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Topic: Friedrich Ratzel

	Friedrich Ratzel Summary
		The German geographer Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904) was the author of several books on ethnology and human and political geography in which he described his observations during extensive travels in Europe and the Americas.
		The father of Friedrich Ratzel was the manager of the household staff of the Grand Duke of Baden, and Friedrich was born on Aug. 30, 1844, at Karlsruhe.
		Friedrich Ratzel (August 30, 1844, Karlsruhe, Baden – August 9, 1904, Ammerland) was a German geographer and ethnographer, notable for coining the term Lebensraum ("living space").
	www.bookrags.com /Friedrich_Ratzel (1407 words)

	Ratzel Friedrich: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		FRIEDRICH RATZEL FRIEDRICH RATZEL A BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR AND BIBLIOGRAPHY BY HARRIET...book is that by Dr Steinmetzler, Die Anthropo geographie Friedrich Ratzels und ihre ideengeschichtlichen Wurzeln, published at Bonn...
		Ratzels political geography was...Bassin, M. Imperialism and the Nation State in Friedrich Ratzels Political Geography.
		In similar fashion, in Politische Geographie (1897), the human geographer and natural scientist Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904) regarded the political state as another type of organism attached to the land.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/ratzel-friedrich.jsp?l=R&p=1 (966 words)

	Test Area: Friedrich Ratzel
		Friedrich Ratzel was a remarkable German geographer in the late 18th century.
		Ratzel and his work continue to be influential in the studies of modern geography.
		Friedrich Ratzel was born August 30, 1844, in Karlsruhe, Boden in Germany.
	www.valpo.edu /geomet/histphil/test/ratzel.html (1648 words)

	Geopolitics and the Eurasian Alternative
		It combined Friedrich Ratzel's theory on the organic nature of the State along with Sir Halford J. Mackinder's Heartland Theory.
		The term was later borrowed by Karl Haushofer, a German geographer and follower of Friedrich Ratzel.
		Robert E. Dickinson writes about Ratzel: "There is no doubt that Friedrich Ratzel has been the greatest single contributor to the development of the Geography of Man." (Robert E. Dickinson, The Makers of Modern Geography.
	www.geocities.com /mahabala_awake/alternative.html (1679 words)

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		Ratzel states that "in order to understand the role of Man and his destiny", it is necessary "to picture him on the land where is set the scene of his action" (1900: 13).
		Ratzel's conception follows a logical train of thought that begins with a general concept of the Man-to-Nature relationship, and leads to a geographical definition of the state.
		Ratzel (1902: 63): "In vain have men sought for characteristics in the rocks of the earth and in the composition of the air by which one land might be distinguished from another.
	www.siue.edu /GEOGRAPHY/ONLINE/mercier.htm (7084 words)

	Chrono-Biographical Sketch: Friedrich Ratzel
		Ratzel is unique in being a central figure in the late nineteenth century shaping of two major fields of knowledge: geography, and anthropology.
		Initially interested in chemistry and zoology and influenced by the evolutionary writings of Ernst Haeckel, Ratzel undertook several years of travel in Europe and North America as a journalist, and this gave him a chance to see first-hand how human beings had evolved socially, as societies, and in response to their environment.
		Within geography Ratzel is generally credited as being the father of political geography (and perhaps of human geography altogether), though he also wrote extensively on physical geography and other subjects.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/chronob/RATZ1844.htm (353 words)

	CSISS Classics - Friedrich Ratzel, Clark Wissler, and Carl Sauer: Culture Area Research and Mapping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Culture area analysis has been used widely in both anthropology and cultural geography because it facilitates comparisons between regions, assists in the historical reconstruction of cultural development, and lends itself to questions about the impact of the natural environment on the form of human cultures.
		Although distinctions between regions based on culture are as old as mankind, the roots of the culture area concept can be traced to Europe, where the work of the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904) inspired the development of the Kulturkreise (cultural circles) school.
		Kulturkreise, which attempted to reconstruct the diffusion, or spread, of cultural traits from a few dominant cultural clusters, was associated with the German anthropologists Leo Frobenius (1873-1938) and Fritz Graebner (1877-1934).
	www.csiss.org /classics/content/15 (771 words)

	Friedrich Ratzel - Schlauweb
		Friedrich Ratzel lebte von 1844-1904 und wurde als jüngstes von vier Kindern in Karlsruhe zur Welt gebracht.
		Während der nächsten 18 Jahre sollte Ratzel in Leipzig stöbern und arbeiten.
		Ratzels Naturdeterminismus konnte für die "Volk ohne Raum" Ideologie eines Hans Grimm, einem der Vordenker des Nationalsozialismus, als "wissenschaftliche" Untermauerung genutzt werden.
	www.schlauweb.de /Friedrich_Ratzel (974 words)

	Ratzel Friedrich - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Ratzel Friedrich - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Ratzel, Friedrich (1844-1904), German geographer and a founder of modern political geography, the study of the influence of environment on...
		In human geography the main impact of Darwin’s ideas was in terms of approaches to the relationship between people and the environments in which they...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Ratzel_Friedrich.html (104 words)

	The Crisis of the modern World, the New World Order and Kali Yuga
		As a modern concept geopolitics received its classical form in the work of Friedrich Ratzel, Rudolf Kjéllen, Harold J. Mackinder, Alfred T. Mahan and Karl Haushofer.
		Friedrich Ratzel's influence on modern geography is legendary.
		In 1924 Gerneral Haushofer founded and edited the journal "Zeitschrift für Geopolitik" and then became a professor of geopolitics.
	www.geocities.com /integral_tradition/geopol.html (1692 words)

	Politics of Place: Research in Review
		In 1897, a German geographer, Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904), provided a coherent pattern for political geography, or geopolitics, emphasizing territory as the basis of power.
		Ratzel regarded political states as biological organisms, possessed of a natural need to grow.
		It took an Englishman, however, to conjure out of these elements from Mahan and Ratzel the geographic image which was to haunt international affairs till the last decade of this century.
	www.rinr.fsu.edu /fallwinter99/features/politicsplace.html (2260 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The term Lebensraum in this sense was coined by Friedrich Ratzel in 1897, and was used as a slogan in Germany referring to the unification of the country and the acquisition of colonies, as per the English and French models.
		Ratzel believed the development of a people was primarily influenced by their geographical situation and that a people that successfully adapted to one location would proceed naturally to another.
		These beliefs were furthered by scholars of the day, including Karl Haushofer and Friedrich von Bernhardi.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Lebensraum (775 words)

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		Ratzel himself realized "that any English form could not be a literal translation, but must be adapted to the Anglo-Celtic and especially to the Anglo-American mind." The writer undertook, with Ratzel's approval, to make such an adapted restatement of the principles, with a view to making them pass current where they are now unknown.
		This was especially necessary, because it was not always obvious that Ratzel had based his inductions on sufficiently broad data; and his published work had been open to the just criticism of inadequate citation of authorities.
		Though it was applied in the original often in great detail, it stood there nevertheless rather as a scaffolding around the finished edifice; and the stability of the structure, after this scaffolding is removed shows how extraneous to the whole it was.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/5/2/9/15293/15293-8.txt (13591 words)

	Friedrich Ratzel - Air Purifier Resource
		Friedrich Ratzel (August 30, 1844, Karlsruhe, Baden August 9, 1904, Ammerland) was...
		Friedrich Ratzel wurde 1875 Hochschullehrer für Geographie an...
		Friedrich Ratzel was a German geographer and ethnographer, notable for...Find thousands of free online definitions and reference guides at TheFreeDictionary.com.
	www.airpurifierresource.com /resources/23/friedrich-ratzel.html (184 words)

	Meinecke Friedrich - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Meinecke, Friedrich (1862-1954), German historian, renowned for his historicism focused on the ideas of individuals and for his reverence of the...
		Ernst Troeltsch made the first attempt to characterize historicism in a more objective way.
		He defined it as the tendency to regard all knowledge and...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Meinecke_Friedrich.html (106 words)

	WORKS CITED IN THE TEXT
		Ratzel, Friedrich: "Zu Carl Ritters hundertjährigem Geburtstage," in Kleine Schriften, Munich, 1906, I, 377-428.
		Helmodt, Hans: "Friedrich Ratzel, ein Lebensabriss von ihm selbst und vom Herausgeber," in Ratzel, Kleine Schriften, Munich, 1906 (H. Helmodt, editor), I, xxi-xxiii.
		Hassert, Kurt: "Friedrich Ratzel, Sein Leben und Wirken," Geogr.
	www.colorado.edu /geography/giw/hartshorne-r/1939_ng/1939_ng_notes.html (5211 words)

	CSISS Classics - Ellen Churchill Semple: The Anglo-Saxons of the Kentucky Mountains, 1901 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Her introduction to geography came after graduation during a family trip to London where she was introduced to the work of German geographer, Friedrich Ratzel.
		However, Semple was permitted to attend Ratzel's lectures, sitting alone in the front of the lecture hall separate from 500 male students, and eventually studying directly with Ratzel, but receiving no degree.
		Although she published numerous well-received articles in European and American journals, Semple did not receive a permanent academic appointment until the middle of her career when in 1921 she became the first female faculty member hired at Clark University.
	www.csiss.org /classics/content/24 (950 words)

	Hornemann Friedrich Konrad - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Hornemann Friedrich Konrad - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		He was the first European in modern times to make the dangerous crossing of the Sahara,...
		Froebel, Friedrich (1782-1852), German educator, the originator of the kindergarten.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Hornemann_Friedrich_Konrad.html (79 words)

	Title 33 Geopolítica Curso
		Friedrich Ratzel, German Geographer by Dawn M. Hilderbrand and Jason Janke (eng.)
		Ratzel - Releituras contemporaneas de Marcos B. de Carvalho (port.)
		Diálogos entre as Ciências Sociais: um legado intelectual de Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904) de Marcos B. de Carvalho (port.)
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/aesthetic/18/id33.htm (324 words)

	The Project Gutenberg EBook of Influences Of Geographic Environment by Ellen Churchill Semple
		Influences Of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzel's System Of Anthropo-Geography
		The present book, as originally planned over seven years ago, was to be a simplified paraphrase or restatement of the principles embodied in Friedrich Ratzel's Anthropo-Geographie.
		The organic theory of society and state permeates the Anthropo-geographie, because Ratzel formulated his principles at a time when Herbert Spencer exercised a wide influence upon European thought.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/5/2/9/15293/15293-h/15293-h.htm (10226 words)

	Amazon.com: "Halford Mackinder": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		United States, North America, Soviet Union, Great Britain, South Africa, New Haven, United Nations, Middle East, Latin America, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Random House, Association of American Geographers, European Union, World Bank, David Harvey, Friedrich Ratzel, North Africa, Geographical Review, Third World, Institute of British Geographers, League of Nations, South America, British Empire, Basil Blackwell
		Halford Mackinder in Britain, Friedrich Ratzel in Germany, and William Morris Davis in America.
		Key Phrases in this book: New York, Association of American Geographers, Royal Geographical Society, United States, Scottish Geographical Magazine, Cambridge University Press, Royal Society, Geographical Review, Patrick Geddes, Derek Gregory, Franz Boas, Friedrich Ratzel (See more)
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Halford-Mackinder (535 words)

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