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Topic: Fritz Strassman

	Fritz Strassmann - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fritz (Friedrich Wilhelm) Strassman (February 22, 1902 - April 22, 1980) was a German chemist who, along with Otto Hahn, discovered the nuclear fission of uranium in 1938.
		Born in Boppard, he began his chemistry studies in 1920 at the Technical University of Hannover and earned his Ph.D. in 1929.
		Fritz Strassmann: "Über die Löslichkeit von Jod in gasförmiger Kohlensäure", Zeitschrift f.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fritz_Strassman (359 words)

	Fritz Strassmann
		Fritz Strassman was born in Boppard, Germany, on 22nd February, 1902.
		She moved to Sweden and in 1939 wrote a paper on nuclear fission with her nephew, Otto Frisch, where they argued that by splitting the atom it was possible to use a few pounds of uranium to create the explosive and destructive power of many thousands of pounds of dynamite.
		During the Second World War Strassman and Otto Hahn continued to work in the field of nuclear physics but they made no attempt to turn their knowledge into a military weapon.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWstrassmann.htm (244 words)

	Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann
		In 1938 Otto Hahn (1879–1968), Lise Meitner (1878–1968), and Fritz Strassmann (1902–1980) were the first to recognize that the uranium atom, when bombarded by neutrons, actually split.
		In 1912 their research group was relocated to the new Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft, where Fritz Haber was head of the physical chemistry institute, Hahn was head of the radioactivity institute, and from 1918 Meitner was head of the radioactivity institute's physics department.
		Meitner, Hahn, and another chemist, Fritz Strassmann, who had worked with the partners since 1929, were deeply involved in identifying the products of neutron bombardment of uranium and their decay patterns.
	www.chemheritage.org /classroom/chemach/atomic/hahn-meitner.html (659 words)

	Fritz Strassmann
		Strassman studied physics at the Technical University at Hannover...
		Fritz (born Feb. 22, 1902, Boppard, Ger.-died April 22, 1980, Mainz, W.Ger.) German physical chemist...
		Fritz (1902-1980) chemist · Laue, Max, von (1879-1960) physicist · Heuss, Theodor (1884-1963) politician...
	www.netactics.co.uk /fritz_strassmann.html (351 words)

	Fritz Strassman
		Strassman was born in Boppard, Germany, on 22nd February, 1902.
		Strassman at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin.
		Strassman, who first found that they could split the radioactive Uranium-235 atom by bombarding it with...
	www.netactics.co.uk /fritz_strassman.html (345 words)

	Chemistry -The Conquistador of the Actinides: The Conquered Lands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Hahn and Strassman were irradiating samples of uranium with neutrons.
		Hahn and Strassman were surprised to find isotopes of barium and other lighter elements in the sample after neutron irradiation.
		In 1940, Edwin M. McMillian and Philip Abelson were attempting to replicate Hahn and Strassman's results in Berkeley's cyclotron, in an effort to understand the fission process.
	www.cas.usf.edu /chemistry/faculty/jpalmer/jack/conquered.html (1628 words)

	An unexpected contribution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A team of German scientists directed by the accomplished physicists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman appeared to be well ahead of peers in other countries in theoretical research into nuclear energy.
		In 1938 Hahn and Strassman had split the atom when they bombarded uranium with neutrons.
		Familiar with the work of Hahn and Strassman, he was quick to recognize the importance of their discovery.
	aia.lackland.af.mil /aia/homepages/pa/Spokesman/Mar06/atc11.cfm (1561 words)

	Nuclear Fission
		In these processes a small amount of mass is converted to enormous amounts of energy according to the relationship E = mc2, where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light.
		Hahn and Strassman’s experiment wass supposed to be a repetition on Enrico Fermi’s earlier experiment which produced Neptunium-239 after the bombardment of Uranium-238.
		To their dismay, Hahn and Strassman produced barium in their experiment which was unjustly ruled as an impurity.
	www.radessays.com /viewpaper/78253/Nuclear_Fission.html (243 words)

	[No title]
		Prior to World War II, she had a long and fruitful collaboration with the chemist Otto Hahn, but she was forced to flee Nazi Germany in 1938.
		Shortly after her exile, Hahn and his colleague Fritz Strassman, using equipment built by Meitner and with her continuing guidance, discovered that the uranium nucleus can split into two much lighter nuclei.
		Hahn and Strassman were awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery of fission, but many historians believe Meitner should have shared the honor.
	www.colorado.edu /physics/TZD/NewBiosFigsTabs/MeitnerBio.doc (260 words)

	BookRags: Nuclear Fission Summary
		In their research, Hahn and Strassman found evidence for the formation of elements with atomic numbers lower than that of uranium, in particular, of actinium and radium.
		On January 6, 1939, Hahn and Strassman published a report of their findings, along with the results obtained by Joliot-Curie and Savitch.
		Countless theoretical and technical problems had to be solved before the discovery by Hahn and Strassman could become a reality.
	www.bookrags.com /sciences/sciencehistory/nuclear-fission-wsd.html (1121 words)

	History - Fission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In 1935, Lise Meitner, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman began work to sort out all of the substances into which the heaviest of natural elements transmuted under neutron bombardment.
		Not long after, Hahn and Strassman (Lise Meitner had by now fled to Stockholm after her Jewish origins came under question after the Nazis marched into Austria) succeeded in identifying no fewer than 16 different radioactive substances with varying half-lifes.
		Hahn and Strassman continued with further refinements and again cabled Meitner: "Our radium proofs convince us that as chemists we must come to the conclusion that the three carefully-studied isotopes are not radium, but, in fact, barium."
	www.childrenofthemanhattanproject.org /HISTORY/H-02e.htm (894 words)

	Enrico Fermi-Early Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Fermi was not certain of what he had discovered, he didn't know that he was on the verge of changing the history of mankind...
		Later, in 1938, three German scientists - Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassman, repeated Fermi's experiment and discovered that the uranium atom had been split into barium, krypton and other smaller amounts or other disentegration products.
		It was Meitner who analyzed that nuclear fission was accompanied by the release of large amounts of energy that is equal to the products of the speed of light and the mass of the uranium, or E=mc
	www.upd.edu.ph /~ismed/agham/archive/6th/extras/aileene2/aileene.htm (550 words)

	Military.com Content (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		While Fermi had "discovered" fission, two scientists in Nazi Germany first understood the process as fission in1938.
		That year near Christmas, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman found that the nuclei of most elements changed during neutron bombardment.
		Identifying the results as unique elements from the original substance, the two Germans are credited with the discovery of the fission process.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent1/?file=cw_nuclear_primer (960 words)

	Memo Example
		Although Otto Hahn received the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery, several people assert that Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassman should have also received credit.
		Hahn performed experiments with another chemist Fritz Strassman, while Meitner collaborated on the theoretical aspects with her nephew, Otto Frisch.
		According to Strassman, "she urgently requested that [the] experiments be scrutinized very carefully and intensively one more time...Fortunately, L. Meitner's opinion and judgment carried so much weight that the necessary control experiments were immediately undertaken." According to the author, these experiments "led directly to the discovery of nuclear fission."
	www.writing.eng.vt.edu /workbooks/samplememo.html (866 words)

	People and Discoveries \| Radiation Protection Program \| US EPA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Otto Hahn, 1879-1968 was born in Germany and studied chemistry.
		His research with other scientists, including Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassman, led to the discovery of nuclear fission.
		By February 1896, the use of X-rays had spread rapidly and most major cities had at least one X-ray facility.
	epa.gov /radiation/students/people.html (423 words)

	BookRags: Atomic Bomb Summary
		In 1938, Otto Hahn (1879-1968) and Fritz Strassman showed that the products of Fermi's reaction were nuclei from the middle of the periodic table.
		The significance of these findings was made clear by Lise Meitner (1878-1968) and Otto Frisch (1904-1979), who demonstrated that the uranium nuclei in Fermi's experiment had actually been fissioned by neutrons.
		In the case of nuclear fission, a neutron causes a large nucleus, like that of uranium, to break apart into two roughly equal pieces, the products identified by Hahn and Strassman.
	www.bookrags.com /sciences/sciencehistory/atomic-bomb-woi.html (982 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon
		In 1938, less than a year before the outbreak of World War II, just such an atom was found, uranium.
		Working at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, the nuclear chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman found that when bombarded with neutrons, uranium split into two nuclei of roughly half the size.
		Not only that, but further calculations showed that a large amount of energy was also released - enough from a single nucleus to move a grain of sand.
	www.bbc.co.uk /sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/einstein_equation_prog_summary.shtml (1510 words)

	The Scientific History of the Atomic Bomb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		After Fermi's experiments, scientists try to identify the products of the neutron bombardment of uranium but can not.
		Hahn and Fritz Strassman finally show that two of the products are Barium-139 and Lanthanum-140.
		They suspect that the uranium atom has been split, but are reluctant to propose such a radical idea.
	www.hibbing.tec.mn.us /programs/dept/chem/abomb/page_id_10703.html (51 words)

	Tri-State Generation and Transmission - Kids' Korner
		Not until the early 1930's did scientists discover that the atom is made up of proton and neutron particles.
		Years later in 1938, two German scientists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman and physicist Lise Meitner of Austria, discovered that they could split the nucleus of a uranium atom by bombarding it with neutrons, this is called fission.
		As the uranium nucleus split, some of its mass was converted to heat energy.
	tristate.apogee.net /kids/lnf_ifrm.aspx (346 words)

	Oppenheimer - A Life
		In 1936, the Spanish Civil War broke out after a failed coup by Franco's Nationalists, backed by Hitler and Mussolini.
		In 1938, Germans Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman released findings proving that Fermi had actually witnessed the bursting of the uranium nucleus and produced atomic fission.
		Immediately, Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch described the mechanism for fission and indicated that large amounts of energy were given off in the process.
	ohst.berkeley.edu /oppenheimer/exhibit/text/ch2page2.html (788 words)

	Appendix A: History of the Administration of United States Nuclear Weapons Programs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The nuclear weapons program of the United States began with an August 1939 letter from Albert Einstein to President Franklin D. Roosevelt informing him of the recent research on nuclear chain reactions in uranium.
		Two German physicists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, had discovered the process of fission in December 1938.
		After Einstein alerted him to the possibility of harnessing this phenomenon to produce extremely powerful bombs, Roosevelt established a joint Army-Navy committee to further study this question.
	legacystory.apps.em.doe.gov /text/link/link7.htm (773 words)

	DR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The roles of chemists in producing materials for these weapons as well as in the design of the weapons themselves will be described.
		These chemists include Otto Han and Fritz Strassman, Glenn Seaborg and Arthur Wahl, Clarence Larson, Raymond Grills, George Kistiakowsky, and Frank Spedding.
		Many of the references used in this presentation are found in the Alsos Digital Library (http://alsos.wlu.edu).
	membership.acs.org /V/VA/2004/oct04/speaker.htm (405 words)

	Pre-1940's (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Herman Blumgart, a Boston physician, first uses radioactive tracers to diagnose heart disease.
		Two German scientists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, demonstrate nuclear fission.
		Albert Einstein sends a letter to President Roosevelt informing him of German atomic research and the potential for a bomb.
	web.em.doe.gov /timeline/pre40s.html (135 words)

	Fission
		In 1939 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, experimenting with neutrons and a pure sample of uranium, found small traces of the element barium in the sample.
		Hahn and Strassman were chemists, and in the tradition of Marie Curie would not have been surprised to discover new elements produced by radioactivity (like thorium).
		But the elements usually found in this way have high atomic numbers, close to that of uranium.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /physics/sobel/Nucphys/fiss.html (968 words)

	chap4.htm - Restoration of Rotation.
		With neutralisation, the released proton returned to a single magnetic Hydrogen atom that combines with the available matter.
		In 1938, Otto Harn and Fritz Strassman attempted to make heavier than Uranium atoms by an accretion process, bombarding
		In a strange twist of fate, Uranium liberated isotopes of Barium and Zirconium.
	home.iprimus.com.au /longhair1/chap4.htm (5468 words)

	Timeline - The Race to Build the Atomic Bomb
		The patent described the concept of using neutron induced chain reactions to create explosions.
		Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassman and Lise Meitner produce Uranium nuclear fission at Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm Institute.
		Albert Einstein's first letter to President Franklin Roosevelt.
	www.cccoe.k12.ca.us /abomb/timeline.htm (555 words)

	Nuclear Reactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Definition: The process whereby a large nucleus is induced to break into smaller nucleuses by bombarding the nucleus with a neutron.
		Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassman and Lise Meitner are the first scientists to successfully cause uranium to artificially breakdown.
		Enrico Fermi creates first sustained nuclear pile in Chicago (1942)
	www.delsea.k12.nj.us /Academic/Classes/HighSchool/Science/Physics/FirstYear/Units/Unit10/Notes/NuclearReactions.html (127 words)

	Fritz Strassman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Proof of the Formation of Active Isotopes of Barium from Uranium and Thorium Irradiated with Neutrons; Proof of the Existence of More Active Fragments Produced by Uranium Fission by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann (Berlin-Dahlem)
		Home >Libraries > Cooke >Chemistry > Ghosts of Chemistry Past > Strassman
		Created by the Websters at the Punahou Educational Technology Center.
	www.punahou.edu /libraries/cooke/strassman.html (127 words)

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