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Topic: Fringe science

	Fringe science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fringe science is a phrase used to describe scientific inquiry in an established field that departs significantly from mainstream or orthodox theories.
		Fringe science can be a field of inquiry which is not yet considered a real "science" (known as a protoscience), but which nevertheless bears some resemblance to the norms of the scientific method.
		The phrase "fringe science" is considered by some to be pejorative; there are few examples of the term "fringe science" being used in peer-reviewed journals, and no examples are known of an individual having used the phrase to describe her own work.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fringe_science (379 words)

	Fringe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fringe is an ornamental appendage to the border of an item, such as a flag.
		Americans refer to a fringe as "bangs"; however, they are the only people to use this nomenclature, which is often not understood by native English speakers elsewhere as having anything to do with hair.
		The fringe is a term used to refer to non-mainstream or "fringe" theatre, where experimental forms of stagecraft are performed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fringe (261 words)

	Fringe science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fringe science is a phrase used to describe scientific inquiry in an established field that departssignificantly from mainstream or orthodox theories.
		Junk science - Junk science is used to describe agenda-driven researchthat ignores certain standard methodologies and practices in an attempt to secure a given result from an experiment.
		Traditionally, the term "fringe science" is generally used to describeunusual or fantastic theories that have their basis in some established scientific principle, and which are advocated by apublished (or somehow recognized) mainstream scientist.
	www.therfcc.org /fringe-science-46131.html (272 words)

	At the Fringes of Science review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fringe science could have been differentiated into two categories, science and pseudoscience, and those categories further subdivided into revolutions and breakthroughs (science) and mistakes, misinterpretation, bias, and fraud (pseudoscience).
		The final chapter, on responding to fringe science, is clearly aimed at a scientific audience which the book in general is not.
		He does not explicitly recognize that, for the media, fringe science is a form of marketing and entertainment in some ways akin to pornography--having no redeeming social importance but attracting attention regardless.
	mtprof.msun.edu /Win1996/Wlocke.html (1131 words)

	Fringe science: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fringe science is a phrase used to describe scientific Science quick summary:
		Fringe science can be a field of inquiry which is not yet considered a real "science" (known as a protoscience protoscience quick summary:
		Junk science is a term used to derogate purportedly scientific data, research, analyses or claims which are driven by political, financial or other questionable motives....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fr/fringe_science.htm (1029 words)

	Specter of Science
		Since such science and its reductive aspirations are the presumptive threat, the remedy, unsurprisingly, is to be found in the fringe or “frontier” science of New Age apologists.
		Central to Hamilton’s case against mainstream science is the argument that it can’t capture the living experience of what it is to be human, and that indeed there’s a basic incompatibility between its commitment to physicalism and acknowledging what’s most essentially human — the conscious, intelligent mind.
		[9] Science simply can’t get us to god, or the mental, if these are conceived as categorically other than what’s found by the peer-reviewed empirical study of existence, which includes matter and energy, particles and waves, forces and fields, and physically-instantiated mechanisms and their higher-order organization.
	www.naturalism.org /specter_of_science.htm (4179 words)

	Junk science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Junk or bunk science is a term used to describe purportedly scientific data, research, analyses or claims which are perceived to be driven by political, financial or other questionable motives.
		It is these motives that distinguish junk science from pseudoscience and controversial science.
		Anti-global warming environmental scientists and spokespersons for corporations and government bureaucracies counter by saying that the scientific evidence used by their critics actually constitutes junk science and should not be used as a basis for policy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Junk_science (541 words)

	Fringe science - InformationBlast
		Protoscience - A protoscience is a field of inquiry which is not yet considered a real "science", but which nevertheless bears some resembleance to the norms of the scientific method.
		Fringe science is seen by most scientists as unlikely but not irrational: many of today's most widely-held theories had their origins as fringe science.
		As with all categories, disagreement is widespread regarding what ideas are legitimate fringe science, and what ideas belong to the other four categories listed above.
	www.informationblast.com /Fringe_science.html (290 words)

	Benford & Rose
		Fringe science is based more on hope than experimental demonstration.
		Mainstream science is based on consensus and received wisdom, the art of the soluble, if not the complacency of the already solved.
		Those are moments of revolutionary science on a grand scale, when fringe science struck against major scientific orthodoxies.
	www.benford-rose.com /betweenfringe.php (2139 words)

	Imagineering On-Line Magazine / Views on Fringe Science and the Lone Inventor
		The term Fringe Science is used to describe those endeavors that are outside the accepted realm of good science.
		Carl Sagan said that "science was self correcting." He meant that a new idea in science or technology would only be accepted when it could be witnessed and proved by others.
		Inventions that are prime examples of fringe science include free energy, perplexing forces and perpetual motion machines.
	www.imagineeringezine.com /e-zine/fringe.html (1080 words)

	The triumph of fringe science - Salon
		National Academy of Sciences reported in 2001 that some of the warming of the Earth's atmosphere over the last 50 years is caused by greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide generated by the burning of fossil fuels.
		The global warming skeptics, lavishly funded by precisely those corporations that have the most to fear from new regulations aimed at reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, have succeeded in perpetuating the notion that there's a genuine, ongoing scientific dispute as to the reality and causes of global warming.
		Fringe science is no longer on the periphery.
	dir.salon.com /story/tech/feature/2003/08/07/global_warming/index.html (740 words)

	CJR November/December 2004: Blinded by Science
		Schneider’s climate-change Web site also devotes a section to what he calls “Mediarology,” where he notes that in science debates “there are rarely just two polar opposite sides, but rather a spectrum of potential outcomes, oftentimes accompanied by a considerable history of scientific assessment of the relative credibility of these many possibilities.
		Some major op-ed pages also appear to think that to fulfill their duty of providing a range of views, they should publish dubious contrarian opinion pieces on climate change even when those pieces are written by nonscientists.
		For instance, on July 7, 2003, The Washington Post published a revisionist op-ed on climate science by James Schlesinger, a former secretary of both energy and defense, and a former director of Central Intelligence.
	www.cjr.org /issues/2004/6/mooney-science.asp (3506 words)

	Science, PseudoScience and Society
		But recently almost all science became political and all politics involved deception: to say that a politic is not lying is the same as to say that an alcoholic is not drinking.
		Science and the integrity of its practitioners are under attack and, increasingly, legislators and bureaucrats shape the decisions that determine which paths scientific research should take.
		Not only is the relevance of science and the integrity of its practitioners under attack, but those who provide support question both the cost of research and the traditional and highly successful methods scientists have used to exploit the fields in which they work.
	www.softpanorama.org /Skeptics/index.shtml (14452 words)

	WEIRD SCIENCE: On 'Weird' Beliefs
		Famous examples are: hot rocks falling from the sky, the germ theory of disease, the Wrights and human flight, Goddard and spacecraft, Wegner and continental drift, Margulis and evolution's cooperation vs. competition, Ovishinski and his amorphous semiconductors, ball lightning, T. Gold's subterranean bacteria and spinning neutron stars, and on and on.
		Though eventually all these fringe ideas proved to be legitimate science, either they were ignored during those eras when they were discovered, or they were attacked and ridiculed as being crazy.
		At the same time, they move their "fringe science" beads to 100% disbelief, whereupon the beads fall off the other end of the wire and are nearly impossible to restore.
	amasci.com /freenrg/wbelief1.html (2850 words)

	Fringe Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The models show that the mangrove fringe around the harbor could widen by 75...
		One report, published last March in Science magazine, suggested that the sea could...
		Criticisms of caging hens are faulty logic of fringe activists
	fringe-science.wikiverse.org (422 words)

	Flood Geology
		In short, most fringe science is not unethical but simply ignorant, while all pseudoscience is unethical.
		Individuals who characterize this category are usually non-scientists, and their efforts constitute fringe science but can be pseudoscience, depending on the nature of the claims.
		In my continuum of scientific demarcation (normal science <--> frontier science <--> fringe science <--> pseudoscience), anomalous phenomena are found in both normal and frontier science, alleged paranormal phenomena are found in both fringe science and pseudoscience, and alleged supernatural phenomena are found only in pseudoscience.
	www.freeinquiry.com /skeptic/badgeology/info.htm (2695 words)

	Search for Fringe Science - WordIQ.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fringe science is a phrase used to describe scientific inquiry in an established field that departs...
		Fringe science can be a field of inquiry...
		Fringe science is a phrase used to describe...
	www.wordiq.com /web/fringe+science.html (428 words)

	Flood Geology
		Second, and perhaps more controversally, some topics many would call frontier science are really fringe science: these include proponents of enormous subsurface deposits of pre-biogenic petroleum resources, global energy shortage alarmists, ESP, and the existence of extraterrestrial intelligent life.
		However, I argue that they have ignored or are ignorant of the category of fringe science, which I explicitly demarcate from pseudoscience with more than adequate justification.
		This is pseudoscience and is the work of pseudoscientists, some of whom have advanced training and degrees in science, but who subordinate their knowledge to their religious, spiritualist, or Biblical literalist beliefs.
	www.freeinquiry.com /skeptic/resources/skepticism.htm (2264 words)

	Minding the Planet: Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The history of science is replete with discoveries that were considered socially, morally, or emotionally dangerous in their time; the Copernican and Darwinian revolutions are the most obvious.
		This article describes new findings in the field of animal behavior which indicate that not only do animals have emotions, but they also have a level of ethics, fair-play and morality that was previously thought to be impossible.
		After exploring this issue for more than 20 years from the perspectives of computer science and physics, philosophy and religion, I've come to believe that consciousness cannot be reduce to, or emerge from, information or computation.
	novaspivack.typepad.com /nova_spivacks_weblog/science (8687 words)

	Minding the Planet: Fringe
		However, Prof Hauser, a physicist at the Applied Sciences University in Salzgitter, Germany, and a former chief of aerodynamics at the European Space Agency, cautioned it was based on a highly controversial theory that would require a significant change in the current understanding of the laws of physics.
		This recently released Air Force report details the history of teleportation science, the present state-of-the-art, as well as several new directions for research and an extensive bibliography.
		One caveat, this article is definitely "fringe" and subsequent chapters veer off into territory that is interesting but is increasingly speculative.
	novaspivack.typepad.com /nova_spivacks_weblog/fringe (8940 words)

	Fringe and Controversial Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This might be one of those rare examples of a theory moving from the fringe to the mainstream.
		After all, if there are any psi effects at all, though they might be very small and difficult to reliably measure, then this fact would be crucially important to the future direction of science and to all of our world views.
		Most of these sites are of the ilk: "there is something wrong with mainstream science, which my ingenious insights will put right, but THEY are ignoring me because I threaten the status quo." Most likely, THEY are ignoring you because you're an annoying waste of time.
	home.earthlink.net /~paulcarr/science/fringe_science.html (1202 words)

	Fringe science - TheBestLinks.com - Junk science, Pseudoscience, Protoscience, Bad science, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fringe science - TheBestLinks.com - Junk science, Pseudoscience, Protoscience, Bad science,...
		Fringe science, Junk science, Pseudoscience, Protoscience, Bad science, List of...
		You can add this article to your own "watchlist" and receive e-mail notification about all changes in this page.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Fringe_science.html (333 words)

	Fulton's Fringe Science Quiz
		History shows that the human mind, fed by constant accessions of knowledge, periodically grows too large for its theoretical coverings, and bursts them asunder to appear in new habiliments, as the feeding and growing grub, at intervals, casts its too narrow skin and assumes another, itself but temporary.
		Some of us are tempted to think that science has reached its limits since most of the fundamental questions there are to settle have been settled and only piddling details remain.
		Psychohistory — the science of historical motivation revealed through psychoanalysis of individuals and groups is found to be rooted in modes of child-rearing, which have progressed in the West from the infanticidal mode, to the abandoning, to the ambivalent, to the intrusive, to the socializing, and most recently to the helping mode.
	alumnus.caltech.edu /~ckank/fringe (2618 words)

	Pseudoscience
		This section gives overviews and criticisms of various contemporary pseudoscientific and fringe concepts, most of them astronomy-related in keeping with the bulk of the science material of this website.
		It places even more emphasis on electromagnetism, especially the electro- part, than does plasma cosmology, even going so far as to saying that gravity is of little to no consequence in the workings of the universe and that all fundamental physical forces ultimately derive from the electrical force.
		Not only do its proponents claim that much if not most of "mainstream" science is completely wrong despite clear and overwhelming evidence to the contrary, but they also claim that the mainstream is deliberately supressing their views for personal reasons.
	www.geocities.com /kingvegeta80/pseudoscience.html (5595 words)

	USATODAY.com - Fringe science no more (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Acupuncture was thought to unblock that energy, which helped ease the pain.
		For years, words like yin and yang relegated acupuncture to the fringe of medical science in the USA.
		The technique gained credibility during the 1980s and '90s as scientific studies began to suggest that acupuncture could trigger the release of natural painkillers.
	www.usatoday.com /news/health/2005-05-09-acupuncture-cover_x.htm (1056 words)

	Fringe Science: are the corollas of Nymphoides (Menyanthaceae) flowers adapted for surface tension interactions? -- ...
		Fringe Science: are the corollas of Nymphoides (Menyanthaceae) flowers adapted for surface tension interactions?
		can be membranous, a fringe of trichomes, or a ruffle.
		The fringe added a mean of 10.4% to the floral mass, but the
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/abstract/89/2/362 (234 words)

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