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	Louis XIV of France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nonetheless, despite the size of the opposing coalition, French forces in Flanders crushed the allied armies at the Battle of Fleurus in the same year as the Battle of the Boyne, as well as at the Battle of Steenkerque (1692) and the Battle of Neerwinden (1693).
		The French naval victory at the Battle of Beachy Head in 1690, however, was offset by the Anglo-Dutch naval victory at the Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue in 1692; but neither side was able to entirely defeat the opposing navy.
		Philippe, Duc d'Anjou (later Philip V of Spain), the French claimant, was the great-grandson of the eldest daughter of Philip III of Spain, Anne of Austria, and the grandson of the eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain, Marie-Thérèse of Austria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France (6520 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: France
		Joan of Arc, who saved the French monarchy, as the heroine of Christendom, and believed that the Maid of Orléans meant to lead the king of France on another crusade when she had secured him in the peaceful possession of his own country.
		During the course of the nineteenth century French diplomacy at Rome and in the East has aimed at safeguarding the prerogatives of France as patron of Oriental Christendom, and of thus justifying the traditional trust of the Orientals in the "Franks" as the natural champions of Christianity in the Ottoman Empire.
		In Egypt, French Jesuits have two colleges; the Lyons missionaries, one; the Brothers of the Christian Schools teach more than 1000 pupils; and 60 parish schools, with more than 3000 children, are under the care of French sisterhoods.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06166a.htm (15104 words)

	Louis XIV of France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Shortly thereafter, the signing of the Peace of Westphalia released the French army under Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé to return to the aid of Louis and of his royal court.
		French "courts of reunion" were appointed to ascertain which territories belonged to France; the French troops later occupied them.
		In October 1685, Louis increased the persecution of the Huguenots by issuing the Edict of Fontainebleau, revoking the Edict of Nantes.
	louis-xiv-of-france.iqnaut.net (4279 words)

	Strat's Place - Daniel Rogov - The Italian Queen of French Cuisine
		Dismayed at the poor quality of French cookery, Catherine decided that for her personal benefit it would be necessary to make some gastronomic changes.
		Catherine introduced the French to such delicacies as truffles, Parmesan cheese, artichokes, quenelles and the succulence of veal, all of which became immediately popular.
		Despite her enormous contributions to French cuisine, only two dishes bear her name today and these are both for desserts.
	www.stratsplace.com /rogov/italian_queen_french.html (803 words)

	The French Army (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		French military success provided a model of standardization and professionalism followed by many European armies and leaders, who regarded the likes of Turenne and Vauban as the foremost military men of the age.
		In the beginning the new French armies, composed of demoralized regulars and untrained volunteers, refused to face the disciplined Austrian troops and were more dangerous to their own officers than to the enemy.
		French military was in crisis and scrambling to raise men as quickly as possible.
	web2.airmail.net /napoleon/quality_Napoleon_army.htm (5795 words)

	Rochambeau Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Royal mistresses disappeared with the accession of Louis XVI, and Rochambeau's professional integrity was rewarded when he was offered the position of Minister of War.
		The French troops were commended by many for their amazing discipline, which is really a reflection upon the quality of the commander.
		A larger French naval squadron, with a contingent of French army troops, departed Newport on 9 March, but was prevented from entering the Chesapeake Bay after a 16 March naval engagement with a British squadron..
	xenophongroup.com /mcjoynt/rochamb.htm (3789 words)

	Royalty.nu - The History of France - French Royalty
		Royal Line of France: The Story of the Kings and Queens of France by Elsie Thornton-Cook.
		That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British From the Sun King to the Present by Robert and Isabelle Tombs.
		Marguerite of Navarre was the sister of French king Francis I and the wife of Henry II of Navarre.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/France (2469 words)

	Royalty.nu - Royal History of France - Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French
		French emperor Napoleon I and his first wife, Josephine, are characters in the recently rediscovered novel.
		Novel about the French merchant's daughter who was engaged for a time to Napoleon but instead eventually became the queen of Sweden.
		The Linguist and the Emperor: Napoleon and Champollion's Quest to Decipher the Rosetta Stone by Daniel Meyerson.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/France/Bonaparte/NapoleonI.html (2965 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| The king's mistress - a royal tradition
		Author Eleanor Herman, who has spent years researching royal mistresses for her book, Sex With Kings, says as long as there have been kings, there have probably been mistresses.
		George I of England had two unattractive mistresses, one known as the Maypole, because she was so tall and thin, and a short, fat one nicknamed Elephant and Castle.
		After all their hard work, some mistresses were able to retire rich in their 30s or 40s, marry who they chose and live happily ever after.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/uk_news/4465399.stm (857 words)

	Louis XIV
		Louis's reign was remarkable for the establishment of the French Academy and for the work of St. Francis of Sales and St. Vincent de Paul in religion, René Descartes in philosophy, and Pierre Corneille in literature.
		Its gigantic proportions (the western facade is nearly 2,000 feet wide) and the masterpieces of French artists and craftsmen were used by Louis XIV to showcase the power of the French Monarchy.
		No French Protestants were allowed to leave the country; those who openly remained Protestants were promised the right of private worship and freedom from molestation, but the promise was not kept.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/louis_xiv.htm (1720 words)

	French Metro Antiques For Elegant Furnishings, Accessories And More Treasures From France
		Duchesse Brisée (French): Literally, "broken duchess." A set of two hand-carved armchairs and an ottoman or one hand-carved armchair and an ottoman in the Louis XV style that nest together to form a sort of chaise longue.
		Called the Henri II buffet after the French king who reigned from 1547 to 1559, it underwent a revival at the end of the nineteenth century and was mass-produced between the years of 1860 and 1900.
		The mistress of the house exerted a new influence that changed the chilly atmosphere of the palace to suites of comfortable, well-heated and intimate rooms.
	www.frenchmetro.com /learn.html (9001 words)

	boys clothing: European royalty--the French Bourbons
		The first member of the House of Bourbon to achieve royal rank was a son of Antoine de Bourbon, Due de Vendome, and Jeanne d'Albret (q.v.), heiress to the throne of Navarre.
		Imprisoned with the rest of the royal family in Paris, the French nobles in exile proclaimed him King with the execution of the father on Jan 21, 1793.
		Louis was born at Versailles in 1755, the son of the Dauphin Louis, a grandson of Louis XV and a younger brother of Louis XVI.
	histclo.com /royal/fra/royal-frb.htm (3817 words)

	[No title]
		As a rule French peasants are exceedingly courteous to strangers, but these good people of the plain seldom come in contact with the tourist world, their country not being sufficiently picturesque even to attract the cyclist.
		French history cannot be at everyone's fingers' ends, so a word here about the last of the Montmorencys, victim not so much of Richelieu's policy as of a kinsman's meanness.
		The little maid, fetching a companion to accompany us--here also was a French trait; whatever is done, must be done sociably--took me to the address given; the demoiselle in question was, however, not at home, but the concierge said that, another demoiselle living near would probably be able to accommodate me, which she did.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext05/8epar10.txt (21028 words)

	Versailles, French baroque music
		In one of the many concerts in the Chapelle Royale, Hervé Niquet, harpsichordist, ballet composer, and specialist of the French grand motet, led a born-again Concert Spirituel in organ concerti by Michel Corette and Jean-François Tapray.
		A pedagogical vocation is apparent in the ongoing dialogue between French and foreign scholars, the choir school, and performers.
		For those who read French the CMBV provides (free of charge) their yearly research report which outlines topics presented at the CMBV's annual international colloquium, a brief summary of recent critical studies, musical scores under study and an updated international bibliography and CD discography.
	www.culturekiosque.com /klassik/features/rheversail.htm (1503 words)

	The Salacious Historian's 17th c. History
		The new monarch, Charles II, brought to England a taste for French styles and a bevy of royal mistresses.
		Social life of the nobility began to centre more at Court, and London society became the leader in fashion, the centre of the monarchy and of all those forces that were transforming England from a mostly rural medieval state into a modern world power.
		Though English restoration clothes followed the style of the French court, they were worn differently: with a casual, sensuous, comfortable elegance unlike the formal silhouette and structured layering of the French costume.
	www.kipar.org /historical-resources/history_england.html (613 words)

	Modern Western Civ. 10: The French Revolution: Origins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Not at what a lot of you might have expected as history, but we are looking at how the modern world came about in all its complexity.
		There were some reforms, that lead people who dislike the French Revolution to think that things may have turned out very differently.
		Royal Council - Dec 1788 - said Third Estate would twice as many reps as the other two.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/lect/mod10.html (2124 words)

	Willamette Week Online \| Culture \| REVIEW \| Royal Threeway (10/6/2004) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Her Royal Highness spoke with WW recently before her visit to Portland: "There are many women--and men for that matter--that deserve to be extricated from their obscurity.
		Nor do I feel that many men write well about women." As a foreigner married into the British royal family who, because of her position, has had to answer for speaking her mind, the author is well familiar with the challenges of being an outsider who doesn't always play by the rules.
		But Diane is not to be seen as a precursor to later French royal mistresses, the princess insists.
	www.wweek.com /story.php?story=5576 (932 words)

	Profile - Lisa Jane Graham
		I argue that this tension between democratic impulses and royalist traditions influenced the events of the French Revolution and the course of French history in the modern period.
		One of the recurrent motifs in popular grievances about Louis XV was criticism of his mistresses and their perceived influence on government appointments and policies.
		The royal mistresses were emblematic of a broader cultural debate about the pursuit of pleasure in eighteenth-century France that was enacted in the realms of law, literature, and material exchange.
	www.haverford.edu /hist/faculty/graham.html (792 words)

	Henry IV-Louis XIII: the first Bourbons
		Henry IV (Henry of Navarre): he escaped attempted poisoning by his mother-in-law (Catherine de Medici), the wiles of his wife Queen Margot (Marguerite of Valois), the Saint Bartholomew Massacre, and survived all his plotting royal brothers-in-law (Valois Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III) to become king and found the famous Bourbon dynasty.
		Once king, he stopped the religious wars and, with the help of Sully, began to rebuild the country with a combination of force and conciliation.
		One of France's greatest kings, he also has a reputation for having had the most mistresses and many of his passionate love letters to Gabrielle d'Estrees, whom he wished to marry after ridding himself of Marguerite, still survive.
	www.french-luxury.com /henry_iv-louis_xiii.html (290 words)

	Royal
		Curiously Lady Alice had Royal Descents from the Plantagenets through both of her grandmothers, one of whom was a member of the first House of Lancaster.
		The legitimate descendants of Henry VII Tudor tend to be Royal or Aristocratic.
		ROYAL HOUSE OF STUART, The Descendants of King James VI of Scotland, James I of England, by A. Addington, Vol 1.
	freespace.virgin.net /owston.tj/royal.htm (12365 words)

	The Language of Slavery
		It was September 1777 and one o’clock in the afternoon on the Rue des Limittes in Port Louis, the capital of the French Indian Ocean island, Ile de France.
		The small elite ‘French’ population talked amongst themselves on a continuum of more or less standard French (still an unstable language in the metropole at this time) and regional dialects, and a version of the island’s creole to their slaves.
		Slaves carried scribbled notes from their masters and mistresses authorising them to work away from home; newspapers were posted, circulated, read aloud; financial transactions (large and small) were noted and inscribed; the death of a baby was committed to writing by the priest.
	www.kreol.mu /SpeakingSlavery.htm (5349 words)

	French Studies
		Covers French poetry in the public domain from the 12th to the 20th centuries.
		Select "French" from the display and type the infinitive of the verb in the searchbox for access to conjugations in all tenses and moods.
		A very useful site that provides the full text of the charter of Francophonie, tables of nations and regions where French is an official language, the history of the the summit meetings of nations and regions of French speakers, maps of francophone states, and more.
	library.albany.edu /subject/french.html (7639 words)

	Pepys' Diary: Stuart, Charles (II, King)
		Charles II was born on May 29th 1630 at Saint James’s palace in London.He was the first surviving child of Charles I and his French Queen Henrietta Maria.
		With hopes of a French alliance lost he hoped to court the Spanish and raise an army with their help from royalist soldiers and officers who were sharing his fate on the continent.
		He lived with his ministers as he did with his mistresses; he used them, but he was not in love with them.
	www.pepysdiary.com /p/344.php (1943 words)

	The French Royal Family: A Genealogy
		The main purpose of this genealogy of the French Royal family is to display the coats of arms used by various members and branches.
		The main emphasis of this genealogy is to highlight titles and coats of arms in the French royal family, with an eye to marks of difference (see also the page on titles and apanages).
		Charles VII had three children by Agnès Sorel, the first famous royal mistress: Charlotte (1477) (killed by her husband Jacques de Brézé when he found her in adultery), Marguerite (1473) married to Olivier de Coétivy, and Jeanne married to Antoine de Bueil, comte de Sancerre.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/france/roygenea.htm (6851 words)

	The Budapest Sun Online - Story page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Small inside, the Dubarry has a piano (for a little night music), lots of mirror-paneled walls, some tired neo-rococo detailing (to go with the "Dubarry" name, as in Madame Dubarry, one of the French royal mistresses) and only a few tables, as well as an arcade above the row of banquettes along the north wall.
		There was only one waiter for the place, but we had time and enjoyed the sight of the sun slowly setting behind Royal Castle across the way.
		We were leisurely sipping white wine spritzers when the waiter unexpectedly brought out some freshly toasted hot bread and a large helping of körözött, a Hungarian classic - a smooth, delicious spread of butter, goat’s cheese, paprika and secret ingredients) which we found to be just the right way to appease our appetites.
	www.budapestsun.com /full_story.asp?ArticleId={3D4A551AE7CC49E695A5D6EE75AA0816}&From=Style (872 words)

	Chronology on the History of Slavery 1619 to 1789 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Eugene Genovese, for example, has argued that there was a fundamental shift in the patterns of resistance by slaves at the end of the eighteenth century, which he correlated with the French Revolution and the destruction of slavery in St. Domingue.
		He seized three hundred of his own people, and sent word he was ready to deliver them for the goods." He adds: "Some of the natives are always ready" (when well paid) "to surprise and carry off their own countrymen.
		They come at night without noise, and if they find any lone cottage, surround it and carry off all the people." Barbot, another French factor, says, "Many of the slaves sold by the Negroes are prisoners of war, or taken in the incursions they make into their enemies' territories.
	www.innercity.org /holt/slavechron.html (17488 words)

	East of Paris by Matilda Betham-Edwards - Full Text Free Book (Part 2/3)
		French, or, in the case of the three latter, English.
		French style, but it is next to impossible to get this done in Alsace.
		This village of French Lorraine testified to the
	www.fullbooks.com /East-of-Paris2.html (15947 words)

	Amazon.ca: History of Mistresses: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In a lively and accessiblestyle, History of Mistresses draws intimate portraits of mistressesthroughout history, from Chinese concubines to Europe’s royal mistresses andthe clandestine consorts of (un)celibate clerics.
		Mobster molls, trophy dollsand modern mistresses are deconstructed, with often surprising results.
		Beyondthe personalities, some interesting themes emerge: the relationship betweenmistresses of colour and their married men; the coercion of Jewish women duringthe Holocaust; and a contemporary look at today’s "power"mistresses.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0002000466 (314 words)

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