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	Materialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In philosophy, materialism is that form of physicalism which holds that the only thing that can truly be said to "exist" is matter; that fundamentally, all things are composed of "material" and all phenomena are the result of material interactions.
		Materialism is sometimes allied with the methodological principle of reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description -- typically, a more general level than the reduced one.
		Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Materialism (801 words)

	French materialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		French materialism combined the associationist psychology and Empiricism of John Locke with the Totality of Isaac Newton to create a complex world view in diametrical opposition to the Cartesian dualist world view.
		The Baron d'Holbach's System of Nature applied the Mechanistic Materialism to the whole of nature and proposed that consciousness has the ability to produce a new order of reality broken down into three subsets; brute facts, social facts, and mental facts.
		The first philosophé to call for gender equity, Condorcet also stated that history was moving towards a goal which would be the outcome of the application of reason, a sort of scientific utopia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/FrenchMaterialism (762 words)

	Encyclopedia: French materialism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Julien Offray de La Mettrie (December 25, 1709 - November 11, 1751) was a French physician and philosopher, the earliest of the materialist writers of the Enlightenment.
		Materialism is the philosophical view that the only thing that can truly be said to 'exist' is matter; that fundamentally, all things are composed of 'material'.
		For Marxism, materialism is central to the "materialist conception of history", which centers on the empirical world of actual human activity (practice, including labor) and institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/French-materialism (1610 words)

	In Defence of Marxism - The French revolution
		The French Revolution was a bourgeois revolution, and it would be entirely mistaken to attempt to draw exact parallels between the processes involved and the movement of the modern proletariat.
		This is the way in which the French bourgeois revolution unfolded: at every stage the big bourgeoisie attempted to manoeuvre and compromise with the monarchy, dragging their feet and attempting to preserve as much as possible of the old regime.
		But the French revolution marked a decisive social and political transformation: the smashing of the power of the aristocracy; the radical clearing out of the Augean stables of feudalism; and the distribution of land to millions of small peasant proprietors.
	www.marxist.com /great-french-revolution.htm (11456 words)

	Friedrich Engels
		And although, upon the whole, the bourgeoisie, in their struggle with the nobility, could claim to represent at the same time the interests of the different working-classes of that period, yet in every great bourgeois movement there were independent outbursts of that class which was the forerunner, more or less developed, of the modern proletariat.
		We saw how the French philosophers of the 18th century, the forerunners of the Revolution, appealed to reason as the sole judge of all that is. A rational government, rational society, were to be founded; everything that ran counter to eternal reasons was to be remorselessly done away with.
		But to recognize the French Revolution as a class war, and not simply one between nobility and bourgeoisie, but between nobility, bourgeoisie, and the non-possessors, was, in the year 1802, a most pregnant discovery.
	faculty.goucher.edu /history231/friedrich_engels_socialism.htm (12730 words)

	Plekhanov: Monist View of History (Chap.1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		But the French materialists’; incontestable and indispensable service lies in that they thought consistently from the standpoint of the science of their age – and that is all that one can and must demand of thinkers.
		This is the inevitable conclusion from the fundamental proposition of the historical philosophy of the French materialists: c’est l’opinion qui gouverne le monde.
		The French writers of the Enlightenment were also inclined to this point of view, when they felt the necessity of bringing their views on social life into logical order and of solving the contradictions which were getting the upper hand of them.
	www.marxists.org /archive/plekhanov/1895/monist/ch01.htm (3353 words)

	The Holy Family by Marx and Engels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		To the Critical history of French materialism we shall oppose a brief outline of its ordinary, mass-type history.
		To quote a French writer, Pierre Bayle was “the last metaphysician in the sense of the seventeenth century and the first philosopher in the sense of the eighteenth century”.
		French materialism’s connection with Descartes and Locke and the opposition of eighteenth-century philosophy to seventeenth-century metaphysics are presented in detail in most recent French histories of philosophy.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1845/holy-family/ch06_3_d.htm (3107 words)

	MATERIALISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In one view, materialism expresses the view that the only thing that exists is matter; if anything else, such as mental events, exists, then it is reducible to matter.
		For Marxism, materialism is central to the "materialist conception of history", which centers on the empirical world of actual human activity and institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity.
		Materialism has also developed as a pejorative label for a lifestyle pursuing wealth, money, and objects rather than spiritual or mental development.
	www.yotor.org /wiki/en/ma/Materialism.htm (308 words)

	Socialism: Utopian and Scientific: Introduction
		And, yet, the original home of all modern materialism, from the 17th century onwards, is England.
		Knowledge based upon the senses loses its poetic blossom, it passes into the abstract experience of the mathematician; geometry is proclaimed as the queen of sciences.
		I have mentioned the fact that, about 40 or 50 years ago, any cultivated foreigner settling in England was struck by what he was then bound to consider the religious bigotry and stupidity of the English respectable middle-class.
	www.angelfire.com /fl3/fr3ud/sus.html (3078 words)

	Chapter Seventeen, SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Dialectic materialism is at least materialism, and materialism to the Marxist is the texture of all science.
		"Materialism means simply the denial that the moral order is eternal, and the cutting off of ultimate hopes; spiritualism means the affirmation of an eternal moral order and the letting loose of hope." (24) Furthermore, materialism* signified struggle and discontent, pragmatism connoted comfort, and James advocated social compromise, the epicurean life.
		The allocation of material and workers to a particular industry is made, not according to the hectic fluctuations of the market, through bankruptcy and frenetic successes, but by social analysis of the needs of man, of the productivity of the workers, and of how much strength is needed to fulfill these needs.
	www.weisbord.org /conquest17.htm (11913 words)

	Kiosk: Marxist physics
		This view of the primacy of matter over the ideas that are developed from it in the material brain does not reduce thought to matter, as mechanistic materialism holds.
		Lenin's contribution was to emphasize the distinctness of matter from thought and, consequently, the non-material character and relative independence of material being from theory, their simultaneous opposition and interdependence.
		Dialectical materialism argues that all matter is subject to change--no ultimate form of matter exists.
	www1.umn.edu /urelate/kiosk/9.96text/marxist.w.html (571 words)

	chapter2
		French Marxists dutifully imitated Stalin's formulation of diamat.[14] Revolutionary theory was schematized into two parts: dialectical materialism, a phrase never used by Marx, and historical materialism.
		French commentators on the 1844 Manuscripts saw in Marx's idea of alienation the basis for generating a new Marxism that could be reconciled with their own, not always Marxist, positions.
		To some French Marxists, the idea of alienation did not yield the absolute knowledge of idealism or the probable knowledge of positivism; rather it revealed the nature of the world in such a way that -men and women could make the world and themselves more human.
	www.humanities.uci.edu /mposter/EM/chapter2.html (7671 words)

	Youth for International Socialism
		To Marx, Feuerbach's historic and "epoch-making" significance lay in his having resolutely broken with Hegel's idealism and in his proclamation of materialism, which already "in the 18th century, particularly French materialism, was not only a struggle against the existing political institutions and against...
		The old materialism was non-historical and non-dialectical (metaphysical, in the meaning of anti-dialectical), and did not adhere consistently and comprehensively to the standpoint of development;
		It regarded the "human essence" in the abstract, not as the "complex of all" (concretely and historically determined) "social relations", and therefore morely "interpreted" the world, whereas it was a question of "changing" it, i.e., it did not understand the importance of "revolutionary practical activity".
	www.newyouth.com /archives/theory/faq/what_is_phil_mat.asp (513 words)

	Paul N. Siegel: The Meek and the Militant (Chap.2)
		Since the French Revolution, however, religion has become, said Engels, speaking of the advanced capitalist countries of Europe (his statement must be qualified when one speaks of the predominantly peasant countries in the periphery of world capitalism) [16], ‘incapable of serving any progressive class as the ideological garb of its aspirations’ (ibid.
		Among the religious illusions which Marxist materialism dispels are those of modernist Christianity, a modification of the earlier Christianity attacked by the French materialists.
		Dialectical materialism holds that every scientific theory is only a rough approximation of reality, an approximation which becomes more and more close to the truth as scientific knowledge advances, but that this greater closeness to the truth is that only compared to the previous theory.
	www.marxists.de /religion/siegel-en/chap02.htm (8582 words)

	Philosophical Writings of Thomas Cooper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		By the 1770s, materialism had become quite a powerful force, partly because of developments in physiology (for example, through David Hartley in England, and Charles Bonnet and Albrecht von Haller on the Continent) and partly because of the related development of a new concept of matter.
		For Cooper materialism is not just sound metaphysics, it is also ‘the doctrine actually held and maintained in the Christian gospels by the founder of christianity’.
		He argues that ‘the Scripture Doctrine of the resurrection is what is now called materialism: and that it is inconsistent with the notion of a separate, immaterial, and immortal soul’.
	www.thoemmes.com /american/cooper_intro.htm (4231 words)

	[No title]
		Both historical materialism and social constructionism are neither materialist nor idealist precisely because they bridge the gap between the two, demonstrating that the distinction is either analytical (which is useful if kept at this level) or a false dichotomy (when treated objectively).
		I did say that the cosmic idealist (dialectical materialist) believes that the thought-products reflect the underlying material structure of the brain, and that since the universe is guided by the laws of the dialectic, then the subjective must necessarily correspond with the objective.
		The discussion of the physical, material world would not henceforward be a negation of the spirit, as in traditional materialism but its very affirmation.
	www.mtsu.edu /~jaeller/text/hismat3 (5813 words)

	Chartier, "The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Attributing 'cultural orgins' to the French Revolution does not by any means establish the Revolution's causes; rather, it pinpoints certain of the conditions that made it possible because it was conceivable....
		The French Revolution witnessed a 'transfert sacral' from Catholicism to a civic religion and 'the regeneration of human kind.'...
		Daniel Mornet investigated the diffusion of the Enlightenment in French society -- through educational reforms, periodical literature, provincial academies, Masonic lodged, and other means -- and characterized this widespread dissemination of philosophical ideas as a necessary although not sufficient cause of the events of 1789.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /~rpekarek/frchartier.html (1090 words)

	Ralph Dumain: "The Autodidact Project": Ideology by Jorge Larrain
		On the one hand the critique of religion developed by French materialism and by Feuerbach, and on the other, the critique of traditional epistemology and the revaluation of the subject’s activity carried out by the German philosophy of consciousness (see IDEALISM) and especially by Hegel.
		The term ideology still does not appear in Marx's writings, but the material elements of the future concept are already present in his critique of religion and of the Hegelian conception of the state which are described as diversions concealing the real character of things.
		In effect, as long as men, because of their limited material mode of activity, are unable to solve these contradictions in practice, they tend to project them in ideological forms of consciousness, that is to say, in purely mental or discursive solutions which effectively conceal or misrepresent the existence and character of these contradictions.
	www.autodidactproject.org /other/ideo2.html (2896 words)

	Modern Materialism (from Materialism) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Materialism languished throughout the medieval period, but the Epicurean tradition was revived in the first half of the 17th century in the atomistic Materialism of the French Catholic priest Pierre Gassendi.
		Gassendi was not thoroughgoing in his Materialism inasmuch as he accepted on faith the Christian doctrine that men have immortal souls.
		His contemporary, the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, also propounded an atomistic Materialism and was a pioneer in trying to work out a mechanistic and physiological psychology.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-68540 (1341 words)

	French materialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Man a Machine by La Mettrie led the materialist charge.
		With Man a Machine, La Mettrie opposed Descartes on all fronts and asserted a combination of the mechanics of a single substance and matter in motion from Spinoza and Isaac Newton, with self love as the prevailing law and the quantitative difference that separates man from animal.
		Finally, the Physiocrats seemed to set the class boundaries with their model of the French economy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_materialism (762 words)

	THE REAL MOVEMENT OF THE SOCIETY : Italy imc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As Proudhon interferes in the philosophers' group that ontologicamente speaking is called materialists, turn pertinent to analyze the possibility conditions and simultaneously of limitations of the philosophical materialism previous to the materialism of the century XIX.
		Then we refer us to the materialism french that namely found present in the Encyclopedia starting from 1751, it dates of the first volume.
		In fact, when we tell materialism of the century XVIII, we want to tell materialism french of the century XVIII because actually, the more important materialistic philosophers of this century are French.
	italy.indymedia.org /mail.php?id=147312 (578 words)

	Conspectus of the Book The Holy Family by Marx and Engels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The metaphysics of the seventeenth century, defeated by the materialism of the eighteenth century, underwent a victorious and weighty (gehaltvolle) restoration in German philosophy, especially in speculative German philosophy of the nineteenth century.
		He was, in the words of a French writer, "the last metaphysician in the seventeenth-century sense of the word and the first philosopher in the sense of the eighteenth century." (200-201)
		The French "civilised" (205) the materialism of the English.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1895/misc/holy-fam/holy-s2.htm (3170 words)

	Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (Introduction - Materialism)
		"Agnosticism" might be tolerated, but materialism is utterly inadmissible.
		Nominalism, the first form of materialism, is chiefly found among the English schoolmen.
		Among the qualities inherent in matter, motion is the first and foremost, not only in the form of mechanical and mathematical motion, but chiefly in the form of an impulse, a vital spirit, a tension — or a 'qual', to use a term of Jakob Bohme's [2] — of matter.
	www.socialistparty.org.uk /socialism/soc-utop/contents/int-mat.htm (2506 words)

	Chapter Four
		Bruno’s materialism was coloured by a kind of pantheism, the idea that God is everywhere and nowhere, that is, that God and nature are one and the same.
		Dialectical materialism does not regard induction and deduction as mutually incompatible, but as different aspects of the dialectical process of cognition, which are inseparably connected, and condition one another.
		Whereas the materialism of Bacon reflected the hopeful, forward-looking outlook of the Renaissance and the reformation, the philosophy of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries took shape in an altogether different climate.
	www.marxist.com /philosophy/chapter4.html (11532 words)

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