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Topic: Fritz Haber

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	Fritz Haber - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development of synthetic ammonia, important for fertilizers and explosives.
		Despite his contributions to the German war effort, Haber was forced to emigrate from Germany in 1934 by the Nazis because of his Jewish background; many of his relatives were killed by the Nazis in concentration camps by another of his creations, Zyklon B.
		Haber defended gas warfare against accusations that it was inhumane, saying that death was death, by whatever means it was inflicted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fritz_Haber (937 words)

	Haber's rule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Haber's rule is a mathematical statement of the relationship between the concentration of a poisonous gas and how long the gas must be breathed to produce death, or other toxic effect.
		The rule was formulated by German chemist Fritz Haber in the early 1900s.
		Haber's rule is an approximation, useful with certain inhaled poisons under certain conditions, and Haber himself acknowledged that it was not always applicable.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Haber's_rule (331 words)

	Haber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		Fritz Haber was born on December 9, 1868 in Breslau, Prussia, (now Wroclaw, Poland) in one of the oldest families of the town, as the son of Siegfried Haber, a prosperous chemical merchant.
		In 1896 Haber was qualified as a Privatdozent with a thesis on his experimental studies of the decomposition and combustion of hydrocarbons and in 1906, due to his intensive research in electrochemistry and thermodynamics, he was appointed Professor of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry.
		Haber is often referred to as the father of modern chemical warfare as he organized and directed the first large scale release of chlorine gas at Ypres, France on April 22, 1915.
	www.geocities.com /bioelectrochemistry/haber.htm (4293 words)

	The Fritz Haber Center - Fritz Haber
		Fritz Haber was born on December 9, 1868 in Breslau, Germany, in one of the oldest families of the town, as the son of Siegfried Haber, a merchant.
		In 1896 Haber qualified as a Privatdozent with a thesis on his experimental studies of the decomposition and combustion of hydrocarbons and in 1906 he was appointed Professor of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry and Director of the Institute established at Karlsruhe to study these subjects.
		Haber then undertook the work on the fixation of nitrogen from the air for which he was given the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1918 (awarded in 1919).
	www.fh.huji.ac.il /haber.html (1172 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Fritz Haber
		Haber was born in Breslau and studied from 1886-91 at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin and at the Technical School at Charlottenberg.
		Haber shortly thereafter oversaw trials with gas shells and soon recommended the use of such gas via manual release cylinders placed in the German front line, used to initial great effect during the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915 (which he personally directed).
		Immediately after the conclusion of the war Haber was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry (1918), a decision which met with significant opposition given his wartime activities but which was awarded for his pre-war work on the synthesisation of ammonia.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/haber.htm (347 words)

	Essays Page
		Haber also pioneered the first use of poisonous gas on the battlefield, a development he believed would hasten the end of World War I, but which only proved to entrench the deadlock, as the French retaliated with their own use of chemical warfare.
		Haber's wife, the chemist Clara Immerwahr (who married him in 1901 and bore a son, Hermann, in 1902), condemned what she considered to be a perversion of science toward destructive ends.
		Haber tried to salvage his country from the devastating effects of inflation in the wake of onerous reparations demanded in the Treaty of Versailles by sending expeditions to scour the ocean for gold, but his calculations proved extremely optimistic and the harvest was scant.
	www.fofweb.com /Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&iPin=azchem0052 (908 words)

	Fritz Haber
		Fritz came to love his stepmother and as an expression of his feeling gave her white lilacs every Christmastime.
		Haber invented a large scale catalytic synthesis of ammonia from elemental hydrogen and nitrogen gas reactants, which are abundant and inexpensive.
		Fritz Haber did not have any reason in mind when his research about ammonia and its exploitation ultimately had the ability both to sustain and destroy it.
	www.csupomona.edu /~ceemast/original/nova/haber.html (1043 words)

	Haber Process Ryan Canning Loreto Coleraine Equilibria Ammonia Fertiliser World War E Gas Warfar explosives ...
		Fritz Haber was the German scientist who developed an efficient way of producing ammonia from hydrogen and atmospheric nitrogen.
		Haber studied the decomposition and combustion of hydrocarbons in his own free time and in 1906 was appointed a Professor at Karlsruhe to study these subjects.
		Haber invented such things as the glass cathode used in electrolysis, the firedamp whistle used for the protection of miners and the quartz thread manometer used for recording low gas pressures.
	www.ifa.ukf.net /haber/haber.htm (1813 words)

	Fritz Haber - Resonance - September 2002
		Fritz was born on December 9, 1868 in the respected Haber family of Breslau, Germany (now Worclaw, Poland).
		In 1906 Haber was appointed professor and director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Karlsruhe.
		Haber left Karlsruhe in 1911 to become the director of the newly built Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Dahlem near Berlin (renamed Fritz Haber Institute after Haber's death).
	www.ias.ac.in /resonance/Sept2002/Sept2002ArticleInABox.htm (1355 words)

	Chemical & Engineering News: Books-Three Takes On Haber
		Haber also is known for developing a synthesis of nitric acid from ammonia that was useful for producing explosives, as well as for synthesizing a variety of insecticides.
		Haber, with his Prussian rectitude, baptism-of-convenience conversion from Judaism to Christianity, arch patriotism, and eager use of chemistry to promote the most abstract ideas in the worst possible way, was played convincingly at the Acorn by Aasif Mandvi.
		Haber faces his demons during the course of the film, and at one point he awkwardly ventures into a synagogue, presumably to make sure he has chosen the right path for his life.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/books/84/8406books.html (2701 words)

	Fritz Haber was a German chemist whose conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia opened the way for the synthetic ...
		Fritz Haber was a German chemist whose conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia opened the way for the synthetic fertilizer industry.
		GCSE Chemistry Ammonia Essay - Fritz Haber was a German chemist whose conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia
		Fritz Haber invented the process used all over the world to make ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.
	www.coursework.info /GCSE/Chemistry/Ammonia/Fritz_Haber_was_a_German_chemist_whose_conversion_of_atmospheric_L15266.html (376 words)

	NPR : Fritz Haber and the Nitrogen Cycle
		NPR : Fritz Haber and the Nitrogen Cycle
		Clara Haber -- a talented chemist herself -- had been unhappy for years with her life and her marriage; some friends of the Habers said later that she also was repelled by her husband's work on poison gas.
		In fact, Fritz Haber, for many, personified the parodox of science, with all its potential for good and for evil.
	www.npr.org /programs/morning/features/2002/jul/fritzhaber (960 words)

	LRB \| Steven Shapin : Tod aus Luft
		Haber was miffed that the advantage of being the first to use poison gas was not pressed home: if the German generals had been more serious about gas, he reckoned, the Allies could have been driven into the sea in quick order.
		Haber had no qualms about the use of gas, despite its prohibition by the Brussels Declaration of 1874 and subsequent bans by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907.
		Einstein respected Haber as a scientist and was grateful for Haber’s support as his first marriage was disintegrating, but he was astounded at Haber’s unquestioning embrace of German nationalism and militarism.
	www.lrb.co.uk /v28/n02/shap01_.html (2813 words)

	Fritz Haber
		Haber's critique of peoples and their progress did not begin and end with the democratic spirit and the pioneering tradition.
		Fritz Haber's absorption in war work was in line with his maxim, "A scientist belongs to his country in times of war and to all mankind in times of peace." Indeed, he belonged so much to his country that Germany's defeat was a deep spiritual and physical blow for him.
		Fritz Haber's experience was one of the first in the struggle between governments and a free science.
	www.soils.wisc.edu /~barak/soilscience326/haber_amsci.htm (2290 words)

	Free Essay Fritz Haber, His Studies of Chemistry, and Biographical Info
		Haber was born on December 9, 1868 in Prussia.
		In 1911, Haber was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin.
		With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Haber was in charge of forming a center for cross-disciplinary research in chemistry and physics and as such, he immediately placed himself and his laboratory at the service of the German government.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=26455 (1687 words)

	Fritz Haber: The politics of science
		In 1905 Fritz Haber had first demonstrated the process by which nitrogen and hydrogen could be combined at elevated temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst which was a mixture of iron and iron oxide.
		Fritz Haber was instrumental in developing chemical weapons for Germany as director of the Institute for Physical and Electrochemistry at Berlin-Dahlem.
		At the conclusion of the war Fritz Haber was awarded the Nobel prize in Chemistry for his work in the development of a practical process for the production of ammonia.
	www.sasked.gov.sk.ca /docs/chemistry/mission2mars/contents/chapter3/fritzhaber.htm (1490 words)

	Haber
		The history of Fritz Haber is a symbol of the tragedy of the Jewish scientist, suffering from the conflict between his Jewishness and his German patriotism.
		Haber and Bosch were awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1918 “for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements”.
		Haber accepted the invitation but unfortunately, on his way to the Institute he suffered a heart attack and died in Basle in January l934.
	www.weizmann.ac.il /WIS-library/haber.htm (1416 words)

	Amazon.com: Fritz Haber - Chemiker Nobelpreistrager Deutscher Jude: Books: D Stoltzenberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		Fritz Haber was one of the most important, and now almost unknown, scientists of the early 20th Century - and one of the most ambivalent of all German Jews.
		Apologists for Haber's close friend, Albert Einstein, have excused his work on the atomic bomb on the grounds that he was really an abstract scientist, who didn't understand what he was doing, and that anyway he was a pacifist who acted only because of the Holocaust.
		Haber was never a solitary genius, but a hands-on and hugely effective team leader, who could organize and inspire outstanding work in the most difficult circumstances.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/3527295739?v=glance (974 words)

	A Moment In Time with Dan Roberts
		Haber’s wife committed suicide shortly thereafter it is said, partly in revulsion over her husband’s complicity in the wartime carnage.
		Haber’s greatest contribution was in creating the synthetic nitrogen that has transformed agriculture and made it possible to support a much larger world population.
		Haber’s brilliant contribution cannot be denied and the results have been very positive, but also decidedly negative.
	www.amomentintime.com /transcript.asp?AMIT_ID=2740 (370 words)

	AllRefer.com - Fritz Haber (Chemistry, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		He was a professor of physical chemistry at Karlsruhe and became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute at Dahlem in 1911.
		During World War I he directed Germany's chemical warfare activities, which included the introduction of poison gas; following the Nazi rise to power in 1933, however, he resigned his posts and went into exile in England.
		Haber won the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the Haber process for synthesizing ammonia from its elements.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/Haber-Fr.html (196 words)

	The laureate who scarred a generation / Scientific progress, chemical warfare are the legacy of Fritz Haber
		Haber, a young professor at the Technical University of Karlsruhe, broke apart tightly bonded molecules of nitrogen gas, "fixing" the nitrogen in a trickle of ammonia.
		Haber instinctively grasped the possibilities of the modern age.
		Haber did not foresee that gas would add to the war's misery without tipping the balance; nor did he grasp its potential use as a civilian weapon of mass destruction.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/08/07/RVGOEE2FR11.DTL&type=printable (798 words)

	Haber, Fritz articles on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		Fritz Haber Master Mind: The dramatic life of the Father of Chemical Warfare
		Haber, Fritz HABER, FRITZ [Haber, Fritz], 1868-1934, German chemist.
		Haber process HABER PROCESS [Haber process], commercial process for the synthesis of ammonia, NH 3.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/05539.html (169 words)

	Haber photo gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		In 1891, at the age of 22, Fritz Haber graduated from Berlin's university.
		When she married Haber and joined him in Karlsruhe, where he'd obtained an teaching job, she was forced by circumstances to abandon her scientific passions.
		Fritz Haber's successful synthesis of ammonia in 1909, capturing nitrogen from the air, brought him fame and wealth.
	www.danielcharles.us /haberphotos.html (316 words)

	Fritz Haber (1868-1934) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		Fritz Haber was born in Bresla, in December 9th 1868, and died in Basle, Switzerland, in January 29th, 1934.
		The research work made by Haber (1905-1911) on the equilibrium between nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia established the exact temperature and pressure, as well as the catalyst, that optimized the ammonia formation.
		Haber also worked on the thermodynamics of gaseous reactions, the electrochemistry (especially the electrolytic reduction of nitrobenzene), the composition of flames and explosions of gas, etc.
	nautilus.fis.uc.pt /st2.5/scenes-e/biog/b0045.html (218 words)

	Master Mind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare by Daniel ...
		Fritz Haber was born into a large and tightly knit Jewish clan.
		Fritz was the couple's first child, arriving on December 9, 1868.
		Fritz composed the verses and taught them to his sisters, who presented them while dressed in costume.
	www.harpercollins.com /global_scripts/product_catalog/book_xml.asp?isbn=0060562722&tc=cx (1056 words)

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