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Topic: Freshwater shark

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Bull shark

Carpet shark

Angel shark

River shark

Megamouth Shark

Mako Shark

Shark

Blue shark

Thresher Shark

Catshark

Glyphis

Great White Shark

San Jose Sharks

Glyphis gangeticus

Irrawaddy River

	Shark
		Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates, including similar lenses, corneas and retinas, though their eyesight is well adapted to their marine environment.
		Once the shark is in the general area of the prey, then the shark begins to use a combination of its smell coupled with the use of the lateral lines running along the side of the shark, used to sense electrical pulses sent out by wounded or dying fish.
		Sharks include everything from the hand-sized pygmy shark, a deep sea species, to the whale shark, the largest fish (although sharks are not closely related to bony fish) which is believed to grow to a maximum length of 18m (59 feet) and which, like the great whales, feeds only on plankton.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/s/sh/shark.html (2112 words)

	River shark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The river sharks are six rare species of shark in the genus Glyphis.
		The river sharks are members of the family Carcharhinidae, and thus share the basic characteristics of the group.
		Six species of river sharks are known, although due to their secretive habits, other species could easily be lying undiscovered.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/River_shark (449 words)

	Sharks in Australian waters - Marine Species Conservation
		Sharks are primarily oceanic and are widespread in tropical to temperate zones.
		The basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) and the megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios)strain enormous quantities of plankton from the water on gill rakers.
		Mating in sharks is facilitated by the clasper organs of males, which are inserted into the female's cloaca during courtship.
	www.deh.gov.au /coasts/species/sharks (1105 words)

	Bull Sharks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Shark expert Scott Davis, who tracks the movements of great whites, said he doesn't know what the salinity level of the creek was in 1916, but the presence of a great white in such an area would be unusual.
		MIAMI - A shark expert known for unusual research methods and "pushing the envelope" in his study of the feared marine predator's behavior was badly bitten by a shark in the Bahamas, colleagues said yesterday.
		The shark's teeth went to the bone and Ritter was rushed to a hospital in West Palm Beach, Florida, where he underwent an arterial graft and possibly a skin graft on the calf wound, she said.
	members.aol.com /sharkmanfla/page6.html (2366 words)

	NOVA Online \| Shark Attack! \| Shark Tidbits \| PBS
		The difference between a shark and other fish: Unlike bony fish, sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras are cartilaginous fish, meaning their skeletons are made of cartilage, not bone.
		Youngest shark to bite a human: A marine biologist, while probing the uterus of a pregnant sand tiger shark, was bitten by an unborn pup.
		Freshwater shark: Alone among the sharks, the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) is frequently found far up rivers.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/sharkattack/tidbits.html (737 words)

	Bull Shark Threat: They Swim Where We Swim
		Freshwater tolerance could be rooted in competition for saltwater food resources, where perhaps bull sharks suffered and needed to develop an edge.
		But because the shark is difficult to identify, it is likely responsible for many of the file's "unidentified" attacks and is probably involved in the many unreported attacks throughout much of its range in the developing world.
		There is some evidence that bull sharks can breed in fresh water, though it's believed that the majority of their breeding occurs in estuaries and marine habitats.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2005/07/0719_050719_bullsharks_2.html (920 words)

	Freshwater Sharks and Rays
		In a 1995 paper, elasmobranch systematist Leonard Compagno and shark fisheries biologist Sid Cook surveyed the diversity and distribution of freshwater sharks and rays.
		Thorson and his co-workers tested the blood and other body fluids of Bull Sharks caught in the river mouth on the Caribbean side and found that their internal concentration of solutes (sodium, chloride, urea and TMAO) are identical to those of Bull Sharks from full-strength seawater elsewhere.
		Bull Sharks therefore adapt to freshwater by reducing the concentration gradients of solutes that favor the uptake of water and the loss of salts and urea to the environment.
	www.elasmo-research.org /education/topics/p_fw_rays.htm (1049 words)

	Why Do Sharks Live in Salt Water?
		Any excess water in a shark's body is filtered by the kidneys and excreted out an opening called the 'cloaca', located between the pelvic fins (the rearmost paired fins, behind the shark's belly).
		If a typical sharks were to swim its very 'salty' body into fresh water, so much fresh water would diffuse into its tissues that the kidneys would have to work overtime in order to get rid of it all.
		In total, some 43 species of sharks and rays (which are essentially flattened sharks) spend at least part of their lives in fresh water.
	www.elasmo-research.org /education/topics/p_sharks_in_fresh.htm (792 words)

	Bull Shark, Carcharhinus leucas
		The Bull Shark can be recognised by a combination of characters including a stout body, short blunt snout, triangular serrated teeth in the upper jaw and no fin markings as an adult.
		It is the only species of shark that is known to stay for extended periods in freshwater.
		The Bull Shark is a large species which grows to a length of 3.4m.
	www.amonline.net.au /fishes/fishfacts/fish/cleucas.htm (481 words)

	bull shark \| killer shark live \| five.tv (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		It is also known as the freshwater shark for the very reason that it is often found in rivers and lakes.
		A bull shark was later caught in the river as was another unidentified shark that supposedly had human remains in its stomach.
		The bull shark is not listed as endangered, but the very fact that it is frequently found in freshwater means that human activity could have an impact on the species.
	www.five.tv /programmes/killersharklive/sharks/bull (256 words)

	Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The river shark is the rarest of the very scarce freshwater species of sharks and rays for which the Shark Specialist Group survey team had been searching.
		The villagers were provided with a tank of formalin and a single-use camera in case they caught any freshwater sharks or stingrays while carrying out their usual fishing operations.
		Shark Specialist Group expert, Dr Leonard Compagno (Curator of Fishes and Head of the Shark Research Center, South African Museum) has studied the few existing museum specimens of this group, most of which were collected in the 19th Century.
	flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/Organizations/SSG/sharknews/sn9/shark9news11.htm (1060 words)

	CSIRO Marine Research
		Sharks and rays are more vulnerable to human exploitation than bony fishes because of their different life-history strategy.
		Freshwater sharks and rays are even more at risk because they combine these biological characteristics with all the problems associated with a reduced habitat and inland development.
		To determine the occurrence, distribution and abundance of freshwater sharks and rays in selected rivers and estuaries of northern WA, the NT, and Queensland Gulf drainage and east coast rivers.
	www.marine.csiro.au /LeafletsFolder/52river/52.html (1218 words)

	Glyphis sp. A (Freshwater Speartooth Shark or Bizant River Shark) and Glyphis sp. C (Northern River Shark)
		A (Freshwater Speartooth Shark or Bizant River Shark) and Glyphis sp.
		These medium-sized whaler sharks are greyish with small eyes, without distinctive color pattern, with short and broadly rounded snouts, and erect, broadly triangular, serrated upper teeth (Last and Stevens, 1994).
		The small eyes and slender teeth of the Glyphis sharks suggest that they are primarily fish-eaters that have adapted to hunting in cloudy estuarine and river waters.
	www.deh.gov.au /coasts/species/sharks/glyphis (479 words)

	CSIRO Corporate Media Release 97/81 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Equally unusual and equally at risk are the freshwater whipray (Himantura chaophraya) and the freshwater shark Glyphis sp., one of which was hooked by a tourist fishing in the Alligator river in Kakadu last year.
		Freshwater sharks, rays and sawfish members of the family of cartilaginous fish called elasmobranchs have inhabited Australian waters for millions of years, but researchers believe that the growing human impact on northern rivers poses a threat to their long-term survival.
		But sharks, rays and sawfish are often restricted in distribution, produce only small numbers of offspring and take a long time to reach maturity, which makes them highly vulnerable to over-fishing.
	www.csiro.au /communication/mediarel/mr1997/mr97081.htm (494 words)

	Freshwater shark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		the river sharks, Glyphis spp., which are entirely freshwater.
		the English Mine Sharks, "Glyphis Brittanicus" which terrorized unarmed miners, particularly during the industrial revolution.
		A number of freshwater cyprinids are also commonly (albeit incorrectly) known as "sharks", including the "Silver Shark", Balantiocheilos melanopterus and various members of the genus Labeo.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Freshwater_shark (152 words)

	PetPlace.com - Article: Choosing a Shark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Apollo shark, a long narrow fish, dull silver with greenish highlights, is another “shark” to avoid in the community tank.
		The ruby shark, which grows to 6 inches, is a better choice for the community aquarium.
		Black sharks are also peaceful fish — as well as being good algae eaters — but at a length of 22 inches, they need plenty of room.
	www.petplace.com /netscape/nsArtShow.asp?artID=1391 (430 words)

	6000tiger's Bull Sharks
		The bull shark is also known as the cub shark, Ganges shark, Nicaragua shark, river shark, shovelnose shark, slipway grey shark, freshwater whaler, estuary whaler, Swan River whaler, square-nose shark, Van Rooyen's shark and Zambezi shark.
		The bull shark is located in both tropical and subtropical oceans as well as seas along the coastlines.
		The population of the bull shark is drastically declining because of overfishing of the shark for commercial use.
	www.geocities.com /leojags/bullshark.html (464 words)

	SOFIA - Taylor Slough and Eastern Florida Bay: Geochemical Studies
		Most of the freshwater from Shark River Slough is discharged to the Gulf of Mexico and has little influence on Florida Bay.
		Recent interest in the Taylor Slough area is a result of proposed physical changes to the freshwater flow in the region, including breaching of sections of the levee along the C-111 canal to increase freshwater flow to northeastern Florida Bay.
		Note the sharp increase in pore-water phosphorus concentrations in the brackish water mangrove transition zone (E and F) compared to freshwater marsh areas (A to D), indicating the importance of the transitional mangrove zone for nutrient storage and recycling in the ecosystem.
	sflwww.er.usgs.gov /publications/fs/taylor_slough (1493 words)

	Shark Trust - Shark Information, great white sharks, shark pictures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		We provide information on sharks such as the british sharks, basking sharks, tiger sharks, great white sharks, whale sharks, basking sharks and the various different types of sharks and manta ray fish there are.
		Some people are worried that if they adopt a shark that they may be responsible for any shark attacks their adopted sharks make - we say, don't worry - our shark conservation scheme just means you help adopt a shark and sponsor our program in shark research, shark diving and shark conservation.
		People that adopt a shark, such as our great white sharks, whale sharks, british sharks or our basking sharks, through our white shark trust shark adoption programme receive a shark toy, shark tshirt, information on sharks and shark pictures/shark photos of their adopted sharks.
	www.sharktrust.org /sharkconservation.html (262 words)

	SOFIA - Understanding and Predicting Global Climate Change Impacts on the Mangrove Forested Wetlands - Abstract
		Shark River slough and its estuary were selected as the primary study area, because of their significance to the freshwater Everglades system.
		On the Shark River transect, Shark 1 (SH1) represents the upland non-tidal freshwater region; Shark 2 (SH2), the transitional ecotonal area between the two hydrologic systems; and Shark 3 (SH3) the coastal mangrove estuary region.
		The Shark River hydrologic network is centrally positioned to provide essential baseline empirical physical data needed for numerous research efforts and modeling involved with Everglades restoration.
	sofia.usgs.gov /projects/gcc_impacts/ltdata_03geerab.html (677 words)

	Black Shark - Labeo chrysophekadion (Morulius chrysophekadion)
		I have the largest fl shark I've ever seen in a community tank with sharks and cats, all at least half her size.
		I'd say the red tail fl thinks he's the dominant one in the tank, but when the fl shark is out, just her size commands respect.
		I have a 38 cm Black Shark that is kept with a other large fish (mostly American Cichlids) in a 1100 liter tank, and no one really bothers the Black Shark.
	www.aquahobby.com /gallery/e_moruliusm.php (915 words)

	CSIRO Marine Research
		In Australia, two river sharks - the speartooth shark and the northern river shark, and a ray – the freshwater sawfish – are listed as threatened under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act.
		The shark was caught in August, and the specimen frozen and forwarded to Murdoch's Perth facilities where it was identified last month by Dr William White, a taxonomist at the University.
		Identification of the speartooth shark came as the sharks and rays project survey team of Dean Thorburn and Andrew Rowland returned to Perth after a 27,000 kilometre, six month assessment of river systems from the Gulf of Carpentaria west to Derby.
	www.marine.csiro.au /media/03releases/17jan03.htm (465 words)

	Sharktrust - shark conservation, shark information, shark news, shark features, shark articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Nicaragua banned freshwater fishing of bull sharks and sawfish on Tuesday because of alarming population declines, and said it wants neighboring Costa Rica to impose a similar prohibition.
		Bull sharks, which have also been found in the Amazon and Mississippi Rivers, attack people more often than other do sharks because they tend to frequent shallow waters.
		Great white sharks and information on sharks and how to adopt a shark - including shark facts and types of sharks.
	www.sharktrust.org /cgi/main.asp?newsfirst=1029 (324 words)

	Of Sharks & Men (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The first sharks on Earth Ancient relatives of sharks first appeared in the world's oceans about 400 million years ago, surviving at least five mass extinctions.
		Youngest shark to bite a man A marine biologist, while probing the uterus of a pregnant sand tiger shark, was bitten by an unborn pup.
		Most traveled shark A blue shark tagged off New York was recaptured 16 months later off Brazil, 3,740 miles away.
	www.bridgeport.edu /~vdiana/webdesign/sharks/highlights.html (399 words)

	Freshwater Sharks
		Freshwater Sharks belong to the Cyprinidae family and are a favorite among many hobbyists.
		These fish are found primarily in Southeast Asia and Thailand, and get their name from their pointed head and large dorsal fin, resembling the saltwater shark in body shape.
		Freshwater Sharks make a wonderful addition to the semi-aggressive aquarium, as they are very curious fish adding a great deal of personality and character.
	www.peteducation.com /category_summary.cfm?cls=16&cat=1953 (114 words)

	Carcharhinus leucas, Bull Shark at MarineBio.org
		The Bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas (Müller and Henle, 1839), is also called the Zambezi, Ganges (which is actually Glyphis gangeticus), Ground shark, River Shark, Freshwater Whaler, Estuary Whaler, Shovelnose, Slipway Grey and Swan River Whaler.
		The Bull shark is a massive shark with a short, broad and blunt snout, small eyes and triangular saw-edged upper teeth; and lack of interdorsal ridge are sufficient to distinguish this species.
		A widespread coastal and freshwater shark inhabiting shallow waters especially in bays, estuaries, rivers and lakes.
	marinebio.org /species.asp?id=83 (707 words)

	Bala Shark, Silver Shark - Freshwater Tropical Fish
		They are named sharks because of their appearance and the shape of their dorsal fin.
		I have two silver sharks and they are very pleasant fish to have and seem to mix very well with other breeds...
		I have 4 sharks and they are so docile, they just swim round minding their own business, they mix well with all my fish.
	www.fishlore.com /Profiles-BalaShark.htm (1007 words)

	Minnow"Shks"
		Epalzeorhynchos frenatum (Fowler 1934), the Rainbow Shark, Sharkminnow.
		In the wild, many of the freshwater Shark species inhabit what looks like muddy, silty water, but don't be fooled by appearances.
		The only time the cyprinid Sharks can be sexually differentiated only with surety just before spawning (a few days to weeks), when the females are obviously egg-laden and males develop "pre-nuptial" tubercles (fleshy growths on their heads).
	www.wetwebmedia.com /FWSubWebIndex/minnowshks.htm (1355 words)

	FWShkIDFAQs
		The temperature is a bit tough to accommodate both the goldfish (which are cooler water) and the tropical "sharks" but something in the low to mid seventies should be good for both.
		It has a sucker mouth, is freshwater, about 2 inches long (juvenile?), fl with white vertical stripes not unlike a tiger barb (except for color), and a dorsal fin very much like an Orca whale, and is peaceful in my community tank (50 gallon long).
		I have a shark fish that was bought for me. It was bought at Wal-Mart and I don't know what to feed it, or it's living conditions.
	www.wetwebmedia.com /FWSubWebIndex/fwshkidfaqs.htm (1947 words)

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