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Topic: Fresh Kills Landfill

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	Fresh Kills:Landfill to Landscape
		Approximately half the 2,200-acre landfill is composed of four mounds, or sections, identified as 1/9, 2/8, 3/4 and 6/7 which range in height from 90 feet to approximately 225 feet.
		The topography was low-lying, with a subsoil of clay and soils of sand and silt.
		The Fresh Kills Estuary, designated by New York State as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat, is one of the largest tidal wetland ecosystems in the region.
	www.nyc.gov /html/dcp/html/fkl/ada/about/1_0.html (687 words)

	Staten Island Landfill: Fresh Kills
		The landfill lies on the Atlantic Flyway which is a path used each spring and fall by many species of birds as they migrate to the north and south.
		Fresh Kills was unlined and it leached thousands of pounds of toxic chemicals and heavy metals into nearby waterways.
		Fresh Kills now remains the resting place of all the was destroyed at the during World Trade Center disaster.
	acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu /~scintech/solid/silandfill.html (470 words)

	Fresh Kills Landfill
		The former land fill at Fresh Kills used to be the biggest dump in the world.
		For the 53 years that the landfill was in operation, Staten Island was known as the borough where the rest of New York City threw its trash on.
		The landfill served an important role in the after math of the tragic events of 911.
	www.albany.edu /~jc5547/isp361/final/dump.html (348 words)

	Fresh Kills Landfill. The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. 2000
		Fresh Kills Landfill, landfill (5 sq mi/13 sq km), on W central side of Staten Isl.
		Victory Boulevard (N) and Arthur Kill Road (S); 40°34'N 74°10'W. In marsh area drained by Fresh Kills Creeks into the Arthur Kill.
		A 12-member task force is under City Council mandate to complete plans for the closing of the landfill, scheduled for Dec. 31, 2001.
	www.bartleby.com /69/21/F03321.html (240 words)

	Cabinet Magazine Online - Leftovers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fresh Kills, the largest garbage landfill in the world, closed "forever" in March 2001 after being open for about 50 years.
		In contrast to other truck-fed city landfills, the waste at Fresh Kills was delivered by City-owned barges receiving material from City trucks dumping their payloads at the City's own transfer stations.
		Secondly, Fresh Kills was always viewed as being in a unique category as a municipal waste-disposal resource because of its incomparable 2,200-acre size.
	www.cabinetmagazine.org /issues/6/freshkills.php (1748 words)

	John McAslan + Partners
		Before the landfill was closed, Staten Island residents endured streams of trash trucks, raucous seagulls, odors, and trash swirling from the landfill.
		At the time of the landfill’s construction, the critical role that marshes contribute to the health of a site’s ecology (aeration, filtration and erosion control) was not widely recognised.
		The closing of Fresh Kills Landfill and its rebirth as a public park highlight a contemporary relationship with the earth: Human health (both physical and psychological) is increasingly seen as indivisible from the health of the entire planet.
	www.mcaslan.co.uk /prss_det.php?id=71 (1068 words)

	Garbage After Fresh Kills
		These were some of the designs submitted in a contest to transform the Fresh Kills landfill, which took most of the city's garbage until it was closed last March, into something ecologically sound, even beautiful.
		Since Fresh Kills closed last year, the city has contracted with four private companies to truck residential garbage to private waste transfer stations in Brooklyn and Queens and then to landfills and waste-to-energy incinerators out-of-state.
		However, re-opening Fresh Kills, even with reduced dumping, is a long shot, especially since Michael McMahon, a City Council member from Staten Island and adamant opponent of reopening Fresh Kills, is the new chairman of the Committee on Sanitation and Solid Waste Management.
	www.gothamgazette.com /iotw/garbage (2484 words)

	New York's Newest Parkland - Fresh Kills - Wired New York Forum
		Fresh Kills is one of 23 landscapes featured in "Groundswell: Constructing the Contemporary Landscape," which opens tomorrow at the Museum of Modern Art.
		The landfill received its last load of trash in March 2001, but the closing of the site, which is still controlled by the Sanitation Department, was delayed for a year because it was kept open to accommodate the debris from the Sept. 11 attack.
		Fresh Kills Park will be nearly triple the size of Central Park and is expected to take more than 30 years and hundreds of millions of dollars to complete, though the city intends to open parts of it to the public starting next year.
	www.wirednewyork.com /forum/showthread.php?t=4065 (6103 words)

	Fresh Kills - Department of City Planning
		Fresh Kills, at 2,200 acres, is almost three times the size of Central Park.
		New York’s New Parkland at Fresh Kills will be one of the most ambitious public works projects in the world, combining state of the art ecological restoration techniques with extraordinary settings for recreation, public art, and facilities for many sports and programs that are unusual in the city.
		Fresh Kills has the potential to become an international model of creative reuse that will transform how we experience vast, reclaimed urban landscapes.
	www.nyc.gov /freshkills (829 words)

	Fresh Kills:Landfill to Landscape (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fresh Kills Landfill received its last barge of garbage on March 22, 2001, marking the beginning of a new era for the landfill.
		Approximately half of the landfill is composed of four mounds, or sections, identified as 1/9, 2/8, 3/4 and 6/7, which range in height from 90' to an anticipated 225'.
		The Surrounding Study Area is defined by census tracts that are adjacent to or near the Fresh Kills Landfill Complex.
	home.nyc.gov /html/dcp/html/fkl/ada/about/1_1.html (644 words)

	Dumping Ends Today at World's Largest Landfill
		Fresh Kills on Staten Island, one of New York's five boroughs, accepted its last barge load of trash this morning.
		Fresh Kills and the Great Wall of China are the only two human constructions visible from outer space.
		Fresh Kills is the last of the landfills in New York City and the last unlined municipal solid waste landfill in New York State.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/mar2001/2001-03-22-01.asp (720 words)

	The Architect's Newspaper - www.archpaper.com
		Their proposals ranged from the odds-on tennis courts, ball fields, and bike paths to a less-promising horticulture school and a landfill museum that would enshrine the earthmovers that have sculpted Fresh Kills’ topography for the past half century.
		Fresh Kills, which takes its name not from its contents but the Dutch word for the creeks that meander through it, is, beyond its stigma, an ecosystem of woodlands and tidal marshes carved out by an Ice Age glacier.
		The veterans’ cemetery proposal notwithstanding, Fresh Kills in fact became a cemetery of sorts when it was temporarily reopened after September 11th to accommodate remnants from Ground Zero.
	www.archpaper.com /feature_articles/FreshThrills.html (1126 words)

	Hargreaves Associates - Landscape Architecture and Planning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Our proposal sought to open Fresh Kills Parklands as soon as possible and with a high degree of efficacy and community support.
		Section 6/7 is in the process of being closed through operations that modify the landfill for closure.
		Our proposal was to intercede with a series of operations to modify the top of the landfill for active recreational use and the sides for forestation.
	www.hargreaves.com /projects/fresh_kills (401 words)

	Mierle Laderman Ukeles at the Newhouse Center - Review by Donald Goddard
		Ukeles' work with the landfill had inspired the original idea for the show four years earlier, and it then developed under curator and director of visual arts Olivia Georgia to include the work of 19 artists, some of it commissioned.
		Part of the landfill was reopened on September 13 to receive wreckage from the World Trade Center, inevitably altering the associations and meaning of the works in the show.
		Ukeles refigured her own piece in three parts, asking "is all this footage, shot before September 11, irrelevant?" The first part, to last for the traditional mourning period of 30 days, eliminated all sound and shut down the interviews, out of respect and the need to create a space to listen to each other.
	www.newyorkartworld.com /reviews/ukeles.html (779 words)

	Satya May 96: Fresh Kills Landfill by Susan Kalev
		Mavroudi, her 15 students and myself were driven by a chartered bus to the landfill entrance where we were joined by David Hendrickson, a 15 year veteran of the sanitation department.
		Once upon a time, the earth we stand on was a landfill, and eventually Fresh Kills itself will become public space with a park on top of it.
		Gas venting pipes and trenches abound in the area to prevent buildup and migration of landfill gas that is a natural by-product of organic decomposition.
	www.satyamag.com /may96/kalev.html (1553 words)

	Fresh Kills Landfill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Fresh Kills Landfill on the New York City borough of Staten Island, was formerly the largest landfill in the world and was New York City's principal landfill in the second half of the 20th century.
		The name "Fresh Kills" refers to its location along the banks of the Fresh Kills estuary in western Staten Island.
		However, after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, the landfill was temporarily reopened in order to receive and process most of the debris from the destruction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fresh_Kills_Landfill (287 words)

	SILive.com - Fresh Kills
		Affectionately called the dump, Fresh Kills took in millions of tons of the city's household trash.
		Fresh Kills was taking in nearly half of the city's waste.
		In 2003 Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that Fresh Kills will be turned into a "world-class" park with many forms of passive and active recreation, roads to ease traffic congestion and restoration of natural plant and animal habitats.
	www.silive.com /local/advance/index.ssf?/local/siguide/stories/05freshkills.html (705 words)

	WorldChanging: Tools, Models and Ideas for Building a Bright Green Future: Fresh Kills: An Unnatural Context (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fresh Kills is the largest pile of (mostly) household waste in the world.
		It is composed of four mounds ranging in height from 90 to 225 feet, covering 2,200 acres, in/on the borough of Staten Island.
		Although the dumping supposedly ended for good on March 22, 2001, section 1/9 (see a 360 degree panorama) of the landfill was reopened on September 13, 2001 to receive debris from the World Trade Center.
	www.worldchanging.com /archives/000525.html (1300 words)

	Exhibit Looks at WTC Operation at Fresh Kills (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The work at Fresh Kills, miles from ground zero and closed to the general public, is an important part of the 9/11 story that most people don't know about, organizers said.
		The landfill was the last stop for debris hauled by trucks and barges to be sifted one last time for remains, personal property and criminal evidence.
		The top of the landfill where they were sorting the debris was lit up with portable stadium lights, and you could see it from miles away.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1029073/posts (1358 words)

	NYC's Garbage Crisis (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The largest landfill in the world is New York City's Fresh Kills landfill located in Staten Island.
		In 1996 the Fresh Kills Task Force recommended that the consent of proposed host communities where the city's garbage would ultimately go be secured as a precondition for garbage "export" contracts.
		Fresh Kills took only residential waste, until recently 13,000 tons per day or nearly four million tons per year.
	www.concernedcitizens.homestead.com.cob-web.org:8888 /FKfacts.html (1725 words)

	[No title]
		Fresh Kills Landfill was established on a wetlands in 1948.
		Fresh Kills is slated to be closed sometime in this decade.
		The top of the landfill will be twice the height of the Statue of Liberty and will be the highest point on the East Coast (Rathje 126).
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /~jmassey/eng101/class/101links/persuasive.doc (1165 words)

	Fresh Kills Gas Flaring Project - Hearing Report
		The purpose of this system is to mitigate the odors that now emanate from the landfill and to capture the fugitive emissions that are generated by the decomposition of solid wastes buried in the landfill.
		While the landfill is scheduled to close by December 31, 2001, the gases that are emitted currently and that will continue to be generated after the landfill is closed, require remedial action.
		Warren spoke favorably of the project and the conditions that were made part of the draft permit, she stated that it was essential to remember that the major issue was the landfill closure and that the date -- December 31, 2001 -- should be incorporated into the permit.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/ohms/decis/frshklhr.htm (1287 words)

	[No title]
		To determine if people living near the Fresh Kills and Brookfield Landfills had an elevated cancer incidence, age-adjusted rates of 14 cancer types for the years 1979-1988 were calculated and compared with cancer rates in the rest of Staten Island and with a demographically similar area in New York City.
		Extensive environmental monitoring has been performed since 1990 in ground-water, surface water and sediment in the vicinity of the Fresh Kills Landfill (Richmond County, N.Y.) to characterize the extent of environmental impact of leachate discharges from the landfill.
		Closure of two landfill areas is expected to result in substantial reduction in leachate pollutant discharge to the environment.
	www.library.csi.cuny.edu /dept/as/ces/abs1.htm (2256 words)

	History of Garbage in New York City - Chapter 2
		the Fresh Kills Landfill covers 2,100 acres, and is so large it can be seen with the naked eye from space.
		But DOS eventually conceded Fresh Kills would have to close by 2017, and began planning how to cover and cap the entire landfill after it closes.
		For the residents in other boroughs, Fresh Kills was in that magical land called "Away," but for Staten Islanders, the landfill's odors and environmental problems were close at hand and became a top issue.
	www.johnmccrory.com /bags/history/history2.html (431 words)

	Governor: State, City Take Major Step to Clean Air at Fresh Kills
		This is the first permit in the nation to require the control of gas throughout an entire landfill and to impose performance standards limiting the quantity of gas emitted from the landfill.
		The City agreed to provide $1.8 million for enhanced air monitoring at the landfill to gauge the effectiveness of the flaring program, which is expected to operate until a contract for sale of the pipeline gas can be implemented.
		DOS operates Fresh Kills under the terms of a 1990 consent order with DEC. That order requires the City to control gas generated and emitted by the landfill to minimize gas migration and control odors associated with the landfill.
	www.state.ny.us /governor/press/98/july8_1_98.htm (1154 words)

	USATODAY.com - WTC families want remains out of landfill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Diane and Kurt Horning believe the remains of their son, Matthew, and the 2,748 others who died with him on Sept. 11, 2001, are mingled with tons of crushed concrete, sheetrock and glass.
		On the Hornings' first visit to Fresh Kills, during the 10 months of sifting and sorting material from Ground Zero, the couple saw the ashes and asked to have some to bury.
		But when the sorting operation closed down in June 2002, the Hornings discovered that the fines and larger debris were put together into the landfill — separated by a layer of dirt from the last of the city's trash hauled there before Fresh Kills closed in March 2001.
	www.usatoday.com /news/nation/2004-10-05-freshkills_x.htm?csp=36 (1643 words)

	Only the Dead Know Fresh Kills
		Waiting at the other end at Fresh Kills to sort it all out were members of the NYPD, and the FBI and the Sanitation Department.
		Mixed back into the landfill with them were the ashes of 26-year-old Matthew Horning, the son of Diane Horning and her husband Kurt.
		The Fresh kills has become one of the largest manufacturers in the world of this byproduct that comes from the decomposing garbage that is converted into fuel.
	www.evesmag.com /ashes.htm (1144 words)

	The Saint of Fresh Kills (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		She stands alone in her backyard with skinny arms outstretched, and watches the white garbage gulls that swoop and orbit the Fresh Kills Landfill.
		On a clear day, if Mary Clare were to climb from the low flat roofed shack in her backyard to the family’s dilapidated garage, she could see beyond the river to the Jersey shore, with its gas tank farms.
		Even standing on the shack or garage, Mary Clare would be a small speck in her white uniform blouse and plaid jumper next to the 400' high mountain of garbage at Fresh Kills Landfill.
	crmc.cofc.edu /saint/saintweb.htm (3840 words)

	Hi Ron, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		At the time of the decision, the landfill handled over 80% of the City's non-commercial discards, and the City was in defiance of the local law to recycle 25% of the residential waste stream, recycling only about 14%.
		DOS identifies the "no action" alternative as the continuation of disposal at Fresh Kills, but state law and a landfill consent order create a legal mandate to close the landfill, therefore, the "no action" alternative should be the interim contracts.
		Costs per ton for disposal at Fresh Kills was roughly $43/ton, but export contracts started at less than $55/ton in 1997, and rose steadily to over $68/ton with the last interim contract issued in February 2001.
	www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu /~mclarke/AWMAFreshKills2001.htm (5226 words)

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