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Topic: French privateers

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	Views on the Cosmos: France - Trade
		French trade, however, which operated through legal channels, was often interrupted to make reparation for the British violations because of their alliance, allowing the British to undersell them and carry on continuous trade (Wilson 121-124).
		For the French, coffee exports from the West Indies were almost as valuable as their sugar exports, and were the most valuable of re-exports from France (Duffy 8-9).
		Beginning in the late 1600's and continuing past the turn of the century, Jacobite privateers with crews composed largely of Irish and Englishmen sailed under French commission between the Netherlands, Spanish Europe, the British Isles and the West Indies, notably from the ports of St. Malo and Dunkirk (Bromley 23-25).
	courses.wcupa.edu /wanko/LIT400/France/trade.htm (2603 words)

	St. Maarten (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Privateering, theoretically abolished in 1856 by the Declaration of Paris, was eliminated only in the twentieth century as the Seventh Hague Convention by the states' assumption of full responsibility for all armed merchant ships.
		Privateering, smuggling and piracy were condoned, even encouraged, by the various nations fighting for control of the Caribbean (not the knighting of several English privateers).
		The French, whose Compagnie des Ilsles d'Amerique was formed in 1635, began its joint rule of this island in 1648 (for the previous fifteen years, Spain had controlled the island except for a period of two years from 1631 to 1633 when the Dutch were in power).
	home.earthlink.net /~segundo98/st__maarten.htm (1313 words)

	The French, Dutch and English in America
		Jamaica became a base for the English "privateers," among them the notorious Henry Morgan, and the activities of English privateers (or pirates) was to last to 1670, when England would sign a treaty with Spain ending their war.
		The number of French in the Americas was only one twentieth of the number of people in England's colonies, prosperous France having had few who wanted to leave to try for a new life in what they saw as a primitive and dangerous America.
		The French built a few forts in the Great Lakes area, and in 1682 the French explorer René LaSalle led 33 Frenchmen and 31 Indians down the Mississippi in canoes, to the Gulf of Mexico and back.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h27-am.html (6744 words)

	Text / The Complete Military History of France
		Thousands of French women find out what it's like to not only sleep with a winner, but one who doesn't call her "Fraulein." Sadly, widespread use of condoms by American forces forestalls any improvement in the French bloodline.
		After having their way with the French for 70 years, the Norse are bribed by a French King named Charles the Simple (really!) who gave them Normandy in return for peace.
		The French consider the departure of the French from Algeria in 1962-63, after 130 years on colonialism, as a French victory and especially consider C. de Gaulle as a hero for 'leading' said victory over the unwilling French public who were very much against the departure.
	www.albinoblacksheep.com /text/france.html (1136 words)

	History of Nova Scotia; Acadia, Bk.1, Port Royal and The English Takeover: 1690-1744; Part 2; Ch. 5, Baptiste, The ...
		On July 27, 1694, with the encouragement of the French governor, Villebon, and under the direct leadership of their priests and a French military man, Villieu,14 a united force of 230 Indians attacked a small English settlement at Oyster Pond (now Durham, twelve miles from Portsmouth, New Hampshire).
		Because the French had done their business at Fort William Henry, a certain captain from Boston, Benjamin Church was promoted and advanced as the man to take revenge on Acadia.
		Further, on November 15th, 1697, Villebon reported that French fishing vessels were being overpowered on the Grand Banks by a "brigantine fitted out at Boston, with six guns and eighty men" with the French fishermen being taken as prisoners to Boston.
	www.blupete.com /Hist/NovaScotiaBk1/Part2/Ch05.htm (2849 words)

	John J. Miller on France & Colorado on National Review Online
		Yet the French embassy is now threatening an economic boycott of his state because of the snub, in an incident that is quickly coming to resemble France's behavior in the notorious XYZ Affair of 1798.
		The French response — and specifically its threat of economic flmail — recalls a similar incident from the 18th century, when French officials expressed faux outrage over "insults" tendered by President John Adams and demanded bribes to meet with American diplomats who were trying to avert war between the two countries.
		French privateers preyed on American shipping, employing the thin justification that any vessel carrying even a single item of British cargo was in effect a belligerent.
	www.nationalreview.com /miller/miller051603.asp (1165 words)

	Let Privateers Troll for Bin Laden: Newsroom: The Independent Institute
		This was not piracy, because the privateers were licensed by their own governments and the ships were bonded to ensure that their captains followed the accepted laws of the sea, including the humane treatment of those who were taken prisoner.
		Originally, privateering was a method of restitution for merchants or shipowners who had been wronged by a citizen of a foreign country.
		Privateers captured the ships flying the flag of the wrongdoers’ nation and sailed them to a friendly port, where a neutral admiralty court decided whether the seizure was just.
	www.independent.org /tii/news/010930Sechrest.html (640 words)

	"Now We Find It Necessary to Take Care of Ourselves": Citizen Involvement and Influence in the Creation of the United ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The French crew boarded and captured the American ship, tortured its captain with thumbscrews, and ordered him to declare all of his cargo as British goods, so they could legally seize it as contraband.
		Invariably, the French captain claimed some discrepancy or illegitimacy in the paperwork, commandeered the vessel as a prize, ordered the American crew aboard his ship, and sailed it back to a friendly port.
		French captures in the Caribbean fell to 105 in 1798, from 280 in the previous year (when merchants fended for themselves).
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /journals/EH/EH42/Swan42.html (7938 words)

	Pirates & Privateers: the History of Maritime Piracy - Canadian Privateers
		Privateering was an important industry into the second decade of the 19th century.
		Privateering brought Enos Collins so much wealth that when he died, he was the richest man in Canada.
		During these wars, Louisbourg was a French fortress that became a haven for French privateers.
	www.cindyvallar.com /canprivateers.html (962 words)

	Privateers an Introduction
		Privateering flourished between the 16th and 18th centuries, a time when European countries waged almost constant war against each other.
		Elizabeth, however, deemed privateering of greater import than colonization, which is why Raleigh’s ships didn’t return to Roanoke as planned and why what became of the Lost Colony of Roanoke remains a mystery to this day.
		When French authorities confiscated his first prize because he lacked a letter of marque, he sailed to France, obtained the license, and returned to privateering.
	www.cindyvallar.com /privateers.html (1774 words)

	Bermuda's ties with France
		A French knight, the Sieur de la Motte, was in Virginia in 1614 and attended the wedding in April that year of John Rolfe, one of the survivors in Bermuda in 1609-10 of the "Sea Venture", to Princess Pocahontas.
		The earlier disappearance of the officer was recalled and it was assumed that in 1775 he came upon the scene, while honoring his parole, as the gunpowder robbery was in progress; was mistaken for a British officer in the dark and murdered; then buried hastily on the Governor's doorstep.
		Some of the French prisoners of war held in Bermuda at that time were involved in one very brave but futile attempt to secure their freedom.
	www.bermuda-online.org /france.htm (6346 words)

	The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut - 1745 King George's War
		French privateers, using the harbor as a base, preyed on New England fishermen working the Grand Banks, until 1745, when a small force of New Englanders under William Pepperrell, supported by a fleet of merchant men commanded by Sir Peter Warren, attacked Louisbourg and forced its surrender.
		Vaughan took possession of the battery, and held it until he was reinforced, in spite of a resolute effort of a French force to retake it.
		Finally, a combined attack of the fleet and army was made, and on the 17th of June, the city, the fort and garrison, and the batteries, were surrendered to the English, together with the Island of Cape Breton.
	www.colonialwarsct.org /1745.htm (1579 words)

	The French Corsairs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Fearing capture by the French corsairs, this vessel had sailed by the way of the Azores, and left the treasure, at the island of Santa Maria, and proceeded on without it, in order that a proper force might be sent to that island to bring it safely to Spain.
		In 1554 a French fleet under the command of Francois le Clerc attacked and sacked the Spanish base at Havana on the island of Cuba.
		The total number of ships captured by the French privateers between 1521 and 1559, is rumoured to be approximately 200.
	privateer.omena.org /privateerfrench.htm (2208 words)

	Quasi-War With France
		Homer on Friday last, off Cape Hatteras, spoke a French privateer schooner, the description of which answers to our pirate Le Grouper; the Federalist must have passed her in the night, and thereby have escaped a second piratical attack.
		The Prudence being very leaky and a dull sailing vessel, they were obliged to bear down for Surinam; all the men were taken out except the master, capt. Farquhier, and the cabin boy; and the papers concerning the vessel were taken to Cayenne by capt. Malvin, where it was generally supposed she would be condemned.
		Captain Kellog fell into the fangs of a French pirate, on his homeward passage.—They threatened to sink his vessel; when he bargained for her ransom for 500 dollars of his own money secreted on board—and the French villain received his pay accordingly: but instantly afterwards caused her to be scuttled.
	www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us /sections/hp/colonial/Newspapers/Subjects/Quasi.htm (603 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.2, Entry 105, GENET: Library of Economics and Liberty
		The selfish reason of the French court for making the treaty, its desire to dismember the British empire, was then a state secret to all but a few, and the sentimental obligations to alliance seemed far more binding upon the United States in 1793 that they had been upon France in 1778.
		The penalty was enforced in the case of the French vice-consul at Boston, A. Duplaine, who had rescued a libeled French prize from the United States marshal, Aug. 21, with the help of a body of marines from a French frigate in the harbor.
		A message from the president, Jan. 20, 1794, announced that the request for the recall of Genet had been agreed to by the French government; but the utter destruction which had already overtaken his party, the Girondins, at the hands of the Jacobins, was a plain warning to Genet not to return to France.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy496.html (2139 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As it became clear that the French problem would have to soon be dealt with, Adams began to form a foreign policy that centered around an overall peace with France.
		Laws were passed allowing the armament of private trading ships for defense against the French, and the Alien and Sedition acts were passed, allowing the jailing or deportation of foreign citizens deemed dangerous by the government.
		People of French descent within the U.S. were discriminated against, and some known to be friendly were transported outside the realm of the country by the government, and a limited state of war was declared.
	www.2112.net /cheeze/history/xyz.doc (1733 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Following a series of English raids in Canada, the French governor of Canada, Comte de Frontenac, planned counterattacks on New York City and Boston in 1690.
		As initial steps in his campaign, the French and their Indian allies burned Schenectady, N.Y., laid waste Salmon Falls, N.H., and destroyed Fort Loyal, Maine, while French privateers based in Nova Scotia harried New England shipping.
		For the rest of the war the French and their Indian allies ravaged the northern frontiers of the English colonies.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..ki036900.a#FWNE.fw..ki036900.a (596 words)

	Pirates and Privateers of America in the XVIIth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		An History of the pirates and privateers of America of the second half of the XVIIth Century, from their origin beginning with the Conquest of the West Indies and America by the Spaniards (their main enemies and victimes) until the end of the King William's War.
		La Coutume de la Côte, containing a description of the time, life and costums of the pirates and privateers of French Hispaniola, Jamaica and other places in America, from 1648 to 1688.
		Figures de Proue, a biographical dictionnary of the main privateer chiefs, also governors, other officers, merchants, planters and others that the first have known during their voyages, raids and stays, from th year 1648 to year 1688.
	www.geocities.com /trebutor/menua.html (333 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the last decade of the 18th century, American merchant ships traveling abroad were the frequent targets of French privateers, who harassed and captured American seamen, stole cargo and sometimes made away with the vessels entirely.
		In May 1800, the French frigate Sandwich was anchored off Puerto Plata Bay, a northern harbor of Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic.
		Under pressure from both sea and shore, the French withdrew and a small contingent of Marines remained to reinforce the Dutch garrison.
	www.marinetimes.com /print.php?f=0-292308-1947549.php (678 words)

	History of Plaisance: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage
		Despite the fact that the French garrisons at Plaisance were small, the soldiers and French privateers managed to hold their own in the face of numerous English attacks during the two major conflicts which marked the colony's history - the War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697) and the War of Spanish Succession (1702-1712).
		They were not interested in supporting the interests of the French merchant ships which came to Newfoundland to make significant profits on the sale of goods, and to take back cargos of dried cod.
		Its French inhabitants were given the choice of returning to France, or settling in the new French colony of Île Royale (Cape Breton Island).
	www.heritage.nf.ca /exploration/placentia_text.html (848 words)

	A Condensed History of Montserrat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A squadron of 6 French privateers attacked the island, but were beaten back to their ships by the militia.
		In the first one, in April, the French landed but were frightened off by the approach of British forces from Antigua.
		Captain Wyke with 60 men engaged the French in a delaying action at Runaway Ghaut long enough for the inhabitants to flee ["run away!" -Bill] to the mountain redoubt, The Gardens, between Galways Soufriere and South Hill.
	innanen.com /montserrat/history/1710-1720.shtml (769 words)

	Canadian Privateer Shiplist
		Privateers based at Port Royal proved a thorn in the side of New England colonies and helped the beleaguered Acadian settlements offer some resistance in frontier wars with the English.
		Although Quebec is not an ideal privateering base as it is far inland, the large colony of New France fielded privateers in several campaigns, especially those against Newfoundland.
		Privateers were an important part of the offensive side to the great French fortress of Louisbourg in Cape Breton.
	www.chebucto.ns.ca /~jacktar/shiplist.html (694 words)

	Let Privateers Vote Troll for Bin Laden
		Like the pirates of old, today's terrorists are private groups seeking to attack the United States government and threaten the lives, liberty, and property of United States citizens.
		It is for these reasons that I believe the drafters of the Constitution would counsel in favor of issuing letters of marque and reprisal against the terrorists responsible for the September 11 attacks.
		Government naval officers resented the competitive advantage privateers possessed, and powerful nations with large government navies did not want to be challenged on the seas by smaller nations that opted for the less-costly alternative--private ships of war.
	www.house.gov /paul/congrec/congrec2001/cr120401.htm (1093 words)

	History of Nova Scotia: Book 2, Part 5, Notes to Chapter 3, "Privateers, No. 2."
		With the exception of a French naval squadron which raided ports in Newfoundland during September of 1796, French naval ships caused no problem for the British colonies in America.
		On my review of the readily available material, I have concluded that there were more French privateers plying their trade in Nova Scotian waters then there were Nova Scotian privateers plying the seas in the south.
		Interestingly enough, as Seary pointed out, though these privateers came on shore to rob the locals, the locals at different times were more than willing to help these "rebels" in getting back to their home ports in New England.
	www.blupete.com /Hist/NovaScotiaBk2/Part5/Ch03fn.htm (1867 words)

	Spanish Gold Fleet
		There first mayor rival were the French, with their early attempts to seize the early treasures extracted from the Aztecs.
		In 1522, French privateers, would station themselves off of the coast of Spain, and capture treasure ships, as they returned to Spain from the new world.
		In the five years after the defeat of the Aztecs, French privateers were able to capture most of the treasure shipped to Spain.
	www.bruce.ruiz.net /PanamaHistory/treasure_fleet.htm (3634 words)

	15. INVASIONS OF GUYANA (1665-1712)
		At the same time, a French expedition arrived in Pomeroon to help the Dutch who were their allies.
		In 1684, Santo Thome, on the Orinoco, was attacked by French buccaneers with the assistance of the Caribs.
		It must be pointed out that buccaneers and privateers were authorised by Governments to which they were loyal to attack places controlled by enemies of those governments.
	www.guyana.org /features/guyanastory/chapter15.html (693 words)

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