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Topic: French law to ban notable religious symbols

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	French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools information - Search.com
		The law is an amendment to the French Code of Education that expands principles founded in existing French law, especially the constitutional requirement of laïcité: the separation of state and religious activities.
		The law does not mention any particular symbol, though it is considered by many to specifically target the wearing of headscarves (a khimar, considered by some to be required as part of hijab ["modesty"]) by Muslim schoolgirls.
		The law itself may not be challenged before French courts (since this would have warranted action before the Constitutional Council before the signing of the law); however, the courts may significantly curtail its application — especially given the inherent margin of appreciation of what is ostentatious or not.
	www.search.com /reference/French_law_on_secularity_and_conspicuous_religious_symbols_in_schools (5105 words)

	UZBEKISTAN
		However, tolerance did not extend to religious symbols that "by their ostentatious character constitute an act of pressure, provocation, proselytism, or propaganda."191 The implication was that those wearing ostentatious symbols could be excluded, though the term was not defined.
		Religious dress was viewed by some in Turkey as a symbol of political affiliation and tantamount to advocating for the rise of Islam in politics.
		French and, to a lesser extent, Turkish students and their supporters were able to express their disdain for the discriminatory laws and therefore, while radicalized or politicized, were still able to remain within the political system.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/uzbekistan/uzbek-08.htm (1755 words)

	frontline: al qaeda's new front: map: france \| PBS
		The French Council of the Muslim Faith (CFCM) was established in 2003 to act as a liaison between the Muslim community and the government.
		The most notable application of this century-old law is the passage in March 2004 of a law banning religious symbols -- including Muslim headscarves -- in public schools.
		In December 2004, 10 Algerians and French nationals of Algerian descent were convicted for the plot and sentenced to between one and 10 years in prison.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/map/fr.html (1164 words)

	The French Laïcité is being held hostage (Anders Jacobsen's blog)
		In the news: France refuses to remove their ban on conspicuous religious symbols in schools (such as the Muslim hijab) despite demands from Islamist extremists holding two French hostages in Iraq.
		The French idea of laïcité is a fundament of the modern democratic republic of France:
		Today the term is a core concept in the French constitution and many see being discreet with one's religion a necessity of being French.
	www.jacobsen.no /anders/blog/archives/2004/08/31/the_french_laiecite_is_being_held_hostage.html (318 words)

	1997 Human Rights Reports: France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The law enforcement and internal security apparatus consists of the Gendarmerie, the national police, and municipal police forces in major cities, all of which are under effective civilian control.
		Law enforcement officers have used excessive force--particularly directed against immigrants--resulting in deaths, although there is no evidence of a pattern of such abuses.
		Laws prohibiting child employment are effectively enforced through periodic checks by labor inspectors, who have the authority to take employers to court for noncompliance with the law.
	www.usemb.se /human/human97/france.html (5396 words)

	Muslim Lawyers
		For example, the argument to the effect that the French state cannot rely on the principle of secularism because in practice the state does in fact support private schools where the religious symbols, such as headscarves, skull caps and crosses are worn.
		The difficulty for the French state is that the entire focus of the Court’s acceptance on a restriction of Ms Dahlab’s religious freedom was based on her position as a superior, able to influence her charges.
		It could be argued for instance that a ban could be justified to protect the religious freedom of younger children but could it be justified on older teenagers who would be less impressionable and have a significant degree of personal autonomy in their lives at such an age.
	www.muslim-lawyers.net /news/index.php3?aktion=show&number=248 (3353 words)

	Diplomatica
		French military forces in the Ivory Coast, for example, are widely regarded as unassailable purely due to their technological and tactical superiority.
		French special forces, after all, whisked Westerners from the American embassy compound in Monrovia to a waiting French naval vessel, a deft demonstration of French military preponderance in West Africa.
		French troops are at the head of a larger spectrum of European and African forces set to arrive in Bunia, capital of Ituri province, where the fighting has been most fierce.
	diplomatica.blogspot.com (9156 words)

	Books-on-Law: Book Reviews
		Superficially viewed, it is a constitutional law "case book," in the sense that it is a collection of a large number (104 to be precise) of opinions on questions of constitutional law.
		It is notable that Bates, in advising Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P.
		He is an Instructor in Law at the Nashville School of Law and a Distinguished Jurist in Residence at the University of Memphis, Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /lawbooks/revjan00.htm (10351 words)

	The Symbols in the Prophecies of Daniel and Revelation
		Daniel's symbolic structure was written in terms of the blessings and the curses and the sanctuary.
		Religious Philosophies - Many religious philosophies based on this questioning of God would dominate religious schools and religious thinking so that at this moment, the Bible is treated as book of symbols and ideas that are not based on fact and can be changed to fit the evolution of human ideas.
		The pope is the supreme judge of the law of the land...
	www.teachinghearts.org /dre03propvwsymbolnotes.html (13644 words)

	Annual Report of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Establish the freedom to engage in religious activities (including the freedom for religious groups to govern themselves and select their leaders without interference, worship publicly, express and advocate religious beliefs, and distribute religious literature) outside state-controlled religious organizations and eliminate controls on the activities of officially registered organizations.
		The conditions of religious freedom are very poor in Iran, particularly with respect to minority religious groups that are not officially recognized by the state and those perceived to be attempting to convert Muslims.
		The criminal laws against blasphemy are abused, resulting in detention of and sometimes violence against religious minorities as well as the targeting of numerous Muslims on account of their religious beliefs.
	commdocs.house.gov /committees/intlrel/hfa72640.000/hfa72640_0.HTM (17366 words)

	Articles Junction
		Under this doctrine, equality before the law of all citizens, regardless of their private beliefs, is supposed to be guaranteed by barring religion from the public arena.
		Under the version of history which all French schools teach, the rigorously secular character of the state is a hard-won victory against the dark forces of obscurantism, anti-Semitism and authoritarian Catholicism which previously held sway.
		I should like to mention that the French Embassy here has not received protests concerning the law to ban Islamic headscarves and other conspicuous religious insignia in schools, proposed by the French government, except for a few letters from Singaporeans voicing their concern in a very courteous manner.
	heyreadthis.blogspot.com /2004_02_08_heyreadthis_archive.html (10267 words)

	Blogcritics.org: Your Government at Work: Religion and Time-Usage Reports
		The law allows for the construction of new churches once the required permits are obtained; however, the Government has almost never authorized construction permits, forcing many churches to seek permits to meet in private homes.
		This law contravenes internationally recognized norms, and its registration requirements for religious organizations are strict and burdensome, though Christian churches generally are tolerated as long as they do not attempt to win converts among ethnic Uzbeks.
		The March amendments to the law on religious organizations and subsequent Presidential decrees have enabled the Ministry of Justice to facilitate registration of some religious congregations and have engendered a noticeable reduction in harassment of minority congregations.
	blogcritics.org /archives/2004/09/17/132141.php (9401 words)

	Report on Global Anti-Semitism
		The Committee of Religious and Nationalities Affairs of the Council of Ministers (CRNA) reported that it regularly responded to all public expressions of xenophobia by notifying the government agencies responsible for pursuing legal action against the perpetrators; however, no such legal actions were observed during the period covered by this report.
		The current provisions in the press law are too cumbersome for prosecuting public hate speech and too lenient in their sanctions against private hate speech, it notes.
		The 1997 changes to the hate speech law that were intended to resolve conflicting court decisions and make it easier to enforce and stiffen penalties for hate crimes committed on the basis of the victim's ethnicity, race, or nationality proved inadequate and often led to conflicting court decisions.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/40258.htm (17751 words)

	Holidays: Religious and Secular, 2004
		Holidays: Religious and Secular, 2005 - In the United States, there are ten federal holidays set by law.
		Holidays: Religious and Secular, 2006 - In the United States, there are ten federal holidays set by law.
		Noah's second flood: religious domination in the media and the great disinformation inundation; A lecture given by Frank R. Zindler at the 30th national convention of American Atheists at San Diego, California, on April 9, 2004.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0907964.html (2393 words)

	The Blogometer: December 2005 Archives
		For the effort, his site was banned in Canada for a time; eventuall writing about embargoed testimony on a scandal in Canadian PM Paul Martin's government.
		Justice Kennedy and his clerks come up with between now and then is the supreme law of the land on legislative redistricting, ending 300 years of elected officials being in charge of drawing districts in America.
		Univ. of WI-Madison law prof Ann Althouse: "Setting a standard for the judicial scrutiny of gerrymandering is a problem that has dogged the Court.
	blogometer.nationaljournal.com /archives/2005/12 (14663 words)

	Law Info - List of legal topics mortgage mortgages loan loans refinance
		The body of rules and principles governing the affairs of a community and enforced by a political authority; a legal system: international law.
		A set of rules or principles dealing with a specific area of a legal system: tax law; criminal law.
		The topics here attempt to develop an understanding of law as a system, that has a history which effects states and social institutions.
	www.morelawinfo.com /List_of_legal_topics.php (541 words)

	Weblog: Third of Three Federal District Courts Calls Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Unconstitutional - Christianity Today ...
		Their ultimate judgment was the same—the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act is unconstitutional because it doesn't have a "health of the mother" clause—but the tone is radically different between today's federal court decision and last month's similar decision by a judge in New York.
		Baylor is trying to buck the conventional wisdom, which states that when a religious college tries to raise its academic standing, its religious mission inevitably takes a backseat to other concerns, like recruiting big-name professors or adding to its endowment.
		French Sikhs have accused the authorities of failing to honour an agreement exempting Sikh schoolchildren from a ban on overtly religious attire (BBC)
	www.christianitytoday.com /ct/2004/136/31.0.html (7137 words)

	The Corner on National Review Online
		His law firm was one of five sharing $3.3 billion in fees for representing the state in the tobacco litigation that produced a $17.3-billion settlement for Texas.
		The Missouri supreme court did rule that the new law cannot go into effect in four counties, because the law, at least arguably, imposes an unfunded mandate on local law enforcement for the cost of issuing the permits.
		Extending the 1994 ban on so-called "assault weapons," which is due to sunset in September 2004.
	www.nationalreview.com /thecorner/04_02_22_corner-archive.asp (11609 words)

	Muslim Lawyers
		French officials condemn desecration of Muslim military graves‏
		Paris: Lower House votes for ban of religious symbols
		Paris: French report urges ban on Hijab, other symbols in schools‏
	www.muslim-lawyers.net /news/index.php3 (967 words)

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