French invasion of Russia (1812)

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	Napoleon's Invasion of Russia -
		The invasion of the Russian Empire led by Napoleon I of France in 1812 was a critical turning point in the Napoleonic wars.
		The indirect result of the patriotic movement of Russians was a strong desire for the modernisation of the country that would result in a series of revolutions, starting from the Decembrist revolt and ending with the February Revolution of 1917.
		Like the comprehensive defeat of French naval power at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, the Russian campaign was a decisive turning-point of the Napoleonic Wars that ultimately led to Napoleon's defeat and exile on the island of Elba.
	www.pakistangrid.com /mediawiki/index.php/Napoleon's_invasion_of_Russia (1960 words)

	Reading Groups Guides and Discussion on New and Favorite Books
		Napoleon quickly realised that nemesis awaited him, and the events of 1812 had a colossal impact on the fate of Europe: a great patriotic surge helped turn the Russians into a nation (hence Tchaikovskys 1812 overture) and led them to reject Western values; the Germans began their fateful Prussification; the French lost their cultural dominance.
		The saga of Napoleons invasion of Russia and the catastrophic retreat from Moscow has fascinated not only military historians; Tolstoys War and Peace demonstrates the dramatic appeal of those events at a universal humal level.
		By 1810 Napoleon was master of Europe, defied only by Britain, which he could not defeat because he had no navy.
	www.readinggroups.co.uk /books/default.aspx?id=22506 (296 words)

	STRATEGY - LoveToKnow Article on STRATEGY
		The case of the French invasion of Russia in 1812 is an illustration.
		Napoleon always used the words route de larmee, which conveyed perhaps a clearer idea of the conditions the road or other means of communication had to comply with than the current term.
		The Napoleonic strategy, as we have shown, depended primarily on the certainty of decision conferred on him by his case-shot attack ; but the introduction of the long-range infantry rifle (muzzle-loader) rendered it practically impossible to bring the masses of artillery to the close ranges required by the Napoleonic method.
	www.35.1911encyclopedia.org /S/ST/STRATEGY.htm (10370 words)

	Kulikovo Battle Of: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		...Treaty of Tilsit 1807 inaugurated an uneasy peace shattered by Napoleons invasion of Russia June 1812.
		After the battle of Borodino, the French occupation of Moscow and its destruction by fire, Napoleons armies retreated from Russia.
		The battle was fought on a plain by the Don near the present village of Kurkino, Russia, SE of Tula.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/101253944 (827 words)

	Eyewitness account of French retreat from Moscow : Jean-Roch Coignet : 1812 invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte : Napoleonic Wars : Borodino : Smolensk : Moscow : Retreat From Moscow : Beresina :
		Eyewitness account of French retreat from Moscow: Jean-Roch Coignet : 1812 invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte: Napoleonic Wars : Borodino: Smolensk: Moscow: Retreat From Moscow: Beresina :
		All my fortune now consisted of 83 napoleons and this saved my life.
		Map of the first stages of the Great Retreat
	www.napoleonguide.com /campaign_russ_coignet3.htm (704 words)

	Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, 1812
		The map, based on the 1869 chart by Minard, graphically illustrates (both literally and figuratively) how the size of the French army dwindled during the march into Russia and was reduced to almost nothing on the wretched rout back into Poland.
		Being an illustrated account of the ill-fated expedition of the Emperor Napoleon's Grand Armée into Czar Alexander's Russia in 1812.
		The graphic is also a clickable map that will lead you to detailed articles about key events of the invasion.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~jrubarth/gslis/lis385t.16/Napoleon (173 words)

	How a rousing Russian tune took over our July 4th
		Telling the story of the end of the French invasion of Russia in musical themes, "La Marseillaise" is eventually beaten back by a rousing Russian anthem and cannon fire and church bells.
		The "1812 Overture" premiered in 1882 at the consecration of a church in Moscow commemorating Napoleon's retreat from Russia.
		That's because the overture, written by famed composer Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, depicts Napoleon's retreat from Russia in 1812, not America's battles against the British, as many might think.
	www.postgazette.com /ae/20030704overtureae3.asp (1268 words)

	Napoleon's invasion of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812, which Napoleon called the Second Polish War and which is known in Russia as the Patriotic War (Отечественная война - Otechestvennaya Voyna in Russian) was one of the turning points of the Napoleonic wars, proving disastrous for France and its allies.
		The Russian victory over the French army in 1812 marked the first blow to Napoleon's ambitions of European dominance, and was the turning-point of the Napoleonic Wars that led to Napoleon's ultimate defeat.
		In June 1812, Napoleon began the invasion with his Grande Armée of 610,000 men, the largest army ever assembled at that point in history.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Napoleon's_invasion_of_Russia (1268 words)

	Alexander I of Russia
		Alexander at various times sided with and against the French armies under Napoleon, but the French invasion of Russia in 1812 galvanized Russian opposition to the Revolutionary forces.
		Although Catherine had intended for Alexander to become Tsar upon her death rather than her sone Paul (Pavel) I, her plan was never made public, and her son succeeded her to the throne.
		Catherine had asked Diderot to serve as Alexander's tutor, but he declined the offer.
	web.bilkent.edu.tr /Online/www.english.upenn.edu/jlynch/Frank/People/alexandr.html (1268 words)

	1812 Overture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1812 Overture is an orchestral work by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky commemorating the unsuccessful French invasion into Russia, and the subsequent devastating withdrawal of Napoleon's Grande Armée, an event that marked 1812 as the major turning point of the Napoleonic Wars.
		The Russian anthem is a counterpart to the French anthem that was heard earlier.
		The overture debuted in the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow on August 20, 1882.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1812_Overture (881 words)

	history.html
		Folk army has been organized in 1812 to withstand the French invasion, and a famous Borodino battle took place in August not far from Moscow.
		Earlier, at the turn of the centuries Moscow was a feudal town, whereas after the 1812 it lost features of the aristhocratic town and acquired those of a bourgeois one.
		To the end of the 19 century it became the second industrial centre in Russia (after Saint-Petersburg), partially due to the rapid growth of railway communication.
	redsun.cs.msu.su /moscow/history.html (1084 words)

	Faber du Faur: A Biography, by Jonathan North
		An artist and a soldier, his life was perhaps unexceptional until the year 1812 when, as a thirty-two-year-old lieutenant in Napoleon's very grand army, he took part in the French emperor's disasterous invasion of Russia.
		He was awarded the Legion of Honour for his actions during the battle for Smolensk in August 1812 and, later, the Knight's Cross.
		He was one of only 100 Württembergers (22 from the artillery) to return to Poland in December 1812 and these men, the remnant of 15,000, gathered at Inovratslav on 8 January 1813.
	www.greenhillbooks.com /extracts/faber_du_faur_biog.html (1084 words)

	A Brief History of Anglo-french Relations
		Russia ends the boycott in 1812 and the French emperor launches a catastrophic invasion.
		French and British troops join an Israeli campaign against Egypt in the hoping of regaining control of the Suez canal.
		French troops under Captain Marchand attempt to take a town along the Nile (then Fashoda, but now Kodok in Sudan) that Britain wanted for a trade route linking Cairo to Cape Town.
	www.buzzle.co.uk /editorials/text2-4-2003-34886.asp (1084 words)

	French History
		What French leader launched a massive invasion of Russia in 1812?
		What French general was called the hero of two worlds, because he was prominent in both the American Revolution and the French Revolution?
		Louisiana's Cajuns are the descendants of people exiled from Acadia, a former French colony in...
	www.greatauk.com /wqfrenchist.html (508 words)

	Literature on the Age of Napoleon: Napoleonic Fiction, Drama & Poetry
		SUBJECT: Napoleon -- I,-- Emperor of the French, -- 1769-1821 -- Invasion of Russia, 1812 -- Fiction.
		Ives: being the adventures of a French prisoner in England (1897) [Project Gutenberg ed.] (completed by Quiller-Couch) A posthumous romance, finished by “Q.” Stevenson calls it “A mere tissue of adventures.” It is an essay in picaresque fiction, reciting the experiences of a French prisoner of war in Edinburgh Castle, and his adventures after escaping.
		Napoleon -- I,-- Emperor of the French, -- 1769-1821 -- Adversaries — Fiction.
	napoleonic-literature.com /AgeOfNapoleon/Bibliography/Napbiblio8.html (508 words)

	MSN Encarta - Kutuzov, Mikhail Ilarionovich
		Kutuzov, Mikhail Ilarionovich (1745-1813), Russian prince and marshal, who repelled the invasion of Russia by French Emperor Napoleon I in 1812....
		Become a subscriber today and gain access to:
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761584233/Kutuzov_Mikhail_Ilarionovich.html (75 words)

	Coins & Medals of Imperial Russia: Alexander I
		Alexander led the successful coalition war against Napoleon, following the French invasion of Russia in 1812.
		Alexander I was the most enigmatic of Russia’s rulers.
		Alexander I took a still more self-effacing stance than his father, Paul I, in coin design.
	www.library.yale.edu /slavic/coins/html/alexander1.html (75 words)

	Operation Barbarossa
		Patriotic War - (1812 French invasion of Russia)
		The Eastern Front which was opened by Operation Barbarossa would become the biggest theatre of war in World War II, with some of the largest and most brutal battles, terrible loss of life, and miserable conditions for Russians and Germans alike.
		But Hitler considered himself a political and military genius, and indeed at this point in the war he had achieved a whole series of lightning victories against what appeared to be insurmountable odds, while the Generals wanted to prove that they were needed at all.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/o/op/operation_barbarossa.html (75 words)

	Invasion of Russia
		As at Smolensk, the French were appalled and daunted by such uncompromising determination and sacrifice by the Russians, willing to turn their own capital into a blackened ruin.
		His plan was to move 185,000 men around the left flank and to the rear of the Russian armies in a counter-clockwise sweep, engaging the Russian armies separately and attacking Smolensk from the south.
		Smolensk was at the junction of the main roads to St. Petersburg and Moscow--twenty-nine days' march from the first of these capitals, fifteen from the second.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/riley/787/Napoleon/1812/russia.html (75 words)

	Encyclopedia: Battle of Borodino
		Battle of Berezina was held on November 26-29, 1812 between the French army of Napoleon retreating after his invasion of Russia and crossing the Berezina, and Russian army under Kutuzov.
		The First Battle of Smolensk took place on August 17, 1812, between 175,000 French under Napoleon Bonaparte and 130,000 Russians under Prince Bagration, of whom about 50,000 and 60,000 respectively were actually engaged.
		Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start of...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Battle-of-Borodino (1112 words)

	MIKHAIL KUTUZOV MEMORIAL
		Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich (1745-1813), Russian prince and marshal who repelled the invasion of Russia, by French Emperor Napoleon I in 1812.
		In 1812, when Napoleon I invaded Russia, Kutuzov was made a prince as well as commander in chief of the Russian army, relieving Barclay de Tolly of command after he failed to stop the invasion.
		Following orders from Russian Emperor Alexander I and his Austrian advisors, Kutuzov faced the French forces again one month later at the Battle of Austerlitz and was defeated.
	sangha.net /messengers/kutuzov.htm (326 words)

	MIKHAIL KUTUZOV MEMORIAL
		Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich (1745-1813), Russian prince and marshal who repelled the invasion of Russia, by French Emperor Napoleon I in 1812.
		In 1812, when Napoleon I invaded Russia, Kutuzov was made a prince as well as commander in chief of the Russian army, relieving Barclay de Tolly of command after he failed to stop the invasion.
		Following orders from Russian Emperor Alexander I and his Austrian advisors, Kutuzov faced the French forces again one month later at the Battle of Austerlitz and was defeated.
	sangha.net /messengers/kutuzov.htm (326 words)

	The Swedish Army in the Napoleonic Wars
		However, for Drottningens lifregemente and Engelbrechtenska regementet the French invasion of Russia spelled doom: in the spring of 1812 the French invaded Pomerania again, since Napoleon thought it to dangerous to leave the Swedes a bridgehead that could be used to assault the lines of communications of the Grand Army during the invasion of Russia.
		The latter two regiments garrisoned Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania and attracted many recruits of German nationality, and were therefore sometimes referred to as "the German regiments".
		It should be noted that the old infantry and cavalry parts of this unit for various administrative purposes were named as rothålls- and rusthållsfördelning (division) respectively.
	www.histofig.com /history/empire/armees/arm_suede_en.html (326 words)

	war and social upheaval: the Napoleonic Wars
		The important campaign of the Napoleonic Wars are Egypt (1798-1801), Second Coalition (1798-1801), Third Coalition (1805), Fourth Coalition (1806-07), Fifth Coalition (1809), the Peninsular War, (1808-14), Invasion of Russia (1812), Germany (1813), Invasion of France (1814), and the 100 days campaign (1815).
		This force confronted a coalition of Britain, Prussia, Portugal, Russia, Spain, and Sweden.
		British actions against American shipping resulted in a war with the fledgling United States, referred to as the War of 1812 in America.
	histclo.com /essay/war/war-ne.html (3979 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March on Moscow
		Zamoyski's "1812" serves up a wealth of detail about the French invasion, much of it in the form of eye-witness accounts which gives the reader an insight into the mood of the army at various stages of the campaign and the horrific conditions they suffered.
		Adam Zamoyski's book is a fine narrative history of the period leading up to and the actual invasion of Russia by Napoleon's France in 1812.
		Zamoyski's book is a well researched, scholarly account of Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812 with some 550 pages of text.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0007123752 (3979 words)

	Articles - Battle of Vitoria
		By contrast, Napoleon withdrew many French soldiers for his disastrous invasion of Russia.
		In July 1812, after the Battle of Salamanca, the French had evacuated Madrid, which Wellington's army entered on August 12, 1812.
		The Battle of Vitoria was fought on June 21, 1813 during the Peninsular War, between 78,000 British, Portuguese and Spanish troops, with 96 guns, under the Marquis of Wellington, and 58,000 French with 153 guns under King Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jourdan.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Battle_of_Vitoria (580 words)

	Kirkus Reviews: Zamoyski, Adam: Moscow 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March.(Book Review)
		Polish historian Zamoyski (Holy Madness, 2000, etc.) has an eye for irony, and though he does not specifically point out parallels, the French invasion of Russia in 1812 finds echoes in current events.
		Zamoyski, Adam MOSCOW 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March HarperCollins (672 pp.) $29.95 Aug. 6, 2004 ISBN: 0-06-107558-2
		In which the famed French emperor seals his doom by marching headlong into a country that would not be tamed.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_hb187/is_200405/ai_hibm1G1116671751 (580 words)

	Ioannis Kapodistrias
		After the army marched north to oppose Napoleon's invasion of Russia (1812), Kapodístrias was assigned as a diplomat to the army staff (1813) and later was sent by Alexander I on a special mission to Switzerland (1814).
		After attending the postwar Congress of Vienna as one of Russia's representatives (1814–15), Kapodístrias became a highly influential adviser of the emperor; and, after January 1816, he was given equal responsibility with Karl Robert Nesselrode, the director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for the conduct of Russia's foreign policy.
		In 1799 Russia and Turkey drove the French from the Ionian Islands and organized them into the Septinsular Republic.
	www.omhros.gr /Kat/History/Mod/El/Kapodistrias.htm (580 words)

	Nesselrode, Karl Vasilyevich, Count -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		(Count) military officer and statesman who was a close associate and adviser to Emperor Paul I of Russia (reigned 1796–1801) and served as military governor of Moscow during Napoleon's invasion of Russia (1812).
		(Imperial Count) Russian military commander notable for his achievements in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–91 and in the French Revolutionary Wars.
		In 1789 he was created a Russian count and a count of the Holy Roman Empire; in 1799 he was created a Russian prince.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9055335 (580 words)

	Napoleon's invasion of Russia
		The Russian army suffered defeats on the approaches to Moscow in the battles of Smolensk (4-6 August) and in the Battle of Borodino ( 26 August 1812), but was not decisively destroyed, and the French suffered almost as may casualties as the Russians did.
		The crossing of the river Berezina brought about another major defeat, as Kutuzov, deciding that the time was right for an open battle, attacked and crushed the part of the French army that had not yet made it across the bridge.
		Russian casualties in the few open battles are comparable to the French losses, but civilian losses along the devastated war path were much higher than the military casualties.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Napoleon's_invasion_of_Russia.html (580 words)

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In the News (Fri 11 Dec 09)