools was adopted Wednesday in the Senate by a vote of 276-20.
		French missions abroad must "try to reassure those who are concerned," he said.
		Raffarin insisted the law was needed to contain the spread of Muslim fundamentalism and ensure that the principle of secularism on which France is based remains intact.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2004-03-03-france-headscarves_x.htm (463 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| French journalists kidnapped in battle to end headscarf law
		A French Foreign Ministry spokesman said it had learnt of the men's capture and ultimatum from the Al-Jazeera video and was trying to analyse the information.
		Despite appeals for calm from religious leaders, teachers are braced for a wave of tension as schools implement the new and controversial legislation banning the wearing of Islamic headscarves and other conspicuous religious symbols.
		Although officials claim that fewer than 100 pupils plan to defy the law, the government has warned that radical Islamist organisations are using young pupils as pawns in order to provoke confrontation.
	www.guardian.co.uk /Iraq/Story/0,2763,1293352,00.html (673 words)

	French School Year Starts Smoothly As Headscarf Law Goes Into Effect
		The extremists holding Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot hostage are demanding that Paris repeal the headscarf ban in state schools, a threat that has sparked widespread outrage in France and fostered a sense of national unity.
		But even the most outspoken critics of the headscarf law like Muslim scholar Tariq Ramadan and Lhaj Thami Breze of the Union of Islamic Organizations in France (UOIF), close to the Muslim Brotherhood, have condemned the hostage-taking as unacceptable flmail and are urging girls to obey the law.
		Introduced as a result of a report last year which warned against the breakdown of society into racial and faith-based groups, the law was designed to reinforce the strict separation of religion and state, a basic value of modern-day France.
	www.turkishpress.com /news.asp?id=26119 (829 words)

	CNN.com - Hopes rise for French hostages - Sep 3, 2004
		A delegation from the French Council of the Muslim Faith (CFCM), which went to Baghdad to try to save journalists Georges Malbrunot and Christian Chesnot, said they had proof they were alive and hoped their release was now imminent.
		French Foreign Minister Michel Barnier, who is also in Amman for talks on the crisis, said on Thursday he understood Malbrunot and Chesnot were "alive and getting good treatment," Reuters reported.
		French officials had felt that French citizens were largely immune to the rash of kidnappings in Iraq because of their strong opposition to the war in Iraq.
	edition.cnn.com /2004/WORLD/europe/09/03/france.hostages (501 words)

	Middle East Online
		The French cabinet on Wednesday approved a controversial bill to ban the Islamic headscarf from schools, opening the way for its passage through parliament and adoption by the start of the next school year.
		Intended to ensure a rigid enforcement of the French principle of "secularism" - the separation of religion and state - the law has prompted an angry reaction from many Muslims who say their freedom of religion is under attack.
		Noting that the law was originally intended to cut support for Le Pen's National Front (FN) by taking a firm line on Islamic radicals, the pro-government Le Figaro newspaper warned Wednesday that the policy appeared to be backfiring.
	www.middle-east-online.com /english?id=8682 (561 words)

	An exchange of letters on the French headscarf ban
		That French political leaders have taken the stance they have concerning religious symbols suggests to me that the principle of a secular state is stronger than the idea of religious freedom because religious freedom actually seems to elevate religion, as opposed to taking a neutral stance toward it.
		Because I view the new French law as an effort to address religious practices and not religious belief, and because I have witnessed some American politicians be intimidated by religious demagogues and other American politicians actually become religious demagogues, I have taken a supportive view of the French government’s action on this matter.
		The French government is far from viewing its campaign “for secularism” as reaffirming its “neutral stance” towards religion, as you put it.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2004/apr2004/exch-a08_prn.shtml (1974 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| French scarf ban comes into force
		The French government has refused to give in to the militants, who have threatened to kill the two.
		French education authorities with a large Arab population were on high alert on Thursday.
		The law, which affects 12 million children, calls for a period of dialogue, although Education Minister Francois Fillon has stressed that there is no room for negotiations.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/3619988.stm (471 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Europe / Hostage crisis unites France behind headscarf ban
		PARIS -- French critics and defenders of a ban on Muslim headscarves in schools united in support of the law yesterday, pledging to stand firm against militants holding two French journalists hostage in Iraq who want the law revoked.
		Dalil Boubakeur, head of the French Council of the Muslim Faith, said his community rejected the foreign interference into what it considered a strictly French issue.
		France passed the law in March in reaction to the growing influence of Islamist activists and tensions between Muslim and Jewish youths in schools.
	www.boston.com /news/world/europe/articles/2004/08/31/hostage_crisis_unites_france_behind_headscarf_ban (358 words)

	The Curt Jester: French chaplains run afoul of ‘headscarf law’
		TOULON, France - The French law meant to banish Muslim headscarves from state schools is finding unexpected targets in southern France, where some principals have begun turning away Roman Catholic chaplains.
		The French may be a little wacky but they don't deserve that kind of treatment.
		French priests tend to wear business suits with a discrete pin to identify themselves as priests.
	www.splendoroftruth.com /curtjester/archives/005160.php (465 words)

	Crosswalk.com
		A group representing the French Council for the Muslim Faith, which acts as a link between the Islamic community and the government, held meetings in Baghdad to carry a message that French Muslims do not want the kidnappers to act in their name.
		Although the law bars all conspicuous religious apparel, including Christian crosses and Jewish skullcaps, it was primarily designed to address the spread of Islamic militancy.
		The French government has refused to repeal the headscarf ban, but it is also emphasizing that it never favored the U.S. war against Iraq.
	www.crosswalk.com /news/1282978.html?view=print (625 words)

	CTV.ca - French headscarf law affects Sikhs with turbans- CTV News, Shows and Sports -- Canadian Television
		Sikhs, who number 5,000-7,000 in France, were mostly forgotten during marathon debates that preceded the law's passage in March even though many of them wear turbans to cover their unshorn hair.
		The law calls for a period of dialogue that can last two weeks or more to convince students to remove the offending symbol.
		The new law gives individual schools leeway in deciding what is acceptable in classrooms.
	www.ctv.ca /servlet/ArticleNews/print/CTVNews/1094644060509_11?hub=World&subhub=PrintStory (538 words)

	JURIST - Paper Chase: French headscarf ban takes effect
		Jeannie Shawl at 9:14 AM A new French law banning students from wearing conspicuous religious items in schools came into force Thursday as the new school year begins.
		The new law, which is meant to maintain France's strict separation of state and religion, forbids state school students from wearing "conspicuous" religious apparel, including Muslim headscarves, Sikh turbans, Jewish skullcaps and Christian crucifixes.
		Paper Chase is JURIST's real-time legal news weblog, powered by a team of 20 law student reporters and editors led by law professor Bernard Hibbitts at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /paperchase/2004/09/french-headscarf-ban-takes-effect.htm (299 words)

	CNN.com - Hopes rise for French hostages - Sep 2, 2004
		France, meanwhile, is pressing on with efforts to secure the men's release after a deadline to revoke a law banning Muslim headscarves in schools passed without word from the kidnappers.
		The new law, which bars conspicuous religious symbols -- including Jewish skullcaps and large Christian crosses -- at school, was approved earlier this year and came into force as pupils returned to school Thursday.
		French Foreign Minister Michel Barnier is in Amman, Jordan, for talks on the crisis.
	www.cnn.com /2004/WORLD/europe/09/02/france.hostages (438 words)

	CNN.com - Hostages plead: Lift headscarf ban - Aug 31, 2004
		"We ask the French government to show their good intentions towards the Arab and Islamic world and abolish the headscarf law, which is an unjust and unfair law," Chesnot said.
		And Dalil Boubaker, president of the French Muslim Council, said the Muslim community was "solid in its compassion" for the journalists and their families.
		Spain called for the release of the two French journalists as soon as possible and offered any help it could to resolve the situation in Spain's dual capacity as France's southern neighbor and as a fellow member of the European Union, the statement said.
	www.cnn.com /2004/WORLD/europe/08/30/france.hostages.villepin (850 words)

	Islam :: French Muslim group courts showdown over headscarf law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		“The ban on head-coverings in school is not universal,” the organisation said, arguing that the controversial law, passed in March, “does not call into question the right of pupils to wear discreet religious signs”.
		The “secularity law” was drafted in response to an official report last year which warned against the breakdown of society into racial and faith-based groups, and recommended the removal of religious symbols from the classroom as well as steps to hasten integration of the large Arab minority.
		But the Muslim community believes it is primarily the target, and the start of the new term — when the law will be applied for the first time—is awaited with growing unease.
	www.religionnewsblog.com /8020-.html (651 words)

	Deadline for French hostages extended -DAWN - Top Stories; 31 August, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		DUBAI, Aug 30: Militants holding two French journalists hostage in Iraq gave France another 24 hours on Monday to agree to their demands and scrap a ban on headscarves in schools, Al Jazeera reported.
		The Arabic TV station showed a tape of the two journalists urging the French people to hold protests to persuade their government to retract the headscarf law or they might be killed.
		The kidnappers gave the French government one more day to overturn the ban after a previous 48-hour deadline expired on Monday, Al Jazeera said, quoting a written statement.
	www.dawn.com /2004/08/31/top14.htm (292 words)

	Catholic chaplains affected by French veil law
		The French law meant to banish Muslim headscarves from state schools is finding unexpected targets in southern France, where some principals have begun turning away Catholic chaplains.
		Five priests have been barred from state schools in the Var region despite the fact that French law has long allowed them entry to meet Catholic pupils there, according to the local diocesan spokesman Fr Charles Mallard.
		This has created problems for Sikh pupils, who now cannot wear their turbans although they are not a religious symbol, and now raised questions about the loophole in France's strict secularism that allows chaplains to work at state schools.
	www.cathnews.com /news/410/38.php (868 words)

	Radical Muslim cleric, deported for back (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		French minister says deported imam had ties to group backing "terrorism"
		French court rules against government decision to expel fundamentalist imam
		French law approved to expel foreigners discriminating against women
	www.adetocqueville.com /cgi-binloc/searchTTC.cgi?zopstory+17360 (336 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| French Senate backs headscarf ban
		The upper house of the French parliament has approved a bill banning Islamic headscarves and other religious symbols in state schools.
		Some French MPs, backed by Muslim leaders and rights groups, have warned that the new law could be seen as intolerant and undermine the integration of France's Muslims.
		They say young Muslim women are being forced to wear the headscarf, though the few hundred who have turned out for demonstrations against the new law say they wear it of their own free will.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/3531151.stm (324 words)

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