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Topic: Friedel Crafts Alkylation

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	Friedel-Crafts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves a benzene ring and an alkyl chloride.
		Friedel Design Konstruerar och ritar kanoter, kajaker och småbåtar.
		Friedel, Andreas und Katrin Schule, Bilder und Gästebuch.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Friedel-Crafts.html (365 words)

	Alkylation reactions of aromatic subtrates - Patent 6303840 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Equally, it is possible for the alkylating reagent and/or the aromatic substrate to be dissolved in a non-reacting supercritical or near-critical fluid such as CO.sub.2 or propane.
		This latter technique is useful for reducing the excess of alkylating agent used and also in cases where the alkylating agent is not a gas at standard temperature and pressure.
		Indeed in the alkylation it is possible to select conditions to give mono, di or tri-alkylated products and in the case of mono-alkylated products it is possible by choice of reactor length and catalyst loading to give significant regioselective control of the reaction.
	www.freepatentsonline.com:9003 /6303840.html (2922 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation represent two examples of the electrophilic substitution reactions that are characteristic of aromatic compounds.
		The chemistry was discovered in 1877 by Charles Friedel at the Ecole des Mines in France and by James Crafts at M.I.T. Indeed, their discovery was groundbreaking because it has since led to one of the most useful C-C bond forming reactions involving aromatic systems.
		In contrast, the electrophile for the Friedel-Crafts acylation is an acylium ion intermediate and it is derived from an acyl halide or an anhydride (i.e.
	www.naz.edu:9000 /~organic/spring/laboratory/spexp4.htm (798 words)

	Electrophilic Alkylation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Franco-American cooperation was in effect with the alkylation reaction as Professor Friedel, a French chemist, collaborated with Professor Crafts, an American chemist, to develop the Friedel Crafts Alkylation.
		The reaction mechanism for this alkylation is shown in Fig 3 below.
		There are a number of problems dealing with the alkylation reaction that lead to the development of a similar reaction, Friedel-Crafts Aycylation.
	members.aol.com /logan20/alkylate.html (352 words)

	Charles Friedel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Charles Friedel (March 12, 1832 – April 20, 1899) was a French chemist and mineralogist.
		Friedel developed the Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions with James Crafts in 1877, and attempted to make synthetic diamonds.
		This biographical article about a chemist is a stub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Charles_Friedel (91 words)

	Friedel-Crafts reaction -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Friedel-Crafts reactions were developed by (additional info and facts about Charles Friedel) Charles Friedel and (additional info and facts about James Crafts) James Crafts in 1877.
		Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves a (A colorless liquid hydrocarbon; highly inflammable; carcinogenic; the simplest of the aromatic compounds) benzene ring and an (Any of a series of univalent groups of the general formula CnH2n+1 derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons) alkyl chloride.
		With (A chloride used as a wood preservative or catalyst) aluminium chloride as a ((chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected) catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chloride ion.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fr/friedel-crafts_reaction1.htm (241 words)

	Main Page
		Friedel was the chief founder of Revue Générale de Chimie in 1899.
		In 1877, Friedel and Crafts discovered that a haloalkane reacts with benzene in the presence of an aluminium halide.
		In summary, problems encountered with Friedel-Crafts alkylation are avoided in Friedel-Crafts alkanoylation, in which an alkanoyl halide or carboxylic acid is the reaction partner, in the presence of a Lewis acid.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /webprojects2001/presly/new_page_4.htm (1042 words)

	Friedel-Crafts acylation - Wikibooks
		The mechanism of acylation is very similar to that of alkylation.
		Although no isomerisation of cations happens, unlike the alkylation reaction, cations with a complicated structure may lose CO and alkylation will occur instead of acylation.
		In laboratory synthesis Friedel-Crafts acylation is often used instead of alkylation in cases where alkylation is difficult or impossible, such as synthesis of monosubstituted alkylbenzenes.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Friedel-Crafts_acylation (191 words)

	Aromatic Reactivity
		The carbocation electrophiles required for alkylation may be generated from alkyl halides (as above), alkenes + strong acid or alcohols + strong acid.
		Since 1º-carbocations are prone to rearrangement, it is usually not possible to introduce 1º-alkyl substituents larger than ethyl by Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
		A four fold excess of carbon tetrachloride is used to avoid tri-alkylation of this reagent, a process that is retarded by steric hindrance.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/benzrx1.htm (2788 words)

	Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Ferrocene with Allylchlorosilanes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Ferrocene with Allylchlorosilanes
		Friedel-Crafts alkylations of ferrocene, 1, with allylchlorosilanes in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts under mild conditions gave regiospecific [1-methyl-2-(alkylchlorosilyl)ethyl]ferrocenes in fair to good yields depending upon the substituents on silicon, along with small amounts of dialkylated products.
		The alkylation of ferrocene with 1.2 equiv of (2-methylallyl)dimethylchlorosilane, 2b, at 0
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/orgnd7/2000/19/i14/abs/om0000865.html (221 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Preferred alkylating agents are selected from a Ci to C20 alkyl halide or a C3 to C5 alkyl halide substituent, said substituent being attached to a ring carbon atom of the aromatic substrate such that the reaction results in an intramolecular
		agent is an alkyl halide, olefin or alcohol ; or wherein the alkylating agent is an alkyl halide substituent, an olefin substituent or an alcohol substituent, said substituent being attached to a ring carbon atom of the aromatic substrate such that the reaction results in an intramolecular alkylation reaction to form a fused ring.
		A process according to any of Claims 29-39 wherein the alkylating agent is a Ci to C20 alkyl halide or a C3 to C5 alkyl halide substituent, said substituent being attached to a ring carbon atom of the aromatic substrate such that the reaction results in an intramolecular alkylation reaction to form a fused ring.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/28883.030410&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (6009 words)

	New Strategies in Organic Catalysis: The First Enantioselective Organocatalytic Friedel-Crafts Alkylation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A further illustration of the utility of this organocatalytic Friedel-Crafts alkylation is presented in the reaction of N-methyl pyrrole with excess crotonaldehyde (eq 4).
		and (ii) all of the alkylations described herein were performed under an aerobic atmosphere, using wet solvents and an inexpensive bench-stable catalyst.
		In summary, we have further established LUMO-lowering organocatalysis as a broadly useful concept for asymmetric synthesis in the context of the Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/jcen?jacsat/123/i18/html/ja015717g.html (1246 words)

	card6 EAS-Nitration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Alkylation of aromatic compounds can be accomplished with any source of carbocation (carbonium ion) or R
		The alkylated product is more active than the unsubstituted aromatic system, hence if more than one equivalent of alkyl halide is present, subsequent alkylations can occur.
		Friedel-Crafts alkylation ordinarily does not occur on aromatic systems with groups already substituted which are moderately or strongly "deactivating", like nitroaromatics, benzenesulfonic acids, etc.
	www.mc.edu /campus/users/valente/classes/ch304/card7.htm (185 words)

	Friedel–Crafts Alkylation and Acylation
		Lewis acid catalysed alkylations are only of preparative use if the aromatic substrate can be present in vast excess (e.g.
		using benzene as solvent)p 8 8 as the alkylated products are more susceptible to electrophilic substitution than the precursor substrate due to the inductive activating effect of the alkyl group.
		Alkyl benzenes may then be obtained by reduction of the acylated material.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~mwalter/web_05/year1/aromatic1/friedel_crafts.shtml (152 words)

	electrophilic substitution - the alkylation of benzene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		If you want the Friedel-Crafts alkylation mechanism explained to you in detail, there is a link at the bottom of the page.
		Alkylation means substituting an alkyl group into something - in this case into a benzene ring.
		A hydrogen on the ring is replaced by a group like methyl or ethyl and so on.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /mechanisms/elsub/fcalkyl.html (246 words)

	A Photochemical Alternative to the Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Project Summary: The objective of this project is to investigate a photochemical alternative reaction to the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction.
		The researchers intend to determine the scope and limitations of the photochemically mediated alkylation of quinones with hydrocarbons, and to determine the factors involved in the scale-up of the reactions for t-butylhydroquinone.
		The system is being evaluated to determine the optimal flow rate and the largest convenient reaction volume in the vicinity of the lamp.
	www.pprc.org /pprc/rpd/fedfund/epa/epastd/photoalt.html (183 words)

	Friedel-Crafts Alkylation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Alkylation of aromates with halogene compounds and a Lewis acid as cat.
		The reaction is dependent on the complex stability of the halogene with the cat.
		The Lewis acid must be added with more than one equivalent because it is bounbd to the product.
	fachschaft.cup.uni-muenchen.de /~schleifi/reaktion/reaction/fcalk.html (56 words)

	Chemistry 211 Experiment 1
		The primary difference between Friedel-Crafts EAS reactions and other EAS reactions is that in a Friedel-Crafts reaction, the electrophilic atom is a carbon atom (e.g., in this experiment it is a t-butyl carbocation).
		As long as the cation is stable, and cannot rearrange, this is a good way to generate the electrophile for a Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
		However, this reaction illustrates one problem with Friedel-Crafts alkylations: it is often difficult to avoid producing significant amounts of dialkylation products because the alkyl group being attached to the aromatic ring is electron-donating, and therefore activates the ring to further alkylation.
	www.miracosta.cc.ca.us /home/dlr/211exp1.htm (845 words)

	Ch12: Friedel-Crafts alkylation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Named after Friedel and Crafts who discovered the reaction in 1877.
		rearrangement to a more stable carbocation which will then undergo the alkylation reaction.
		Alkylation products can also be obtained by the reduction of Friedel-Crafts acylation products (more details)
	www.chem.ucalgary.ca /courses/351/Carey5th/Ch12/ch12-6.html (183 words)

	Skill Development Exercises for Part A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Draw the structure and write the common name and the chemical name for this explosive substance.
		Construct a reasonable mechanism for the following reaction called a Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
		Draw the mechanism (use curved arrows) and most likely product/s that would result from the following EAS reaction called a Friedel-Crafts acylation.
	home.earthlink.net /~cuachemistry/organic/SDEAns/AnsSDE29A.htm (438 words)

	Find in a Library: Friedel-Crafts alkylation chemistry : a century of discovery
		Friedel-Crafts alkylation chemistry : a century of discovery
		To find a library, type in a postal code, state, province, or country.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/7b89878f13c70209a19afeb4da09e526.html (49 words)

	friedel crafts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Two examples of reactions using this mechanism were discussed: - and aromatic halogenation reactions.
		Alkylation Reactions Introduction - chemistry is of major importance both on a laboratory and industrial scale.
		Experiment 1 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: - Alkylation Background We used an electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reaction to nitrate methyl benzoate.
	en3.rongsou.cn /144180.html (184 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		On a new page, start a section with the subtitle “Data” and allow at least two or three pages for data entry.
		Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Summary: Friedel-Crafts alkylation of dimethoxybenzene.
		This involves the substitution of an aromatic ring with an alkyl group using a strong Lewis acid catalyst.
	unofficial.umkc.edu /gounevt/Orgo320L/Handouts/FriedelcraftsW04.doc (1347 words)

	Articles - Benzene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The reaction is the acylation of an aromatic ring (such as benzene) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst.
		Like the Friedel-Crafts acylation, the Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the alkylation of an aromatic ring (such as benzene) and an alkyl halide using a strong Lewis acid catalyst.
		Breathing very high levels of benzene can result in death, while high levels can cause drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches, tremors, confusion, and unconsciousness.
	www.chainsawcenter.com /articles/Benzene (1944 words)

	Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of pyrrole via pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Conversion is 100% of isolated material in either case, although intermediate reaction times lead to inseparable mixtures of both isomers.
		These results are replicated if the Friedel-Crafts alkylation is performed on pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde.
		If the synthesis is attempted as described above, prior distillation of pyrrole will give improved yields.
	www.syntheticpages.org /pages/224 (484 words)

	ipedia.com: Organic reaction Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Here are some common reactions that you may run into in a college organic chemistry course: addition of HX to an alkene, halogen addition reaction, halohydrin formation reaction, oxymercuration reaction, hydroboration-oxidation reaction, hydrooxylation reaction, ozonolysis reaction, nucleophilic substitution, halogenation of an alkyl, hydration and dehydration.
		Here is a series of reactions that a chemist can perform to change molecules in a defined way: Beckmann rearrangement, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, Gilman reagent, Grignard reagent, Diels-Alder reaction, Pinner reaction, Sharpless epoxidation, Sharpless bishydroxylation, Swern oxidation
		As seen here, specific reactions are sometimes named after the chemist who developed them.
	www.ipedia.com /organic_reaction.html (250 words)

	friedel crafts home page
		Alkylation of Anisole with Isopropanol in Supercritical CO
		Alkylation of Mesitylene with Isopropanol in Supercritical CO
		Supercritical Friedel Crafts Alkylations offer a number of advantages:
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /supercritical/fc0.html (247 words)

	Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
		Friedel-Crafts Alkylation (places a simple alkyl group on the ring)
		The Clemmensen Reduction (reaction using HCl and Zn/Hg) provides a useful combination of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
		Incorrect solution: Friedel-Crafts alkylation will not work, since carbocation rearrangement gives sec-butylbenzene.
	www.uwlax.edu /faculty/czerwinski/EAS1.htm (246 words)

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