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	Sigmund Freud
		In it they explained their theory: Every hysteria is the result of a traumatic experience, one that cannot be integrated into the person's understanding of the world.
		The Freudian understanding of this phobia is pretty simple: I repressed a traumatic event -- the shed incident -- but seeing spiders aroused the anxiety of the event without arousing the memory.
		The theory behind these test is that, when the stimulus is vague, the client fills it with his or her own unconscious themes.
	webspace.ship.edu /cgboer/freud.html (9058 words)

	Sigmund Freud - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The goal of Freudian therapy, or psychoanalysis, was to bring to consciousness repressed thoughts and feelings, in order to allow the patient to develop a stronger ego.
		In Moses and Monotheism Freud reconstructed biblical history in accord with his general theory, but biblical scholars and historians would not accept his account since it was in opposition to the point of view of the accepted criteria of historical evidence.
		Freud's psychological theories are hotly disputed today and many leading academic and research psychiatrists regard him as a charlatan - but there are also many leading academic and research psychiatrists who agree with the core of his work.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sigmund_Freud (4273 words)

	Sigmund Freud [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Freud's theory of the unconscious, then, is highly deterministic, a fact which, given the nature of nineteenth century science, should not be surprising.
		Thus his theory of the instincts or drives is essentially that the human being is energised or driven from birth by the desire to acquire and enhance bodily pleasure.
		Hence it is concluded that the theory is not scientific, and while this does not, as some critics claim, rob it of all value, it certainly diminishes its intellectual status, as that was and is projected by its strongest advocates, including Freud himself.
	www.iep.utm.edu /f/freud.htm (4636 words)

	Dreams: Critique of Historical Claims by Solms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In fact, the new theory came as a great surprise to most researchers, many of whom were put off by the fact that the Hobson and McCarley article did not refer to a single study based on empirical dream research in the human sleep laboratory.
		To understand the rejection of the Freudian theory of dreams, it is necessary to briefly overview the empirical evidence that has accumulated against it.
		The essence of Freudian dream theory is that dreams are a disguised attempt at wish fulfillment that serve the important function of preserving sleep in the face of episodic pressure from motivational urges like sex and hunger (Freud, 1900).
	mind.ucsc.edu /dreams/Library/domhoff_2004c.html (7432 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Analysis Terminable (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		...Freudian analysts would have us believe that their patients get better because they have raised repressed memories to consciousness and achieved a maturing insight into their formerly buried conflicts...
		...That is, Freudians maintain that their regimen, by far the most expensive and time-consuming of some two hundred competing therapies, demonstrates its value by effecting permanent improvements, as opposed to the mere symptomatic relief, or even outright "symptom substitution," that results from quicker treatments...
		...Freudian theory, however, has always been tied epistemologically to the "clinical findings" of individual psychotherapy, and its many counterintuitive postulates took hold as a means of accounting for the triumphant therapeutic results claimed by psychoanalysts...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V70I1P27-1.htm (7263 words)

	theory of dreams, Sigmund Freud
		This theory of dreaming states that during REM sleep the brain activates itself and then synthesizes the information generated into dreams.
		This theory was based on the findings of Dement in the 1960's that the brain stem sends messages to the visual center of the cortex during REM sleep, as it does during wakefulness.
		According to activation synthesis theory, the impulses, or charges, are bits of information stored in the brain, which are fired off without explicit order or meaning.
	www.smithwebdesign.com /worldofdreams/othertheory.html (552 words)

	Sigmund Freud
		In it they explained their theory: Every hysteria is the result of a traumatic experience, one that cannot be integrated into the person's understanding of the world.
		In Freudian theory, their denial of their need for food is actually a cover for their denial of their sexual development.
		The theory behind these test is that, when the stimulus is vague, the client fills it with his or her own unconscious themes.
	www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/freud.html (9058 words)

	Sigmund Freud - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Instead he began to emphasize the Oedipus Theory, which asserts that everyone unconsciously wishes to have sex with their parents.
		For Popper, all proper scientific theories are potentially falsifiable.
		If a theory is incapable of being falsified, then it cannot be considered scientific.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Freud (4273 words)

	Manhattan Institute for Psychoanalysis
		Major emphasis will be placed upon the elucidation of Freud's three successive models of the mind (the affect-trauma model, the topographic model, and the structural model), his changing instinct theories, his two major theories of anxiety, and the relation of these to contemporary psychoanalytic thought.
		Stefan Zicht, Psy.D. This is a course on the foundations of interpersonal theory.
		Relational psychoanalysis is an integrative contemporary orientation to psychoanalytic theory and practice that extends and develops ideas and an approach to clinical practice originating in American interpersonal psychoanalysis, British object relational psychoanalysis, and some of the American self psychological schools.
	www.manhattanpsychoanalysis.com /programs/descriptions.php (1739 words)

	Skeptical Inquirer: Post-Freudian dream theory. @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A Freudian analyst might conclude that Mozart was a father image and that his being overweight symbolized Hobson's unconscious wish to kill his father so he could have his mother to himself.
		Hobson conjectures that the rest theory can be revived if we assume that dreams relax fatigued neurotransmitters in the brain that actually do damp down their firing markedly during REM sleep.
		In all three theories the bizarre nature of dreams is explained by haphazard neuron firing, and by the brain's efforts to connect nonsense scenes into a plausible scenario.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:17849129&refid=ip_almanac_hf (2215 words)

	Articles - Psychoanalysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Psychoanalytic theory will be applied in more preventative ways, such as educating parents on how to best meet the needs of the child and enhance the child's development and growth.
		Psychoanalysis as a collection of clinical theories was recast as a theory of interpretation and development with a focus on understanding how the varieties of nonconscious dispositions and actions influence a person's life in the form of transference and resistance.
		An early criticism of psychoanalysis was that its theories were based on little quantitative and experimental research, and instead relied almost exclusively on the clinical case study method.
	www.1-furniture.net /articles/Psychoanalysis (3761 words)

	Chapter 1: Freud's Theory of Art and Creativity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		According to Ehrenzweig's theory, this gradual dissolution of separateness is preceded by a necessary schizoid 'scattering' of conscious faculties, and ultimately reaches an 'oceanic limit' where all distinctions are fused into a single image.
		However, Freud's theory of the primary process and his analysis of the related structure of the joke have laid the foundations for a psychoanalytic approach to art and creativity which can address the formal aspects of art, as well the way they shape the reception of its content.
		In the early 'thirties, Klein developed Freud's theory of the silent death instinct and emphasised that far from being silent, it is a significant clinical phenomenon, visible in the harsh, persecuting superego itself.
	www.human-nature.com /free-associations/glover/chap1.html (8188 words)

	Psychoanalysis: From Theory to Practice, Past to Present
		The other main technique in Freudian analysis is the use of free association, in which patients essentially speak what is on their minds, "associating" one topic with the next.
		However, I believe that parts of Freudian theory are too generalized and fail to leave adequate room for exceptions to the general rule.
		This makes the theory inaccessible and inconvenient, but that is a criticism that all health care must face these days, with expensive machinery and long-term therapies involved in such things as cancer treatment.
	www.personalityresearch.org /papers/plaut.html (6753 words)

	Psychoanalytic Theory and Criticism: 2. Reconceptualizing Freud
		Classical Freudianism was reconceptualized by four literary theorists who argued that the content of psychic fantasy was relevant to literary study as well as to therapy.
		Kleinian theory is invoked by Margery Durham in her explication of Coleridge's "Christabel," and Simon Stuart applies Klein's theories to Romantic poets, especially William Blake and William Wordsworth.
		Lesser was one of the first American critics to argue that the experience of reading and interpreting literature should be understood psychoanalytically, as a function of the ego's defenses against prohibited impulses, especially as these impulses are stimulated by fantasies evoked by the text.
	www.press.jhu.edu /books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/psychoanalytic_theory_and_criticism-_2.html (1985 words)

	SparkNotes: Psychodynamic: Terms
		Fixation - In Freudian theory, the process by which libido is attached to various objects and erogenous zones (mouth, anus, genitals) during development.
		Latency Period - In Freudian theory, a period of repressed sexuality between the Oedipal crisis and puberty (the genital period).
		Boys want to kill father and sleep with mother because of sexual attraction to mother; girls want to kill mother and sleep with father because of "penis envy." The crisis leads to identification with the same-sex parent and development of superego.
	www.sparknotes.com /psychology/personality/psychodynamic/terms.html (589 words)

	The New York Review of Books: FREUD'S FATE
		So many unconfirmed scientific theories have turned out to be wrong, that an inductive argument based on the history of science would, despite the exceptional successes, tell against rather than for Freudian theory.
		I referred to Farrell's point that several notable scientific theories took a long time—in one case, two centuries—before they could be adequately tested in order to support my view that the current lack of confirmation of Freudian theory is not sufficient grounds for deeming it unworthy of critical attention.
		Erwin's claim that "so many unconfirmed theories have turned out to be wrong, that an inductive argument based on the history of science would, despite the exceptional successes, tell against rather than for Freudian theory" does not seem to me convincing.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/5527 (946 words)

	ipedia.com: Sigmund Freud Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Freud was an early user and proponent of cocaine (see Freud and Cocaine), and also a developer of the nasal reflex neurosis theory and practice with Wilfed Fliess.
		Freudian theory and practice have been challenged by the lack of empirical findings over the years.
		Some people continue to train in, and practice, traditional Freudian psychoanalysis, but a large number of psychiatrists today reject the large majority of Freud's work as unsupported by evidence and best used for inspiration or historical study.
	www.ipedia.com /sigmund_freud.html (2144 words)

	Neo-Freudian Theories in Personality Synopsis at ALLPSYCH Online
		But as theories were discussed, questioned, and revamped, many found themselves at odds with the father in their views for the society and the theories.
		These new theories, however, hold many of the same underlying beliefs of psychoanalysis, most importantly the view of the unconscious as an important drive in human emotions, cognitions, and behaviors.
		Main disagreements revolved around (1) the negativity of Freud's theories, (2) his belief that most, if not all of the adult personality is shaped by early childhood experiences, and (3) his failure to incorporate social and cultural influences.
	allpsych.com /personalitysynopsis/psychodynamic.html (365 words)

	Brief Introduction to Psychoanalytic Theory
		The theory is based on an inadequate conceptualization of the experience of women.
		Another adaptation of psychoanalytic theory known as "object relations theory" starts from the assumption that the psychological life of the human being is created in and through relations with other human beings.
		Unlike Freudian and Lacanian theories, in object relations theory this gendering of the subject has little to do with the child's own awareness of sexuality and reproduction.
	homepage.newschool.edu /~quigleyt/vcs/psychoanalysis.html (3286 words)

	Mind Hacks: Theory Archives
		Social network theory is now an important and growing area of social psychology and understanding how information flows through social network is thought to be key for making sense of how groups work, co-operate, expand and influence others.
		Freud is often criticised for the validity of his theories, and the programme discusses whether he was justified in drawing these conclusions when there was little other evidence on the function of the mind to work with.
		The first is on Freud's contribution to philosophy and the second contrasts Freud's theories of dreaming with modern dream science derived from neuroscience.
	www.mindhacks.com /blog/theory (13786 words)

	All About Freud (And Others) - DearShrink.com (tm). Seattle, Washington. Copyright 2000-2005. Ron Sterling, M.D. All ...
		Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis has been challenged and revised practically from the moment it was made public.
		My current favorite example of a probable Freudian slip is when President Bush reportedly said in a speech he was giving to a group of teachers “I'd like to spank all teachers.” We guess that he wanted to say “thank” all the teachers, but he didn't.
		A true Freudian slip reveals what is really on our mind and not the more civilized thing we were trying to say in the first place.
	www.dearshrink.com /freud.htm (1235 words)

	SSRN-Criminal Law in a Post-Freudian World by Deborah Denno
		Freudian psychoanalytic theory has greatly influenced the modern definition of criminal culpability.
		Freudian theory is difficult to apply to group conflicts and legal situations, and the theory emphasizes unconscious (rather than conscious) thoughts.
		Yet, in contrast to Freudian principles, this new science offers criminal law a means of enlightening existing mens rea doctrine with advanced discoveries that more easily comport with human behavior and evidentiary standards.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=544962 (344 words)

	Search Results for Freudian - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Psychoanalytic theory's emphasis on the unconscious mind and its influence on human behaviour resulted in a proliferation of other, related theories of causation incorporating many basic...
		Up to the 1970s theories of the etiology of mental disorders, especially of neuroses and personality disorders, were dominated in the United States by Freudian psychoanalysis and the derivative...
		in Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the period in a child's psychosexual development during which the child's main concerns are with the processes of elimination.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Freudian&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (325 words)

	Erik Erikson
		However, Erikson is much more society and culture-oriented than most Freudians, as you might expect from someone with his anthropological interests, and he often pushes the instincts and the unconscious practically out of the picture.
		The child in grammar school, for example, has to learn to be industrious during that period of his or her life, and that industriousness is learned through the complex social interactions of school and family.
		Love, in the context of his theory, means being able to put aside differences and antagonisms through "mutuality of devotion." It includes not only the love we find in a good marriage, but the love between friends and the love of one's neighbor, co-worker, and compatriot as well.
	www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/erikson.html (7054 words)

	psychoanalysis -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The creation of the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis is a theory of mental illness, a type of therapy, and a subspecialty within the field of psychiatry.
		Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes that the human organism is constantly, though slowly, changing through perpetual interactions, and that, therefore,...
		Up to the 1970s theories of the etiology of mental disorders, especially of neuroses and personality disorders, were dominated in the United States by Freudian psychoanalysis and the derivative theories of the post-Freudians.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9276565 (698 words)

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