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Topic: Fresnel reflection

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	Optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Reflection is the abrupt change in the direction of propagation of a wave that strikes the boundary between two different media.
		The reflectivity of a surface material is the fraction of energy of the incoming wave that is reflected by it.
		The ratio of the reflected irradiance to the incident irradiance is called the reflectance R and the ratio of the transmitted irradiance to the incident irradiance is called the transmittance T. Energy conservation requires that R + T = 1 (if there is no absorption).
	electron9.phys.utk.edu /optics421/modules/m1/waveoptics.htm (869 words)

	Fresnell's Equations: Reflection and Transmission
		Fresnel's equations describe the reflection and transmission of electromagnetic waves at an interface.
		The reflected light is then linearly polarized in a plane perpendicular to the incident plane.
		Internal reflection implies that the reflection is from an interface to a medium of lesser index of refraction, as from water to air.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/phyopt/freseq.html (424 words)

	Fresnel Zone Clearance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Fresnel zone is computed along the path, usually for the distance of each of the terrain points, so the resolution of the computed and plotted Fresnel zone is comparable to the terrain data.
		The Fresnel zone formula shown above is the set of points where the distance from the transmitter to the Fresnel zone, then to the receiver, is longer than the direct path from the transmitter to the receiver.
		For even numbered Fresnel zones (N=2, 4, etc.), the difference between the direct path and the indirect path defined by the Fresnel zone distance, is a multiple of one-half wavelength.
	www.softwright.com /faq/engineering/Fresnel%20Zone%20Clearance.html (505 words)

	Fresnel Term (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Even a partially reflective surface theoretically becomes 100% reflective when the angle of view is parallel to the surface.
		In the last image, the block reflection on the floor is almost as clear and bright as the block itself, and the floor also reflects the wall behind the block more.
		The Fresnel term gradually affects the reflectivity of the surface as the angle of view changes.
	www.hash.com /am2004/Rendering/Fresnel%20Term/Fresnel%20Term.htm (130 words)

	Tweezers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Fresnel reflection and transmission coefficients depend on the polarization of the ray and the angle of incidence.
		Reflection and refraction change the momentum of the incident photons and therefore transfer momentum to the sphere.
		The reflectance is a function of the angle of incidence.
	electron9.phys.utk.edu /optics507/modules/m10/tweezers.htm (1624 words)

	3D Lens.com - Fresnel Lens,Polarizer Fresnel Lens
		The Fresnel lens is a thin, flat optical lens which consists of a series of small narrow concentric grooves on the surface of a lightweight plastic sheet in order to reduce the thickness, weight and cost.
		Types of Fresnel lens: positive fresnel lens, negative fresnel lens, fresnel lens array, cylindrical fresnel lens, circular fresnel lens, linear fresnel lens, lenticular fresnel lens, diffraction fresnel, fresnel reflection, fresnel beamsplitter and fresnel prism.
		Fresnel lense can be designed and manufactured in very large sizes with light weight due to less than 4mm thickness, so the cost will be lower than traditional magnifiers.
	www.3dlens.com (630 words)

	NASA GISS: Photopolarimetry Measurements of Aerosols: CLAMS Data Sheet 2001-07-10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This assumption is based on the polarized reflectance of the land surface being dominated by Fresnel reflection (except near exact backscatter).
		Fresnel reflection is principally determined by the real refractive index of the land surface (leaf surfaces and soil particle surfaces) and since the real refractive index of most soils and leaf surfaces show only weak spectral variation it is expected that polarized reflectance of the land surface will only show weak spectral variation.
		In contrast the spectral variation of the reflectance is typical of dense, dark vegetation with low reflectance at 410, 470 and 670 nm, high reflectance at 865 nm and a well defined hot spot in the backscatter direction.
	www.giss.nasa.gov /data/rsp_air/clamsindex.html (898 words)

	IJVS/volume1/edition5/section1
		The relative amounts of reflection and transmission are determined by the refractive indices of the two media and the angle of incidence.
		Diffuse reflection spectra of glycine (the upper one is offset for clarity).
		The coefficient of reflection is a function of this angle and increases rapidly to a value of unity as the angle approaches 90°, the condition known as grazing incidence.
	www.ijvs.com /volume1/edition5/section1.html (6270 words)

	Reflection loss - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At a discontinuity or impedance mismatch, e.g., in a transmission line, the ratio of the incident power to the reflected power.
		In an optical fiber, the loss that takes place at any discontinuity of refractive index, especially at an air-glass interface such as a fiber endface, at which a fraction of the optical signal is reflected back toward the source.
		Note: This reflection phenomenon is also called "Fresnel reflection loss," or simply, "Fresnel loss." At normal incidence, the fraction of reflected power is expressed by the formula, where n
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reflection_loss (153 words)

	UNDERSTANDING THE FRESNEL ZONE
		The reflected waves will interfere constructively where their travel paths differ by less than a half wavelength (see Figure 1), and the portion of the reflecting surface involved in these reflections is called the First Fresnel Zone.
		Fresnel showed that the destructive contribution of some of these zones beyond the First Fresnel Zone will be offset by the constructive contribution of other zones – and thus the reaction of the reflector responsible for a reflection will be only that of the First Fresnel Zone.
		In other words, a reflection that we think of as coming back to the surface from a point is actually being reflected from an area with the dimension of the First Fresnel Zone.
	www.searchanddiscovery.net /documents/geophysical/sheriff/index.htm (868 words)

	Polymicro Technologies > Technical Support > Glossary
		It is used to cause reflection of the core light while preventing surface contact from scattering or the generation of frustrated internal reflection.
		The first term is the reflection of light polarized in the plane of incidence, and the second the reflection for the other plane of polarization.
		For a single air-glass interface, non-polarized light and a glass of index 1.523, the Fresnel loss (reflection) is 4.3% at 0° rising rapidly to 10% at 60° and 40% at 80°.
	www.polymicro.com /techsupport/techsupport_glossary.htm (4635 words)

	Fresnel reflection -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Note 1: Fresnel reflection occurs at the air- (A brittle transparent solid with irregular atomic structure) glass interfaces at the entrance and exit ends of an (A very thin fiber made of glass that functions as a waveguide for light; used in bundles to transmit images) optical fiber.
		Note 3: (Click link for more info and facts about Macroscopic) Macroscopic optical elements may be given antireflection coatings consisting of one or more (A material such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical or thermal conductivity) dielectric thin-film layers having specific refractive indices and thicknesses.
		Antireflection coatings reduce overall Fresnel reflection by mutual (The act of hindering or obstructing or impeding) interference of individual Fresnel reflections at the boundaries of the individual layers.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fr/fresnel_reflection.htm (197 words)

	Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This experimental method is based on measuring the polarization ellipse of a light beam reflected off a sample at a given angle.
		A monochromatic light beam of known polarization is reflected off the sample at a given angle of incidence altering both the intensity and polarization state of the beam.
		A polarization analyzer and photodetector are used to measure Psi and Delta angles as a function of incident angle and wavelength.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/OptInstr/tuma/ellipse.html (231 words)

	[No title]
		The reflection of a portion of the light incident on a planar surface between two homogeneous media having different refractive indices.
		Fresnel reflection occurs at the air/glass interfaces at entrance and exit ends of an optical fiber.
		Light that is reflected back along the path of transmission, from either the coupling region, the connector or a tertninated fiber.
	www.itcom.itd.umich.edu /cabling/fib-glos.html (4287 words)

	How to Make Realistic 3D Jewelry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fresnel is actually the way to point the amount of reflection/refraction on the side and front of object.
		TIP: If reflection of a round object should be almost at the end, then you will have to rotate the plane in that direction.
		You only have to know that the angle of a ray entrance is the same as a reflected ray, mirrored.
	kezan.onnovanbraam.com /tutorials.htm (2327 words)

	Ellipsometry
		The information that is obtained from the ellipsometry data is used to analyze the results from other experiments such as Maker fringe experiment, and waveguide coupling.
		There are three types of data typically acquired with the ellipsometer, transmission and reflection intensity and of course ellipsometry.
		An illustration of the transmitted, reflected, and incident beams is shown in Fig.
	www.uta.edu /optics/research/ellipsometry/ellipsometry.htm (723 words)

	Fiber Optic's (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fresnel reflection - The reflection that occurs at the planar junction of 2 materials having different refractive indices.
		Fresnel reflection is not a function of the angle of incidence.
		Reflectance - Light that is reflected back along the path of transmission, from either the coupling region, the connector or the terminated fiber optic cable.
	www.lostenterprisesinc.com /Mail/FO_Glossary.html (9797 words)

	Laser Physics Department
		Gas laser excitation mechanism are investigated in noble gas mixture hollow cathode lasers, while in the field of ultraviolet metal vapour lasers the connection between laser operation parameters and cathode voltage is the subject of research.
		An experimental arrangement was set up for high precision measurement of attenuated total reflection (ATR) using the electromagnetic surface waves (plasmons) mediated reflectance in thin silver and gold films of 10-100 nm thickness.
		A software was developed for evaluation of ATR reflectivity measurements based on fitting the measured data (reflection dip) by the matrix form of Fresnel's reflection equations.
	www.szfki.hu /lphys/fields.html (713 words)

	SGI Witches Brew OceanEnv (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Environment mapping maps this reflected light to a surface so if we devise a real-time technique of rendering a Fresnel reflection term to a surface and use this to modulate an environment map we should get some reasonably realistic results.
		First the per vertex Fresnel is drawn, to which a bump elevation is then added, this is followed by a subtraction of a bump map after texture coordinate peturbation towards the eye to leave a bump mapped Fresnel term.
		After the Fresnel term is shaded it is multiplied by an environment map texture and finally additional brightness is obtained by adding a further environment mapped term for a bright light source.
	www.sgi.com /software/performer/brew/oceanenv.html (718 words)

	Reflection and Refraction of light
		One part of light will reflect from such a boundary surface and other part will pass through it being refracted.
		For the ray incident normally to the border there is no difference between the parallel and perpendicular components.
		We can see also in the figure that for the light propagating from the air into the glass there is an angle at which the light with parallel polarization will not reflect, while the intensity of the perpendicularly polarized light is not zero.
	www.infoline.ru /g23/5495/Physics/English/rays_txt.htm (294 words)

	Lennie Lightwave's Guide To Fiber Optics - Glossary Of Fiber Optic Terms
		Back reflection, optical return loss: Light reflected from the cleaved or polished end of a fiber caused by the difference of refractive indices of air and glass.
		Fresnel reflection, back reflection, optical return loss: Light reflected from the cleaved or polished end of a fiber caused by the difference of refractive indices of air and glass.
		Total internal reflection: Confinement of light into the core of a fiber by the reflection off the core-cladding boundary.
	www.jimhayes.com /lennielw/glossary.htm (2126 words)

	stereopsis : fresnel in alpha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fresnel reflection looks good, and it's important for visual realism, especially with materials like glass.
		Stephen Westin has written a really good essay on Fresnel Reflectance, and he explains it better than I probably would, so I'm just putting up this page to give away software.
		The advantage over cubemaps is that you can precompute isotropic reflectance from a particular direction (you can do much better materials than cubemaps), but spheremaps aren't view-independent like cubemaps.
	www.stereopsis.com /fresnel (357 words)

	[No title]
		The angle of reflection is again given by Snell's law of reflection and equals the incident angle determined by the normal ^n of the tangential plane and the direction of propagation of the incident ray.
		In contrast to the reflection of a plane wave at a planar boundary, however, one must consider that the principal radii of curvature of the reflected tube of rays are in general different from the ones of the incident tube of rays due to the curvature of the surface.
		Figure 2.4 depicts the geometry of the reflection at a curved surface, where ?i1;2 and ?r1;2 denote the principal radii of curvature of the incident ray tube and the radii after reflection, respectively.
	www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de /vvv/2000/elektrotechnik/2/2.text (11866 words)

	MoPro Chapter 9.3.2
		Multipath reflections from the sea are comprised of "specular" and "diffuse" contributions, also referred to as "coherent" and "incoherent" components, respectively.
		of the reflected wave may be determined by varying the antenna height on board the ship during calm sea conditions.
		By determining the level difference between the minimum and maximum signals (for a calm sea), the intensity of the coherent component of the scattered wave relative to the direct wave component can be evaluated.
	www.utexas.edu /research/mopro/chapter09/chapter09-3.htm (666 words)

	Glass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In this example, the setting at the left which controls the Fresnel effect at grazing angles is set to 50% grey.
		The setting on the right which controls the Fresnel effect at perpendicular angles is set to 4% grey.
		The combination of reflectance you get with the Fresnel flag, and the reflectance we set up in the Reflection panel of the Material editor has given us our desired reflectance property - 100% at the edges, and around 4% in the middle.
	members.shaw.ca /jimht03/glass.html (1100 words)

	In-situ monitoring of the deposited films using ellipsometry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ellipsometry measures the change in the polarisation of linearly polarised light on reflection from a surface.
		are the overall reflection coefficients for the incoming light polarized parallel and perpendicular to the plane of incident respectively, which are:
		are the Fresnel reflection coefficients of the vacuum-film interface, the parameters
	www.kent.ac.uk /physical-sciences/aog/ellipsometry (192 words)

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