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	MSN Encarta - French Language
		In the second half of the 16th century, especially during the reign (1574-89) of Henry III, a group of French poets known as the Pléiade, which included Joachim du Bellay and Pierre de Ronsard, declared that French was the proper language for prose and poetry.
		One of the most important steps toward standardizing and otherwise improving the French language was the compilation, in the 17th century, of a dictionary by the French Academy, a literary society formed in 1635 by the statesman and cardinal Richelieu.
		French wars with Germany in the 17th century resulted in the introduction of a small number of words from German, such as blocus (“blockage”) and cible (“target”).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577987/French.html (1411 words)

	French language -> History of French on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		French is descended from Vulgar Latin, the vernacular Latin (as distinguished from literary Latin) of the Roman Empire (see Latin language).
		During this period many words and expressions were borrowed from Latin, Greek, and Italian, and a group of French poets, the Pléiade (see under Pleiad), encouraged the French to develop and improve their language and literature.
		In 1635 the French Academy was founded by Cardinal Richelieu to maintain the purity of the language and its literature and to serve as the ultimate judge of approved usage.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/Frenchla_HistoryofFrench.asp (667 words)

	Poets Charge Fadwa Tuqan Slighted ...
		Many of the poets present complained that the homage to Tuqan was skimpy and poorly prepared, with only one hour devoted to her, while al-Sabah was given an entire evening.
		Nonetheless, Abou Richa was clear that the Arab poets present did not oppose al-Sabah or her poetry, and did not oppose the institute's desire to be financially sound.
		The institute's goals are a service to Arab culture in the West, Abou Richa stated; however, the poets had not expected al-Sabah's sponsorship of the program, nor the precedence she would take over Tuqan: “This is unprecedented for the institute, to try and crown one poet over the kingdom of woman's poetry.
	www.aljadid.com /features/PoetsChargeFadwaTuqanSlighted....html (1216 words)

	Poetry of the First World War: French Poets
		Served as a volunteer in the French Army 1915, serving first in the artillery and subsequently, as a lieutenant, in the infantry.
		Though tubercular, he served in WWI in the French Army (hospital corps & infantry), and was a casualty of gas.
		Granting to himself as poet the role of a wrathful preacher, Jouve inveighs his readers with images of their total depravity and ignominy.
	www.scuttlebuttsmallchow.com /listfren.html (2139 words)

	Yvan Goll - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Yvan Goll (March 29, 1891 – 1950) was a French-German poet who was perfectly bilingual and wrote in both French and German.
		He had close ties both to the German expressionism and to the French surrealism.
		Due to his pacifism, he escaped to Switzerland to avoid conscription into the army at the outbreak of World War I (he was a German citizen).
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Yvan_Goll (165 words)

	Modern Languages: French Division Faculty Aimee Boutin
		She has published articles on French Romanticism, women and nineteenth-century poetry and is the author of Maternal Echoes: The Poetry of Marceline Desbordes-Valmore and Alphonse de Lamartine (U of Delaware Press, 2001).
		This study of maternal imagery in the poetry of two French Romantic poets draws on psychoanalytic and feminist theories on the maternal voice to argue that both poets find a voice of their own by echoing their mother’s voice.
		Whereas these two poets are often contrasted by scholars who invoke Lamartine as a paternal figure, Maternal Echoes complicates the status of sexual difference in Romantic discourse by insisting on the similarities in their treatment of the maternal.
	www.fsu.edu /~modlang/divisions/french/boutin.html (657 words)

	UMass Graduate Bulletin: French & Italian
		An opportunity to master the fundamentals of Old French in such a way as to enhance the pleasure of discovering a new language and learning to read and enjoy the many literary masterpieces that illustrate it.
		Class participation in French or English and term-paper written in the native language of the student.
		Fundamentals of ear-ly French; dialects; popular idioms; the emergence of Modern French; French in the Francophone world; theories of language change; currents in French linguistics; today's French in politics, commerce, and the media.
	www.umass.edu /grad_catalog/2001/freital/courses.html (1146 words)

	Group of French poets to visit Iran: `"Dialogue with Nature: Irano-French Meetings"
		Tehran, April 27, IRNA-A group of French poets is expected to arrive here on April 30 to commemorate the poets of both countries and will stay up to May 5.
		The Cultural Department of the French Embassy in Tehran told IRNA on Wednesday that upon arrival in Tehran, the group of poets will leave for a tour of the cities of Isfahan, Shahr-e Kord, Shiraz and Firouzabad along with 10 Iranian poets.
		On the last day of their visit, they are scheduled to leave the town of Firouzabad for Tehran with 30 poets to attend the poetry festival to be held at the 18th Tehran International Book Fair.
	www.payvand.com /news/05/apr/1218.html (252 words)

	Ronsard, Pierre de -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		French poet notable as a writer of polished light verse.
		One of the greatest poets of the French Renaissance was Pierre de Ronsard.
		French portrait artist François Clouet was the court painter under four French kings.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9083884 (680 words)

	La Pléiade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Pléiade was a group of 16th-century French poets whose principal members were Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay and Jean-Antoine de Baïf.
		The group aimed to break with earlier traditions of French poetry (especially Marot and the grands rhétoriqueurs), and to attempt to ennoble the French language by imitating the Ancients.
		The ideal was not one of slavish imitation, but of a poet so well-versed in the entire corpus of Ancient literature (Du Bellay uses the metaphor of 'digestion') that he would be able to convert it into an entirely new and rich poetic language in the vernacular.
	stevehome.dynup.net /en/La_Pleiade.htm (365 words)

	List of poets - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frances E. Harper, poet, novelist, lecturer and activist in turn of the century temperance and racial uplift movements.
		Duncan McIntyre, Gaelic poet, aka Duncan Ban McIntyre
		Petar Petrovic Njegos, (1813-1851), Serb poet and ruler
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_poets (711 words)

	French writers of the Great War
		Poets and novelists flooded the bookstores and newspapers with war-related verse, novels, essays, and plays, including Paul Géraldy's best-seller of 1916, La Guerre, Madame, as well as Gaspard by René Benjamin, and La Flamme au poing by Henry Malherbe, respective winners of the Prix Goncourt in 1915 and 1917.
		Throughout the period of hostilities, many antiwar poets participated in the energetic campaign to galvanize public opinion for peace.
		In "From Whitman to Mussolini: Modernism in the Life and Works of a French Intellectual," published in the Journal of European Studies in 1996, an analysis of Guilbeaux's poetry and activism illuminates the modernist fusion of aesthetics and social change.
	www.forlang.mtsu.edu /goldberg (762 words)

	Experimenting with New Styles to Create a New Aesthetic
		Modernist poets such as E.E. Cummings, Wallace Stevens, and T.S. Eliot changed the face of American poetry by destroying the notion that American culture is far inferior to European culture.
		The poets’ taking responsibility to shock the society into considering the questioning of a traditional mainstay was not only the dream of Walt Whitman, but was, in a sense, these poets showing a sense of duty to their new poetic style—the American poetic style.
		This new aesthetic eventually leads to the poets’ finding a sense of personal freedom, which imitates the overall goal of society at the time—to escape the expectations of a system which no longer works, to break free from the oppression of the social rank-and-file, and to gain true personal freedom.
	www.daltonstate.edu /faculty/bmurray/exemplar2002/exempf02experimenting_with_new_styles_to.htm (1522 words)

	TheCriticalPoet - Featured Movement - French Symbolism
		The Symbolist poetic movement originated with a group of French poets in the late 19th century.
		The experimental techniques devised by these poets enriched the technical repetoire of modernism, particularly the works of W.B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, and Wallace Stevens.
		Because of their interest in the bizarre and the artificial and in themes of decay and ruin, many of the Symbolist poets were identified with the Decadent movement of the same period.
	thecriticalpoet.tripod.com /symbolism.htm (377 words)

	Poets
		Finally, the poets of the fourth generation are still too young to have garnered enough acclaim to have been translated into English, and thus won't be addressed here.
		These three poets developed negritude as a "literary and cultural movement with the fundamental objective of defining fl aesthetics and fl consciousness against a background of racial injustice and discrimination around the world" (Elimimian 1991:23).
		Senghor in particular was a driving force as both a poet and a statesman in recognizing the way in which feminism, and female sensuality in particular, leads to moral virtue, and consequently the rise of hope and the human spirit.
	web.uflib.ufl.edu /cm/africana/poets.htm (974 words)

	C. Perry: Review of Thomas and Winspur, Poeticized Language: The Foundations of Contemporary French Poetry
		Reiterating Valéry's characterization of poetry as a kind of dancing with respect to the "walking" of everyday speech, Thomas and Winspur explain how poetry may be viewed as "a backdrop to all linguistic acts, insofar as it illustrates to the utmost degree the power of language's effects" (10).
		At other times, they appear to believe that "French acquired a poetic dimension" (2) only toward the end of the nineteenth century, as poets unshackled themselves from the formal constraints imposed by tradition, their "language now free of the exterior affectations that had made it seem like poetry to the casual reader..." (5).
		Through the labor of several twentieth-century poets, the French language has developed an apparent autonomy, or a non-communicative dimension, that justifies the authors' radical nominalism: "Basically, we believe it is the verbal and symbolic order that constitutes the writing subject, and not the other way around" (20).
	rmmla.wsu.edu /ereview/55.2/reviews/perry.asp (1016 words)

	French Poetry, Spanish, Bilingual, ESL and German Publications Distributor Continental Book Company: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Each work is presented in both French and English with an introduction which places the poetry in historical and aesthetic perspective and a short biography of the poet.
		Each poet's works are prefaced by a short biography and critical introduction to the meaning and significance of these works.
		In addition to the French poets, authors from Belgium, Québec, and other French speaking countries are studied.
	www.continentalbook.com /catalog/french/frpoetry.html (1210 words)

	French Language Literature Guide to Research - Georgetown University Library
		A collection of criticism of 168 major French writers of the twentieth-century up to 1975.
		Ref. Z 2171.C3 Each volume covers a particular period of French literature and was compiled and critically annotated by specialists in the field.
		The database consists of nearly 2000 texts written between the 13th and 20th centuries, ranging from classic works of French literature to various kinds of non-fiction prose and technical writing.
	www.library.georgetown.edu /guides/french (991 words)

	Érudit \| RON n29-30 2003 : Boutin : Inventing the “Poétesse”: New Approaches to French Women Romantic Poets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Women poets of the nineteenth century remain for the most part marginalized in the study of French Romanticism, despite the historical fact that women turned to poetry in increasing numbers during the July Monarchy.
		The standardization of the French poetic canon in the early twentieth century by literary scholars, historians and anthologists, such as Gustave Lanson, Henri Potez, and Ferdinand Brunetière, silenced the importance of women poets.
		Even though the term “poet” is used to refer to female poets, its usage (alone or in an expression such as “femme poète”) usually emphasizes the exclusion of women from poetic genius.
	www.erudit.org /revue/ron/2003/v/n29/007725ar.html (5582 words)

	The Nation, 06/19/1879 - Lectures on French Poets
		He introduces people to the men who founded the romantic school of France, describes the great contest of 1829, and the early years of its strength, and aims at interesting those who are unfamiliar with it, and leading them to read.
		His purpose and method are both excellent, he lets the poets reveal themselves by their own words and acts, and has woven his narrative very skillfully of delightful quotation and instructive comment.
		...he lets the poets reveal themselves by their own words and acts, and has woven his narrative very skilfully of delightful quotation and instructive comment...
	www.nationarchive.com /Summaries/v028i0729_13.htm (499 words)

	French Studies
		French novelists 1900-1930 (Dictionary of literary biography v.
		French novelists 1930-1960 (Dictionary of literary biography v.
		French dramatists 1789-1914 (Dictionary of literary biography v.192)
	www.lib.flinders.edu.au /resources/sub/humanities/freref.html (116 words)

	José Juan Tablada
		The Nobel Prize winner in literature, the Mexican poet Octavio Paz, has said that Tablada is one of the most overlooked and underrated poets of the twentieth century.
		Very few famous American poets have written haiku, or at least don't admit that they have, and this unfortunate avoidance and reluctance is due largely I believe to a prejudice against haiku as a result of many misunderstandings, fear of loss of reputation, and a number of other interrelated complex factors.
		Even today haiku is still considered taboo territory by upper echelon poets in these countries, a second or third class art form written by amateur poets or those who write poetry as a hobby with nothing else better to do.
	www.ahapoetry.com /PP0301..htm (3923 words)

	Laforgue, Jules on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He was one of the first French poets to write in free verse.
		The revolutionary form of Les Complaintes (1885) and Derniers Vers (1890) influenced later French poets as well as such foreign poets as T. Eliot and Ezra Pound.
		Thomas Eakins: pictured lives: throughout his career, Eakins chose to paint individuals whose mastery of some skill, art or specialized knowledge defined their way of life.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/L/Laforgue.asp (273 words)

	List of French language poets - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wikimedia needs your help in the final days of its fund drive.
		Poets who have written in the French language:
		This page was last modified 19:21, 1 February 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_French_language_poets (56 words)

	Paul Verlaine
		French poet and leader of the Symbolist movement in poetry.
		Among Verlaine's friends were a number of Parnassian poets, Leconte de Lisle, Théodore de Banville, Louis Xavier de Ricard, Catulle Mendès, and François Cippée.
		At the ale houses of the rue Soufflot he found company for long discussions and for drinking absinthe - the drink that was eventually to lead him to a hospital bed.
	www.kirjasto.sci.fi /verlaine.htm (1176 words)

	MH Essay—Development of French Haiku
		At the beginning of the 20th C., the most influential or the most celebrated poets are, on the one hand, the “old” beginners of the years 1880-1890 who exploit and diversify the double heritage of the Symbolists and the Roman School.
		The French intellectuals and poets were not the first to write about haiku, but they were the first Westerners to attempt to adapt the poetic principles of the Japanese genre to a Western language and culture.
		Perhaps this appellation was too misleading for in their attempts to approximate the haiku form, a few poets after Couchoud used the epigram in the form of quatrains, which were still the commonest stanzaic form in European poetry at the end of the 19th century.
	www.modernhaiku.org /essays/frenchhaiku.html (4721 words)

	Poetic Love (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Each student is to create a biographical poster about the poet; the poster must include the following: a portrait if possible, information about where he /she was born, education, major works, influences and attitudes, membership in a given school if appropriate.
		In addition, each student is to also find some American or British poet who wrote on the theme of love for comparison to the French poet. Posters will be due during Lesson 5.
		The criteria for getting all of the points are: (1) completion of all assignments, (2) speaking in French during the question/answer and other working sessions, and (3) active participation in class projects.
	www.mfla.org /michi-html/Lewis.htm (2700 words)

	Culture
		The poets Pierre de Ronsard (1524-1585) and Joachim du Bellay (1522-1560) were the leaders of La Pléiade, a group of young poets who urged the use of the French language in literature, at the same time reverting to a classical style.
		The first French drama was written by a member of the Pleiade --a tragedy called Cléopatra.
		After their candidate, Henri de Navarre, became the legitimate heir to the throne in 1589 the Huguenots became royalists and the Catholic League began to advocate the moral right to commit tyrannicide and to overthrow an unwanted king.
	www.lepg.org /culture.htm (592 words)

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