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Topic: French Peerage

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	History of the Peerage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While the ranks of baron and earl perhaps predate the Peerage itself, the ranks of duke and marquess were not introduced in England until the fourteenth century.
		In most cases, such peerage dignities were created when a writ was issued to an individual under the misapprehension that he was entitled to a peerage dignity created by letters patent.
		As the power of the monarchs slowly shifted to the ministers, peerage dignities came to be conferred at the behest of ministers, not at the pleasure of the Crown.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Peerage (3287 words)

	PEERAGE - LoveToKnow Article on PEERAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The conclusion, then, may be drawn that in theory the issue of a writ was at the pleasure of the Crown, and that in practice the moving factor in the case of the prelates was office and personal importance, and in the case of abbots and barons probably, in the main, extent of possession.
		Every peerage descends according to the limitations prescribed in its patent of creation or its charter, and where these are nonexistent (as in the case of baronies by writ) to heirs-general.
		The grant of a peerage is a very different matter; its holder becomes thereby a member of the Upper House of Parliament, and therefore, the prerogative of the Crown in creating such an office of honor must be exercised strictly in accordance with the law of the land.
	7.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PE/PEERAGE.htm (14716 words)

	Encyclopedia: House of Bourbon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Early Modern France is the portion of French history that falls in the early modern period from the mid 15th century to the end of the 18th century (or from the French Renaissance to the eve of the French Revolution).
		The French monarchy was abolished on September 21, 1792 and a republic was proclaimed.
		The French lordship of Montpensier (départment of Puy-de-Dôme), which became a countship in the 14th century, was sold in 1384 by Bernard and Robert de Ventadour to John, duke of Berry, whose daughter Marie brought the countship to her husband, John I, Duke of Bourbon, in...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/House-of-Bourbon (11392 words)

	LOUIS DE ROUVROY, DUC DE SAINT-SIMON - LoveToKnow Article on LOUIS DE ROUVROY, DUC DE SAINT-SIMON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		SAINT-SIMON, LOUIS DE ROUVROY, DUC DE French soldier, diplomatist and writer of memoirs, was born at Versailles on the 16th of January 1675.
		The French peerage under the old rgime was a very peculiar thing, difficult to comprehend at all, but quite certain to be miscomprehended if any analogy of the Englishpeerage is imported into the consideration.
		Derived at least traditionally and imaginatively from the douze pairs of Charlemagne, the peers were supposed to represent the chosen of the noblesse, and gradtially, in an indefinite and constantly disputed fashion, became associated with the parlement of Paris as a quasi-legislative (or at least law-registering) and directly judicial body.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SA/SAINT_SIMON_LOUIS_DE_ROUVROY_DUC_DE.htm (1508 words)

	The Conflict Between British and Continental Concepts of Nobility and the Order of Malta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The French Peerage founded in 1814/15 and which continued through the Orléanist Monarchy was of a comparable size and indeed established in imitation of the British.
		Within the French privileged nobility there was a small hereditary elite, the Peers, who enjoyed the right to a seat in the Parlement of Paris (not a political assembly but a superior law court), and during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries numbered between forty and fifty.
		The French Revolution marked the beginning of an end of a privileged noble class in most of Europe, but the conferment of noble titles actually increased dramatically, since nobility no longer carried any significant prerogative (such as exemption from taxation) but was an inexpensive means for sovereigns to reward their prominent subjects.
	www.chivalricorders.org /orders/smom/m-nbprf3.htm (5180 words)

	The Original Burke's Peerage, est 1826 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The French titles are amongst the most famous which are attached to the land.
		Many heads of those families have subsequently been granted United Kingdom peerage titles, or have been created knights of the realm, thus they tend to use their feudal titles, Scottish baronies, when they are not in possession of titles of higher rank, for example, duke or marquess.
		Burke's Peerage has for a number of years handled the transfer of baronies on behalf of those seeking to sell and potential purchasers.
	www.burkes-peerage.com /acquisition.htm (1492 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of the Peerage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Since the Crown was itself an hereditary dignity, it seemed natrual for seats in the upper House of Parliament to be so as well.
		By the beginning of the fourteenth century, the Peerage had evolved its hereditary charecteristics.
		The Crown retained the right to create one new Irish peerage dignity every time three previous ones became exinct, until the number of Irish peers without British peerages amounted to one hundred, when further creations would be permitted as often as necessary to maintain that number.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-the-Peerage (3326 words)

	Maitland Extracts
		The prize was one of a squadron of five French frigates which had sailed from Cape Francois, bound to France, valuably laden with sugar and indigo, two of which were taken and as many destroyed by the activity of captain Maitland and his companions, as we have already briefly related in our account of Mr.
		All the French officers, prisoners on board that ship, concurred in assuring captain Maitland, that the chace was the Protecteur, of seventy four guns, on board which was commodore who commanded the French convoy.
		She then used the tabular signals, of which the French had a copy, to announce that the approaching fleet was English and the Dutch ensign (the recall flag) to bring them into the squadron.
	www.antonymaitland.com /maitextr.htm (16116 words)

	French Peerage
		This territorial requirement was formalized for peerages by an edict of March 1582, which required a minimum income of 24,000 livres from the estates that were to form the basis for the peerage.
		One exception occurred with the peerage of Aiguillon, which an arrêt of 1604 maintained as a fief of the county of Agénois (held at the time by the king's sister) which was its status prior to becoming a peerage.
		It might be a life peerage for one person (Rethel in 1405) or several specified individuals (Nevers in 1347), transmissible by males (Poitou in 1314) or both males and females: that is, the peerage passed to the closest female heir in absence of a male heir.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/france/peerage.htm (5047 words)

	Peerage - The Jiggies Reference Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Peerage is a system of titles of nobility which exists in the United Kingdom and is one part of the British honours system.
		The Peerage of Ireland includes titles created for the Kingdom of Ireland before the Act of Union of 1801, and some titles created after that year, while the Peerage of Great Britain pertains to titles created for the Kingdom of Great Britain between 1707 and 1801.
		A further important change occured in 1999, when hereditary peers were stripped of their automatic right to sit in the Lords, with ninety-two peers—the holders of the ceremonial offices of Lord Great Chamberlain and Earl Marshal, along with ninety peers elected by other hereditaries—being retained temporarily until the completion of the reforms.
	www.jiggies.com /reference/Peerage (810 words)

	Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The peerage granted to his father, Claude de St Simon, is the central fact in his history.
		The French peerage under the old régime was a very peculiar thing, difficult to comprehend at all, but quite certain to be miscomprehended if any analogy of the English peerage is imported into the consideration.
		Derived at least traditionally and imaginatively from the douze pairs of Charlemagne, the peers were supposed to represent the chosen of the noblesse, and gradually, in an indefinite and constantly disputed fashion, became associated with the parliament of Paris as a quasi-legislative (or at least law-registering) and directly judicial body.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/L/Louis-de-Rouvroy,-duc-de-Saint-Simon.htm (1465 words)

	The Man Who Laughs -- Chapter 91 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history; and history is not more to be relied on than legend.
		The French peerage took the high hand with Great Britain, and demanded that the King of England should appear at their Bar.
		This was why he married Elizabeth Bouchier, descendant and heiress of a Cromwell, Lord Bouchier, whose peerage became extinct in 1471, and of a Bouchier, Lord Robesart, another peerage extinct in 1429.
	www.litrix.com /mlaughs/mlaug091.htm (2487 words)

	FRENCH NOBLE TITLES
		Many of the most distinguished French titles are attached to the land and, unlike Scottish titles, they come with a coat of arms which can be modified by the new owner if he/she wishes.
		Up until the time of the French Revolution of 1789 it was the custom in France for the ruler or monarch to raise a seigneurie (aristocratic land holder) to the rank of a baron or a count and in some cases to that of a marquis.
		It was the land that carried the title and the owner of the land was permitted to style himself as a member of the nobility which, in reality, he became.
	www.offshore-manual.com /FrenchNobleTitles.html (275 words)

	French_Revolution
		The French are a motley bunch of rebels who have no respect for their superiors.
		The French peasants, however, thought the lady was the cause of the country’s debt[iii].
		The French Revolution is not only a part of history, it was an example of the passion that man has for his rights.
	project1.caryacademy.org /1851/french_revolution.htm (1198 words)

	Bibliography for Tracing French Noble Families
		The French became inolved in Greece with the fall of Constantinople in 1204.
		French genealogists have compiled some rather well done reports, especially considering when some of them were working.
		This is a good introduction, as far as it goes, to the papers of the d'Hozier dynasty of judges of arms and genealogists of the King of France in the Cabinet des titres.
	habitant.org /tools/noblebib.htm (9635 words)

	Burke's Titles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Burke's Peerage, for almost two hundred years, has specialised in publishing books on ancestry, aristocracy and history, as well as many volumes on the aristocracy and Imperial and Royal families of the world.
		These researched and located titles are Scottish, French and Italian, which are often attached to the land (usually a very small tract of a half to five acres).
		Burke's Peerage has designed the coats of arms for President George W Bush of Texas and the former Vice President of The United States, Albert Gore.
	www.burkestitles.com (294 words)

	Peerage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		News of Ms Jones' elevation to the peerage, which has not yet been officially announced, was included in a list of names leaked by political sources.
		The Sovereign him or herself cannot belong to the Peerage as "the fountain and source of all dignities cannot hold a dignity from himself" (opinion of the House of Lords in the Buckhurst Peerage Case).
		There are various parts to the Peerage which convey slightly different benefits: the Peerage of England pertains to all titles created by the Kings and Queens of England prior to the Act of Union in 1707.
	peerage.wikiverse.org (1092 words)

	Peerage Basics
		The higher the rank, the more likely it is that the peer holds several peerages, which may be distributed throughout the five peerages, depending upon their dates of creation.
		Women were not allowed a seat in the House of Lords, even if they held a peerage in their own right, until the 1963 Peerage Act granted them that right.
		Nonetheless, before then they held all of the other privileges which attended their specific peerage, although often if the peerage carried with it some special office, the office would be fulfilled by the peeress's husband.
	laura.chinet.com /html/titles02.html (1087 words)

	French Peerage in the 19th c.
		The peerage was made hereditary for all members of the House (except ecclesiastical members, of course), in male line and by primogeniture.
		Thus, a distinction needed to be made between a vicomte and a vicomte-pair, and a baron-pair could be at the same time a duc; and, while all members of the House of Peers were titled (as peers), there were also titled members of the House of Deputies who were not peers.
		The peerages ceased to be hereditary, and all new creation were life peers.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/france/peerage19.htm (1096 words)

	Armory of the pre-1789 French Peerage
		An arrêt of the Parlement of Paris voided this donation and the duchy was inherited by a 7th degree cousin, Anne Henriette Julie de Bavière, for whom the peerage was recreated.
		This peerage (as well as Damville) became extinct after its holder was found guilty of plotting against the king, and all his lands and dignities were confiscated the day he was executed.
		Peerages which were not registered were usually considered as duchies which became extinct at the death of the beneficiary; hence they were treated like brevet titles.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/france/peerage2.htm (10424 words)

	Knighthood, Chivalry & Tournament Glossary of Terms
		Peerage: The group of nobles, barons and above, considered to be peers.
		In an SCA context, the peers are comprised of the three equal branches, the Laurel, Pelican and Knight.
		The French were unable to rally, fragmenting to the point where the Oriflamme, carried by Geoffrey de Charnay, was unfurled.
	www.chronique.com /Library/Glossaries/glossary-KCT/gloss_p.htm (1394 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Marquess (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The word derives from the Middle French marquis (feminine, marquise), ultimately from a Germanic word for 'border' (Mark) which in English became marches.
		Royal peers, although they may also just sign the name of their peerage, normally just sign their forename, which is a princely prerogative.
		The Chronological Peerage of England, hereditarytitles.com as of March 2, 2003; [1]; omits Normanby, misspells Hartington as Martington, places Marquess of Lorn and Kintyre in peerage of England (Scotland is more probable).
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Marquess (902 words)

	Courtly Lives of Kings, Peerage .... Royals and Peerage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		For example, in the early twelfth century the duke of Aquitaine controlled most of the counties in SW France, and was considered, by some, to be more powerful than the French King himself.
		Knights began as a distinct commodity, separate from the nobility in the fourteenth century.
		Knights or "miles" (in French) were fighting professionals, not noble himself but one who served the nobilty.
	www.angelfire.com /mi/RedBearsDream/mjknecht.html (791 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Denis de Frayssinous
		Despite his severity towards the preacher, Napoleon esteemed the Abbe Frayssinous and had made him a councillor of the university, of which he later became grand master.
		He was elected to membership in the French Academy, and in 1817 pronounced there a panegyric of St. Louis which is still famous.
		He had been raised to the French peerage when, in 1824, he pronounced the funeral oration of Louis XVIII.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06251a.htm (487 words)

	Hodapps In France 2000: Part 2
		Look for various small portraits of the French peerage in the style of Holbein.
		The one of Catherine de Medici is a real startler, and makes you contemplate why Mary Queen of Scots found this great and formidable cow to be such a holy terror of a Mother in Law.
		There is not one square inch of sidewalk between the Arc de Triomphe and Place de la Concorde that is not teeming with people.
	members.aol.com /maxcalvada/200france2.html (3002 words)

	EN World - Morrus' D&D / d20 News & Reviews Site - what do you call the son of a duke? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In British peerage, the next lesser title is most commonly a rank below the father's title, so eldest son of a duke is usually a marquis, and for an earl it's usually a viscount, for example.
		The traditional usage for each peerage is different though, see http://encyclopedia.thefreedictiona...ourtesy%20title for a table.
		I find it very refreshing that someone is dodging the Hollywood version of the 18th Century academic version of the late feudal version of the feudal system for once.
	www.enworld.org /showthread.php?t=109056 (3403 words)

	The Regional Review (1939)
		Paris at the time was filled with French officers unattached to military service by reason of the final downfall of Napoleon at Waterloo.
		Most flattering offers were tendered him, all of which he declined in order to follow the example of those eminent French nobles who had cast their lot with the American colonies during the Revolution.
		Prior to his death in Paris November 5, 1839, he was raised to the French peerage with the title of baron.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/regional_review/vol2-2b.htm (2494 words)

	MyClan.com : Clan Hamilton : Clan History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		He was made Regent of Scotland while the queen was a child and to secure his claim to the throne he proposed to marry his son to her.
		However, Arran had figured prominently in the marriage negotiations with France and, as a reward, he was created Duke of Chatelherault in the French peerage in 1548.
		When Mary’s marriage to the Dauphin of France ended with his death, the Hamilton hopes of a royal match were again rekindled.
	www.myclan.com /clans/Hamilton_48/default.php (847 words)

	Royal & Noble Bibliography: Preface
		For myself, I don't believe I have a single royal chromosome in my body, but that lack has not dimmed my longtime interest in the incredibly complex network of western noble lineages.
		Finally, for the reader with a special interest in the French peerage, especially as it manifested itself in Quebec, I am delighted to recommend another bibliographical work, available as a text file in one of the libraries of the CompuServe Genealogy Forum, called ROYALF.ASC.
		This was compiled by John P. DuLong <71501.256@compuserve.com> as a supplement to the Third Edition of this bibliography, he's kind enough to say, but his experience in that specific field is considerably greater than my own.
	book-smith.tripod.com /preface.html (757 words)

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