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Topic: French orthography

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	French language - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The earliest extant text in French is the Oath of Strasbourg from 842; Old French became a literary language with the chansons de geste that told tales of the paladins of Charlemagne and the heroes of the Crusades.
		From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French was the lingua franca of educated Europe, especially with regards to the arts and literature, and monarchs such as Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia could both speak and write in French.
		French is an official language of New Brunswick, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, and is the sole official language of Quebec.
	open-encyclopedia.com /French_language (2510 words)

	Reforms of French orthography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The orthography of French was already more or less fixed, and from a phonological point of view outdated, when its lexicography developed in the late 17th century and the Académie française was mandated to establish an "official" prescriptive norm.
		In 1989, French prime minister Michel Rocard appointed the Council of French Language to simplify orthography by regularising it.
		In Quebec, the French Language Commission, that was reluctant at first to apply what it prefers naming the "modernisation", because of the opposition it received in France, announced that they were now applying its rules to new borrowings and neologisms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reforms_of_French_orthography (1101 words)

	French language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		French (français) is the third of the Romance languages in terms of number of speakers, after Spanish and Portuguese.
		In 1999 French was the 11th most spoken language in the world, being spoken by about 77 million people (called francophones) as a mother tongue, and by 128 million total including second language speakers.
		French is an official language of New Brunswick, the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_language (3646 words)

	French phonology and orthography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		French phonology is a difficult subject further complicated by the diversity of dialects.
		This vowel is found in Quebec French, both as the phonemic evolution of the Old French /ɛ:/ and as the allophone of /ɛ/ before /ʒ, ʁ, z/, (most noticeably in word-final position).
		Whether /ə/ (Schwa), "e caduc" or "e muet" (mute) is a phoneme of French is controversial.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/French_phonology_and_orthography (813 words)

	Occitan language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unlike French, it is a pro-drop language allowing the omission of the subject (canti: I sing; cantas you sing).
		There are two orthographies currently used for Occitan, one (known as classical) which is based on that of Mediaeval Occitan, and one (sometimes known as mistralian, due to its use by the Felibres, including Mistral) which is based on modern French orthography.
		The classical orthography has the advantage of maintaining a link with earlier stages of the language, and reflects the fact that Occitan is not merely a variety of French.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Occitan_language (2584 words)

	French language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French was the (A common language used by speakers of different languages) lingua franca of educated Europe, especially with regards to the arts and literature, and monarchs such as Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia could both speak and write in French.
		French is the sole official language of (The largest province of Canada; a French colony from 1663 to 1759 when it was lost to the British) Quebec.
		French, like many other languages, possesses a continuum of several levels of ((computer science) memory device that is the part of computer memory that has a specific address and that is used to hold information of a specific kind) register.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/F/Fr/French_language.htm (4055 words)

	French language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		French pronunciation follows strict rules based on spelling, but French spelling is often based more on history than phonology.
		Formal French is used in writing or in formal occasions (when people make official speeches or when they are interviewed on television, for instance).
		For instance, "yes" is "oui" in formal French, and becomes "ouais" in colloquial French; "I" is "je" in formal French, but becomes "j' " in colloquial French; so a sentence like "I think he'll come" is "Je pense qu'il viendra" in formal French, and "J'pense qu'i'viendra" in colloquial French.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_language (3646 words)

	Encyclopedia: Spelling
		Writing may refer to two activities: the inscribing characters on a medium, with the intention of forming words and other lingual constructs that represent language and record information, or the creation of information to be conveyed through written language.
		The orthography of a language is the set of rules of how to write correctly in the writing system of a language.
		A phonemic orthography is a writing system where there is a one-to-one relationship between graphemes in the written form and phonemes in the spoken form of a language.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Spelling (996 words)

	Shwah for French (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		However, while English, German or Spanish orthography is only trying to represent the sounds of a word, French orthography has two other roles.
		French has lots of homonyms, for example the words sans, sang, sent, sens, s'en & cent and the endings -çant & -sant are all pronounced alike, but the written forms help differentiate them when reading.
		The French r sound is not the same sound as in most languages (neither is the r in English or German), but we use the standard r letter, because they're all rs.
	www.shwah.net /french.htm (442 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The orthography of French language French was already more or less fixed, and from a Phonology phonological point of view outdated, when its lexicography developed in the late 17th century and the Académie française was mandated to establish an "official" Prescription and description prescriptive norm.
		César-Pierre Richelet chose the latter option when he published the first monolingual French dictionary in 1680, but the Académie chose to adhere firmly to the tradition, "that distinguishes men of letters from ignoramuses and simple women", in the first edition of Dictionnaire de l'Académie française its dictionary (1694).
		In Quebec, the Office québécois de la langue française French Language Commission, that was reluctant at first to apply what it prefers naming the "modernisation", because of the opposition it received in France, announced that they were now applying its rules to new borrowings and neologisms.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Reforms_of%20French%20orthography.html (1211 words)

	biology - French language
		French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese.
		This group of 40 members —known as the immortals because they are chosen to serve for the extent of their lives—still exists today and contributes to the policing of the language and the adaptation of foreign words and expressions.
		Per the Constitution of France, French is the official language of the Republic.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/French_language (3487 words)

	Towards a Standard Mauritian Creole \| Edutech Mauritius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The revised orthography, known as the Faublas-Pressoir orthography, and later as the ONAAC orthography (Office National pour l’Alphabétisation et l’Action Communautaire), was adopted and used by the government for its literacy projects, by religious bodies and by organisations and individuals as well as by political groups.
		The revised orthography, known as the IPN orthography, was adopted by the government as the official writing system to be used for Haitian Creole in the 1979 legislation introducing the language as medium of instruction in the primary school.
		French is carried through to the end, whereas Kreol and Bhojpuri, having been exploited in their oral mode, are then phased out when literacy skills gain ascendancy.
	www.edutech.mu /?q=node/view/336 (10098 words)

	Reforms of French orthography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The orthography of French eforms already more or less fixed, and from a phonological point of view outdated, when its lexicography developed in the late 17th century and the Académie française Rforms mandated to establish an "official" prescriptive norm.
		In the French department of the Ardennes the Fr4nch village used to dance and sing around the bonfires which were lighted on the first Sunday in Lent.
		In the French province of Franche-Comté, to the west of the Jura Mountains, the first Sunday of Lent is known as the Sunday of the Firebrands (Brandons), on account of the fires which it is Frejch to kindle on that day.
	reforms-of-french-orthography.infohub.dnip.net (5750 words)

	Virtual Foreign Language Classroom: French Language & Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Due to French colonization, French is spoken in many countries around the world as either an official language, a national language, the language of formal education, or a second language.
		Many countries in Africa were colonized by the French and French remains an official language in many of these countries today.
		French Embassy in Washington D.C. This is the official site of the French embassy in the United States.
	www.nv.cc.va.us /vflc/french.htm (3143 words)

	French language: Spelling
		French spelling reflects, on the one hand, the pronunciation of the Middle Ages and, on the other hand, strives to imitate the Latin orthography.
		French follows the Latin tradition of transliterating the Greek ypsillon by "y" in the Greek loan-words (for this reason the name of the letter in French is i Grec
		The French words are stressed always on the ultimate syllable; the stressed vowel may be lenghtened (see Vowels' Lenghtening).
	www.orbilat.com /Languages/French/Grammar/French-Spelling.html (1654 words)

	Chinook Jargon - French loanwords
		Natives usually adapted the French words by including the definite article as an integral part of the word, reflecting the many situations in French syntax where the article is used with the noun.
		This is a French-Chinook hybrid from the addition of the French article to the native noun, indicating a familiarity with the plant among the voyageurs.
		This word had a wide variety of uses in the Jargon, not all of which are easy to recount; in general it lost its French contexts of to do, to walk, to work/operate, and carried the sense of to dispose of, to throw away, etc. See Other compounds in the Verbs and Concepts page.
	www.cayoosh.net /hiyu/french.html (6272 words)

	The Bayou Bandits ~ Sounds of Louisiana ~ A Brief History of Cajun / Zydeco / Creole Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Many of the slaves who gained their freedom under French or Spanish rule before the Louisiana Purchase were of mixed racial ancestry, further complicating any attempt to understand the historical intricacies of relationships among the peoples of Southwest Louisiana.
		Toups sings in both French and English in a band that eliminates the fiddle and replaces the steel guitar with the electronic keyboard.
		French and English translations of the text are printed side by side.
	www.bayoubandits.net /history.html (4392 words)

	Reforms of French orthography
		Still, there was already much debate at the time opposing the tenants of a traditional, etymological orthography, and those of a reformed, phonological transcription of the language.
		This page was last modified 11:40, 12 May 2005.
		The article about Reforms of French orthography contains information related to Reforms of French orthography, 18th century, 19th century, 20th century, The 1990 orthographic rectifications, 1990 Rules, Hyphens, Number, Trema, Accents, Schwa changing into open E, Past participle agreement, Various, Application and External link.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Reforms_of_French_orthography (1114 words)

	WordReference Forums - French grammar and orthography: less exceptions in French than English?
		I was arguing with a friend of mine who has been learning French for a few years that French has just as many exceptions in orthography and possibly grammar as English.
		I mean French will have loads of precise rules, while English will have fewer relaxed rules.
		I think French is easier to speak and listen to, when English is easier to read and write...
	forum.wordreference.com /showthread.php?s=84a038fb9f4637549d064190f8c46465&t=21000 (304 words)

	Current orthography of Jerriais (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Orthography is set at some point in the past and through usage becomes somewhat "set in concrete".
		Now people are educated in French or English there is no need...
		In French spelling TH is pronounced T not to mention you say that in moribund or dead dialects of Jerriais that it is or was pronounced "r" or "z".
	www.societe-jersiaise.org /wwwboard/messages/465.html (750 words)

	Kibbee: 16th-Century Bilingual Dictionaries (French-English) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The use of special indications for silent letters in Hollyband's instructional books was a way of defending non-phonetic orthography in the face of orthographic reform movements both in France (Meigret, Ramus, Rambaud) and in England (Hart).
		For Palsgrave, the regular references back to the 'rules' of his first book are part of his campaign to bring French under the control of rules, something his chief rival at the court, Gilles Du Wes, proclaimed impossible.
		To understand why attention was drawn to these particular phonetic and orthographic problems, and not to others which might have been so noted, we need to be able to separate out all instances in which such comments are made, and to check these sources against reference works such as Fouché's Phonétique historique du français.
	www.kcl.ac.uk /humanities/cch/chwp/kibbee1/kib_15.html (487 words)

	Bolli 1991 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Orthography difficulties to be overcome by Dan people literate in French.
		Developed a transition course for Dan people literate in French whereby they learn to read their own language, in four or five lessons.
		Begins with a stripping process that explains rules of French orthography which do not apply to Dan orthography.
	www.sil.org /lingualinks/literacy/OtherResources/LiteracyBibliography/Bolli1991.htm (129 words)

	FSS revisions to questions
		Discuss the relationship between nasal vowels and their representation in French orthography.
		Discuss areas in the French vowel system where certain distinctions are being lost.
		Discuss the phenomenon of voicing assimilation in French, distinguishing the behaviour of obstruent from sonorant consonants.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~dcwalker/FSS.html (2201 words)

	Annotation: Fouquelin's French Rhetoric and the Ramist Vernacular Tradition
		This book is, in fact, central to an understanding of the Ramist movement, for it is the companion piece to Ramus' French Dialectique (1555).
		The pairing of Fouquelin's book with a work by Ramus is typical of the Ramist movement, where the separation of logic (dialectic) and rhetoric was taken literally in publishing, and Ong cites a number of paired books published by the English Ramists.
		Then in the last section of the article, Ong argues that the work of Fouquelin shows two things: that the Ramists had a strong "solidarity," which overrode national boundaries, and the spread of vernacular literature happened more quickly in France than it did in England.
	homepages.udayton.edu /~youngkbr/annfouquelinsfrench.htm (440 words)

	A Brief History of Cajun, Creole, and Zydeco Music
		Anyone who wants to gain an understanding of the development of French music in Southwest Louisiana needs to start with these sources.
		Buckwheat Zydeco, who emerged on his own in 1979 after playing keyboard with Clifton Chenier, achieved celebrity status, ultimately being chosen to perform during the closing ceremonies of the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, an event witnessed by some 3 billion people.
		It is hard to imagine that the French music of Louisiana will ever die out completely: it is too beautiful, too emotionally powerful not to find performers who will keep it alive as folk music.
	www.lsue.edu /acadgate/music/history.htm (4300 words)

	Anthony (1981) Language and development: The St. Lucian context : final report of a Seminar on an Orthography for St. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Anthony (1981) Language and development: The St. Lucian context : final report of a Seminar on an Orthography for St. Lucian Creole, held at Caribbean Research Centre, Barnard's Hill, Castries, St. Lucia, January 29-31, 1981, and arranged by Caribbean Research Centre, St. Lucia and Folk Research Centre
		Language and development: The St. Lucian context : final report of a Seminar on an Orthography for St. Lucian Creole, held at Caribbean Research Centre, Barnard's Hill, Castries, St. Lucia, January 29-31, 1981, and arranged by Caribbean Research Centre, St. Lucia and Folk Research Centre
		Creole dialects, French; Orthography and spelling; Congresses; Saint Lucia
	www.getcited.org /pub/102264048 (109 words)

	Pocket manual,: Treating of the science of the French language ... under the heads of 1st, orthography, 2d, etymology, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Pocket manual,: Treating of the science of the French language...
		Store Home / Book / Pocket manual,: Treating of the science of the French language...
		under the heads of 1st, orthography, 2d, etymology, 3d, syntax
	www.hotelresource.com /bookstore/asinsearch_B00088ZU6I.html (99 words)

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