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	Friedrich Bessel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (July 22, 1784 – March 17, 1846) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and systematizer of the Bessel functions (which, despite their name, were discovered by Daniel Bernoulli).
		Bessel was the son of a civil servant, and at the age of 14 he was apprenticed to the import-export concern Kulenkamp.
		In 1838 Bessel won the "race", announcing that 61 Cygni had a parallax of 0.314 arcseconds; which, given the diameter of the Earth's orbit, indicated that the star was ~3 parsecs away.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Friedrich_Bessel (540 words)

	Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (Russian: Vasily Yakovlevich Struve) (April 15, 1793 – November 23, 1864 (Julian calendar: November 11)) was a Baltic-German astronomer from a famous dynasty of astronomers.
		Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve remained at Tartu, occupied with research on double stars and geodesy until 1839, when he founded and became director of the new Pulkovo Observatory near St Petersburg.
		He was also the first to measure the parallax of Vega, although Friedrich Bessel had been the first to measure the parallax of a star (61 Cygni).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_von_Struve (750 words)

	Bessel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		In 1809, at the age of 26, Bessel was appointed director of Frederick William III of Prussia's new Königsberg Observatory and professor of astronomy.
		Bessel was one of the first astronomers to realise that, before a positional observation could be fully relied upon, one must have quantitative knowledge of every possible error that might enter into the finished result.
		Bessel functions appear as coefficients in the series expansion of the indirect perturbation of a planet, that is the motion caused by the motion of the Sun caused by the perturbing body.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Bessel.html (1608 words)

	Bessel
		Bessel's work had now become known internationally and he was honoured with the award of the Lalande Prize from the Institut de France for his tables of refraction based on Bradley's observations.
		It was in Königsberg that Bessel undertook his monumental task of determining the positions and proper motions of over 50000 stars which led to the discovery in 1838 of the parallax of 61 Cygni.
		Friedrich W Bessel was elected to the Royal Society of London in 1825.
	sfabel.tripod.com /mathematik/database/Bessel.html (1670 words)

	Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784-1846)
		Wilhelm Bessel was born in Minden on July 22, 1784 as the son of Carl Friedrich Bessel, a government secretary, and his wife Friederike Ernestine (b.
		Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel was honored during his lifetime by academy memberships; besides Berlin, in Palermo, Petersburg and Stockholm, by memberships in the scientific societies of Edinburgh, Goettingen, Kopenhagen and London, the British Royal Astronomical and the Royal Meteorological Societies.
		Bessel was the first to measure and publish a parallax, and calculate the distance to a star, double star 61 Cygni, from observations during 18 months in 1837 and 1838.
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/Bios/bessel.html (1453 words)

	Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Wilhelm Bessel attended the Gymnasium in Minden for 4 years but he did not appear to be very talented, finding Latin difficult.
		Bessel's work had now become known internationally, and he was honored with the award of the Lalande Prize from the Institut de France for his tables of refraction based on Bradley's observations.
		Bessel also had a very significant impact on university teaching despite the fact that he never had a university education.
	www.stetson.edu /~efriedma/periodictable/html/Bk.html (648 words)

	Friedrich Bessel - Freecyclopedia.com :: The World Bank of Knowledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (July 22, 1784 - March 17, 1846) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and discoverer of the Bessel functions.
		Bessel was born in Minden, Westphalia and died in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia).
		Bessel's greatest astronomical achievement was the first successful use of parallax to determine the distance to a star.
	www.freecyclopedia.com /econtents/fr/Friedrich_Bessel.html (267 words)

	AllRefer.com - Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (Astronomy, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel[frEd´rikh vil´helm bes´ul] Pronunciation Key, 1784–1846, German astronomer and mathematician.
		He became (1810) director of the new observatory at KOnigsberg and professor of astronomy at the Univ. of KOnigsberg.
		Bessel's works on astronomy include Fundamenta Astronomiae (1818) and Astronomische Untersuchungen (1841–42).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/Bessel-F.html (291 words)

	Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander (March 22, 1799 – February 17, 1875) was a Prussian astronomer.
		He born in Memel in the Kingdom of Prussia (now Klaipeda in Lithuania), the son of a German father and Finnish mother.
		He studied with Friedrich Bessel, and obtained his Ph.D. in 1822 at Königsberg.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Argelander (307 words)

	Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1784-1846)
		Bessel was a superb observer and made many important contributions to positional astronomy, including, in 1838, the first direct measurement of a star's distance, that of 61 Cygni, by trigonometric parallax.
		Bessel argued against the existence of life on the Moon at a time when several notable compatriots of his, including Gauss, Gruithuisen, Littrow, and Olbers, were in the pro-selenite camp.
		In particular, he noted the sharpness with which stars are occulted by the Moon, indicating the absence of a lunar atmosphere.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/B/Bessel.html (355 words)

	Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Bessel Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Awards are not subject to income tax in Germany.
		DESCRIPTION: Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Award I. Program From 2001 to 2003, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation is granting approximately 10 Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Awards annually to young, top-flight, foreign scientists and scholars who are already recognized as outstanding researchers in their fields.
		Usually, nominations for Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Awards may only be made for at least associate or assistant-level professors up to the age of 45 or for researchers of equal standing engaged in non-university work.
	www.biu.ac.il /RA/www/rserch/calls/calls/humboldt_bessel.html (580 words)

	Bessel, Friedrich (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Bessel had little formal schooling but when, at the age of 26, he was appointed director of Frederick William III of Prussia's new Konigsberg Observatory, he was granted the title of doctor by the University of Gottingen.
		Bessel remained at Konigsberg for the rest of his life, and it was there that his monumental astrometrical program of determining the positions and proper motions of stars led to the discovery (1838) of the parallax of 61 Cygni.
		Bessel also worked out a method of mathematical analysis involving what is now known as the Bessel function, a still indispensable tool in physics and engineering.
	euler.ciens.ucv.ve /English/mathematics/bessel.html (149 words)

	Search Results for Bessel
		In 1809, at the age of 26, Bessel was appointed director of Frederick William III of Prussia's new Konigsberg Observatory and professor of astronomy.
		Bessel remained in Konigsberg for the rest of his life, pursuing his research and teaching without interruption, although he often complained about the limited possibilities for observations because of the unfavourable climate.
		The triad of Bessel, Jacobi, and Franz Neumann thus became the nucleus of a revival of mathematics at German universities.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Search/historysearch.cgi?SUGGESTION=Bessel&CONTEXT=1 (2655 words)

	FRIEDRICH WILHELM BESSEL - LoveToKnow Article on FRIEDRICH WILHELM BESSEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Placed at the age of fifteen in a counting-house at Bremen, he was impelled by Ins desire to obtain a situation as supercargo on a foreign voyage to study navigation, mathematics and finally astronomy.
		Apart from the large scope of his activity, he introduced such important novelties as the effective use of the heliometer, the correction for personal equation (in 1823), and the systematic investigation of instrumental errors.
		In pure mathematics he enlarged the resources of analysis by the invention of Bessels Functions.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BE/BESSEL_FRIEDRICH_WILHELM.htm (523 words)

	Friedrich Bessel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (July 22, 1784 – March 17, 1846) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and systematizer of the Bessel functions (which, despite their name, were discovered by Daniel Bernoulli).
		Bessel was the son of a civil servant, and at the age of 14 he was apprenticed to the import-export concern.
		Within two years he had left Kulenkamp and become an assistant at Observatory near Bremen, Germany.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Friedrich_Bessel (563 words)

	Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Biography / Biography of Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Main Biography
		The German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784-1846) established the modern ideals and standards of precision in astronomy and obtained the first measurement of the distance to a star.
		Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel was born in Minden, North Rhine-Westphalia, on July 22, 1784.
		Bessel became the outstanding astronomer of the 19th century and probably the most complete astronomer of all time.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-friedrich-wilhelm-bessel (235 words)

	Гранты и стипендии :: JobMarket.com.ua
		The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation grants approximately 10 Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Awards annually to young, top-flight scientists and scholars from abroad who are already recognized as outstanding researchers in their fields.
		The initiative for bestowing a Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Award (nomination) must be taken by established researchers working at universities or other research institutions in Germany.
		Nominations for Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Awards may only be made for at least associate- or assistant-level professors or for researchers of equal standing engaged in nonuniversity work up to the age of 45.
	job.freetime.com.ua /education/grants_view/715/11 (1008 words)

	Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The technique was developed by the German astronomer Friedrich Bessel.
		He was the first person to find the approximate distance to a star by direct methods when he measured the parallax (annual displacement) of the star 61 Cygni in 1838.
		Bessel's work laid the foundations for a more accurate calculation of the scale of the universe and the sizes of stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0009729.html (288 words)

	Friedrich Bessel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (July 22, 1784 - March 17, 1846) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and systematizer of the Bessel functions (which, despite their name, were discovered by Daniel Bernoulli).
		On this base, he was able to pin down the position of over 50,000 stars during his time at Konigsberg.
		He narrowly beat Friedrich von Struve and Thomas Henderson, who measured the parallaxes of Vega and Alpha Centauri in the same year.
	www.theezine.net /f/friedrich-bessel.html (507 words)

	Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		German astronomer whose measurements of positions for about 50,000 stars allowed the first accurate determination of interstellar distances; he was the first to measure the distance of a star other than the Sun.
		In 1817 the English physicist Henry Kater, building on the work of the German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, was the first to use a reversible pendulum to...
		It is situated west of the constellation Pegasus, north of Vulpecula, and east of Lyra, and the swan is...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9078931 (826 words)

	Additional Reading (from Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		He studied at the University of Königsberg, Prussia, where he was a pupil and later the successor of Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel.
		Along with Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Schelling was one of the chief successors of Immanuel Kant in German philosophy.
		He made original use of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's concepts of history to dramatize conflicts in his historical tragedies.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-8234 (800 words)

	Friedrich Bessel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel was born in 1784 and died in 1846.
		Friedrich became the first director of Konigsberg Observatory in Persia in 1813.
		Friedrich was very concerned about getting the most information about his observations.
	www.northstar.k12.ak.us /schools/tan/lite/math/tony.html (130 words)

	The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1784-1846)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		His measurement of the positions of about 50,000 stars enabled the first accurate calculation of interstellar distances to be made.
		Bessel was the first person to measure the distance of a star other than the Sun.
		From the parallax observation of 61 Cygni he calculated the star to be about six light years distant, thus setting a new lower limit for the scale of the...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:99915781&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (180 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Bessel Friedrich Wilhelm
		Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1784-1846), German astronomer and mathematician, best known for making the first accurate measurement of the distance to a...
		It is defined as the apparent change in position of a nearby star when observed from...
		Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844-1900), German philosopher, poet, and Classical philologist, who became one of the most provocative and...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Bessel_Friedrich_Wilhelm.html (98 words)

	Bessel
		Bessel, as a boy, dreamed of travel so he studied languages, geography and the principles of navigation.
		At the age of 26, Bessel was appointed director of Frederick William III of Prussia's new Königsberg Observatory and he was granted the title of doctor by the University of Göttingen.
		Bessel remained at Königsberg for the rest of his life, and it was there that he undertook his monumental task of determining the positions and proper motions of over 50000 stars which led to the discovery in 1838 of the parallax of 61 Cygni.
	www.tam.cornell.edu /courses/310Sp97/Lec12Feb/Bessel.html (352 words)

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