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Topic: Frits Zernike

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	Frits Zernike Summary
		Zernike married Dora van Bommel van Vloten in 1929.
		Frederik Zernike (Amsterdam, July 16, 1888 – March 10, 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel prize for physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase contrast microscope, an instrument that permits the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain and thus kill the cells.
		Brinkman, Zernike, Frits (1888-1966), in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.
	www.bookrags.com /Frits_Zernike (1006 words)

	Frits Zernike Biography \| World of Scientific Discovery
		Frits Zernike was born on July 16, 1888, in Amsterdam, the son of two mathematicians, Carl Frederick August Zernike and Antje Dieperink Zernike.
		Zernike published these findings in 1934, and by 1935 he was applying these same principles to microscopes, which he knew had optical problems that were similar to telescopes.
		The Zernike polynomials are a method he developed regarding the wave theory of light and are widely used by mathematicians.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/frits-zernike-wsd (597 words)

	Frits Zernike - Biography
		Frits Zernike was born in Amsterdam, 16th July 1888, as the second son in a family of six children.
		Frits inherited his passion for physics from his father; as a boy he already possessed an arsenal of pots, crucibles, tubes, which he scraped together with his own pocket money, or received as gifts from understanding manufacturers.
		Zernike's achievements were recognized by the Royal Microscopical Society; he was also awarded the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society (London) and an honorary doctorate in Medicine from the University of Amsterdam.
	uk.geocities.com /ferdgill/sdf/zernike.html (870 words)

	Frits Zernike - Wikipedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Frederik Zernike (Amsterdam, 16 juli 1888 — 10 maart 1966) was een Nederlands natuurkundige die in 1953 de Nobelprijs voor de Natuurkunde ontving voor zijn uitvinding van de fasecontrastmicroscoop.
		Frits Zernike werd geboren als zoon van twee wiskundedocenten en erfde van zijn vader de passie voor natuurkunde.
		Zernike is voornamelijk op het vlak van de statistische fysica actief geweest.
	nl.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Frits_Zernike (423 words)

	Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You - Timeline - Frits Zernike (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Frits Zernike was a Dutch mathematician and physicist who discovered the phase contrast phenomenon and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953.
		Zernike's parents were both teachers who specialized in mathematics, and his siblings also acquired good educations and prestige, with one brother becoming a physicist, a sister who married the well-known painter Jan Mankes, and another sister that rose to become one of Holland's foremost literary writers.
		Zernike was also interested in mathematics, astronomy, and photography, and conducted a number of investigations in these areas.
	microscopy.fsu.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /optics/timeline/people/zernike.html (1199 words)

	Digital Library > History of science and scholarship in the Netherlands > Author detail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Zernike was born in Amsterdam on 16 July 1888.
		Frits Zernike attended the HBS and from 1905 onwards studied chemistry at Amsterdam.
		After the war Zernike, whose chair had been redefined as including mathematical and technical physics and theoretical mechanics in 1941, further refined his phase contrast microscope.
	www.historyofscience.nl /author.cfm?RecordId=1979 (725 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Phase Contrast Microscopy - Introduction
		Phase contrast microscopy, first described in 1934 by Dutch physicist Frits Zernike, is a contrast-enhancing optical technique that can be utilized to produce high-contrast images of transparent specimens, such as living cells (usually in culture), microorganisms, thin tissue slices, lithographic patterns, fibers, latex dispersions, glass fragments, and subcellular particles (including nuclei and other organelles).
		Zernike's development of phase contrast optical theory is an excellent example of how research results from a highly specialized field (in this case, theoretical physics) can yield innovative new developments in seemingly unrelated disciplines, such as biology and medicine.
		Vector representation of wave interactions in phase contrast microscopy was introduced by Frits Zernike, and later developed in detail by Robert Barer.
	www.microscopyu.com /articles/phasecontrast/phasemicroscopy.html (7881 words)

	Zernike, Frits: World of Forensic Science
		Frits Zernike was a pioneer in forensic science; his invention of the phase-contrast microscope enabled scientists to study living tissue samples under magnification for the first time.
		Zernike won the 1953 Nobel Prize in physics for his invention.
		Zernike's background in statistical mathematics and thermodynamics was responsible for his groundbreaking discovery.
	science.enotes.com /forensic-science/zernike-frits (134 words)

	Title of the Research Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Frederik (Frits) Zernike was born in Amsterdam in 1888, the son of two mathematics teachers.
		Zernike became a professor of mathematical physics at Groningen in 1913.
		The Zernike Polynomials were derived from the Jacobi polynomials and were modified for an application to optics (Glindemann et al 2000).
	www.fuka.com /~kent/THAadaptiveoptics.htm (1953 words)

	Frederik Zernike
		Frederik (Fritz) Zernike (Amsterdam, July 16, 1888 –; March 10, 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel prize for physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase contrast microscope, an instrument that permits the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain and thus kill the cells.
		Among other contributions, he worked on Zernike polynomials, a mathematical technique since used in advanced optic systems for overcoming aberration.
		Zernike was the son of two teachers of mathematics and shared his passion for physics with his father.
	www.mlahanas.de /Physics/Bios/FrederikZernike.html (248 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Frits Zernike werd in 1888 geboren in Amsterdam.
		In de jaren dertig kreeg Zernike belangstelling voor de fysische optica, wat heeft geleid tot zijn ontdekking van de faseontrastmethode en zijn uitvinding van de fasecontrastmicroscoop.
		Voor zijn wetenschappelijk werk op verschillende gebieden van de natuurkunde heeft Zernike naast de Nobelprijs die hij in 1953 voor de fasecontrastmicroscoop kreeg, talrijke wetenschappelijke onderscheidingen, erelidmaatschappen en eredoctoraten verworven in binnen- en buitenland.
	www.rug.nl.cob-web.org:8888 /museum/geschiedenis/hoogleraren/zernike (140 words)

	Phase Contrast Microscope Information
		Phase contrast is a method developed in the early 20th century by Frits Zernike.
		Zernike discovered that if you can speed up the direct light path, you can cause destructive interference patterns in the viewed image.
		This technique proved to be such an advancement in microscopy that Zernike was awarded the Nobel prize in physics in 1953.
	www.microscopeworld.com /DigitalMicro/phase.aspx (764 words)

	Phase Contrast Microscope - Information
		Phase contrast is a method used in microscopy and developed in the early 20th century by Frits Zernike.
		Zernike discovered that if you speed up the direct light path, you can cause destructive interference patterns in the viewed image.
		This phase contrast technique proved to be such an advancement in microscopy that Zernike was awarded the Nobel prize (physics) in 1953.
	www.microscope-microscope.org /advanced/phase-contrast-microscope.htm (769 words)

	Minutes.
		Those members in attendance were Charles Corson, Dan Lapman, Frits Zernike, Russ Smith, Robert Graulich, Matt Cooper, Stella Beaudoin Recording Secretary and Marian Staye, Essex IWEO.
		Staye stated that she could issue a cease and desist order, however the IWWC must then conduct a special meeting within 10 days after the cease and desist has been issued.
		Staye indicated that this is a house with a pond, with a failing septic system, which was replaced within the area around the pond.
	www.essexct.gov /minutes/IWWC/oct10_06.html (3779 words)

	Frits Zernike Dutch External link physics Groningen Frits (Frederik) Zernike Photo polynomial July 16 cell microscope ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Frederik Zernike (July 16, 1888 - March 10, 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel prize for physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase contrast microscope, an instrument that permits the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain and thus kill the cells.
		Zernike was a professor of theoretical physics at the Groningen University.
		Frits Zernike - Physiknobelpreis 1953 Der Niederländer erhielt den Nobelpreis für die von ihm...
	en.powerwissen.com.cob-web.org:8888 /ljhSRV9Xo\|\|SL\|\|b2HuSo6VK9ig==_Frits_Zernike.html (192 words)

	Untitled Document
		Diffraction theory has been greatly advanced in the 1930-1940's by the joint work of Frits Zernike, the later 1953 Nobel Prize winner because of his invention of the phase-contrast microscope (see photograph), and his PhD-student Bernard Nijboer (thesis submitted in 1942).
		Using the famous circle polynomials developed by Zernike, the work of Nijboer has focused on using these polynomials for an efficient representation of the complex field in the exit pupil and in the focal plane.
		The collaboration is between a mathematician (Augustus J.E.M. Janssen) and an optics experimentor Peter Dirksen (Bio and Pic), both from Philips Research, and Joseph Braat, teaching optics at Delft University and still active at the Philips Research Laboratories on a part-time basis.
	www.nijboerzernike.nl /_html/intro.html (441 words)

	Microscopists Celebrate Cell Biology Advancements
		Zernike discovered the phase contrast method and invented the phase contrast microscope.
		The highlight of his presentation was the debut of a DVD recording of the first film of a dividing cell from 1941.
		The agenda included discussions on how Zernike made it possible to see living cells, along with new imaging techniques that are advancing live cell research.
	www.photonics.com /content/news/2003/November/12/61798.aspx (329 words)

	Minutes.
		Frits Zernike commented that the complaint is that the road now floods so how does this impact the low point.
		Consideration of Application 10-06 on behalf of Wright and Deborah Carreau, property located at 7 Collins Lane, Essex, Map 46, Lot 10-1-A. This is an application to construct a patio, outdoor stairs, and an addition to an existing garage on a residential property that is located on Middle Cove.
		Motion made by Frits Zernike to continue Application 11-06 on behalf of Robert Vitari, Jr., property located at 164 Westbrook Road, Essex, Map 79, Lot 3 to the July 11, 2006 IWWC meeting and to conduct a site visit to view the property on Wednesday, June 21, 2006 at 6:00 p.m.
	www.essexct.gov /minutes/IWWC/june13_06.html (4147 words)

	Frits Zernike - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Frits Zernike - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Zernike invented the phase-contrast, or phase, microscope, a microscope that...
		Search for books about your topic, "Frits Zernike"
	encarta.msn.com /Frits_Zernike.html (51 words)

	Frits Zernike Beschreibung in Library - Definition und Buch-Tipp. (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Eine Übersicht der Artikel, die mit dem Thema Frits Zernike verwandt sind finden Sie auf der Seite alle Artikel über Frits Zernike.
		Fragen zu dem Thema Frits Zernike können in dem Diskussionsforum gestellt werden.
		Frits Zernike (* 16.07 1888 in Amsterdam; † 10.03 1966 in Naarden) war ein niederländischer Physiker.
	frits_zernike.know-library.net.cob-web.org:8888 (532 words)

	Frits Zernike Winner of the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics
		Frits Zernike Winner of the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics
		Zernike Group Groningen (The Netherlands) (submitted by Pieter Struijk)
		Frits Zernike Biography from Encyclopedia Britannica (submitted by www.britannica.com)
	almaz.com /nobel/physics/1953a.html (99 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Specialized Microscopy Techniques - Introduction to Differential Interference ...
		Living cells and other transparent, unstained specimens are often difficult to observe under traditional brightfield illumination using the full aperture and resolution of the microscope objective and condenser system.
		Phase contrast, first developed by Frits Zernike in the 1930s, is often employed to image these challenging specimens, but the technique suffers from halo artifacts, is restricted to very thin specimen preparations, and cannot take advantage of the full condenser and objective apertures.
		The basic differential interference contrast (DIC) system, first devised by Francis Smith in 1955, is a modified polarized light microscope with two Wollaston prisms added, one to the front focal plane of the condenser and a second at the rear focal plane of the objective (see Figure 1).
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/techniques/dic/dicintro.html (10203 words)

	Optics8
		Optical data processing was inherent in the work of Abbe in 1873 and spatial filtering had its origins in the phase contrast technique invented in 1935 by Frits Zernike.
		Although other optical techniques, e.g., shadowgraph and schlieren, could also do this, the phase contrast technique provides a linear relation between phase retardation and image intensity.
		Zernike built a microscope based on the principle in 1938 and received the Nobel Prize in 1953.
	www.ee.umd.edu /~taylor/optics8.htm (873 words)

	Frits Zernike - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He extended his method to test the figure of concave mirrors.
		Zernike's work helped awaken interest in coherence theory, the study of partially coherent light sources.
		This page was last modified 16:04, 17 November 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frits_Zernike (515 words)

	oe magazine - spieworld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Grant Willson, the 2005 Frits Zernike Award for Microlithography recipient, speaks to oemagazine about his award-winning breakthrough and recent research at UT Austin.
		Grant Willson, of The University of Texas at Austin, is this year's recipient of the Frits Zernike Award for Microlithography primarily for his development of chemical amplification.
		This photochemical route to high sensitivity was able to produce resists with 1000 times greater sensitivity than conventional materials with no loss in resolution.
	oemagazine.com /FromTheMagazine/may05/spieworld.html (659 words)

	Colour Phase Contrast Microscopy
		But entirely satisfactory for the biologists that had started looking into live and unstained cells it was not.
		It was the Dutch physicist Frits Zernike who came up in the 1930's with the solution of how to make use of the difference in refractive index.
		It proved very useful and yielded Zernike a Nobel prize in 1953.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artmar04/rvwphase.html (1460 words)

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