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	Fritz Zwicky - Biography
		Fritz Zwicky (1898-1974), whose 100'th birthday would have been celebrated in 1998, is considered both as one of the most brilliant astrophysisist as well as one of the most unusual personalities in the 20'th century.
		Zwicky has been brought to Caltech in 1925 by Millikan Millikan, (1868-1953) who got in 1923 the nobel prize for his work on the electric elementary charge with the (Millikan oil experiment) expected from Zwicky first rank theoretical research in the topic of quantum mechanics of atoms and metals.
		Zwicky was proud of having contributed essentially to the 1957 shot of the first human bullet into space, an object manufactured on earth which should leave the gravity of earth for ever.
	scienzapertutti.lnf.infn.it /biografie/zwicky-bio.html (2554 words)

	Fritz Zwicky
		The Swiss citizen Zwicky was born the 14'th of February 1898 in Varna in Bulgary and grew up in Mollis im a Swiss village in the Canton of Glarus.
		Zwicki's study years at the ETH in Zürich are characterized by an admiration for genius teachers.
		Fritz Zwicky mentioned in the year 1933, that rich galaxies have 10 to 100 times the visible mass in order that they can be hold together.
	www.dynamical-systems.org /zwicky/Zwicky-e.html (3216 words)

	About Fritz Zwicky
		Zwicky was born in Varna, Bulgaria, in 1898, the son of a Swiss merchant.
		Zwicky and Walter Baade were the driving forces behind acquiring and installing the first Schmidt telescope to be used in a mountain-top observatory -- the famous 18-inch Palomar Schmidt -- in 1935.
		Zwicky developed his "morphological approach" -- or general morphological analysis -- as a method for structuring and investigating the total set of relationships contained in multi-dimensional, usually non-quantifiable, problem complexes (see General Morphological Analysis).
	www.swemorph.com /zwicky.html (1023 words)

	International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Fritz Zwicky was born on February 14, 1898 in Varna, Bulgaria.
		Zwicky received a doctorate in physics in 1922 from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Z?rich, and served on the faculty of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, from 1925 to 1972.
		Fritz Zwicky is also known for his study of jet propulsion, cosmic rays, crystals, and slow electrons and ions in gases.
	www.nmspacemuseum.org /halloffame/detail.php?id=35 (265 words)

	Chandra X-ray Observatory: AXAF Naming Contest
		Fritz Zwicky (1898-1974) was one of the greatest modern astronomers, and a true visionary.
		Zwicky inferred that there must be more to galaxies than meets the eye--invisible mass, or "dark matter," as he called it in a 1933 paper.
		If named for Fritz Zwicky, the AXAF would honor a pioneer in the centennial year of his birth, a brilliant and original (if sometimes contentious) thinker whose accomplishment certainly touch on some aspects of the AXAF's mission.
	chandra.harvard.edu /contest/zwicess.html (564 words)

	Fritz Zwicky - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fritz Zwicky (February 14, 1898 – February 8, 1974) was an American-based Swiss astronomer.
		Zwicky had a reputation of being simultaneously brilliant and difficult to work with.
		Zwicky was married to Anna Margaritha and had three daughters, Margrit, Franziska, and Barbarina.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fritz_Zwicky (976 words)

	Zwicky, Fritz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He made spectroscopic studies of the Virgo and Coma Berenices clusters and calculated that the distribution of galaxies in the Coma Berenices cluster was statistically similar to the distribution of molecules in a gas when its temperature is at equilibrium.
		Zwicky was born in Varna, Bulgaria, but his parents were Swiss and he retained his Swiss nationality throughout his life.
		Zwicky was among the first to suggest that there is a relationship between supernovae and neutron stars.
	cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/Z/Zwicky/1.html (191 words)

	Fritz Zwicky \| THG Lexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Zwicky lieferte als Wegbereiter neuer astronomischer Ideen wichtige Erkenntnisse zu extragalaktischen Sternsystemen.
		Zwicky schlug vor, Supernova-Explosionen als Standardkerzen zur Entfernungsmessung zu verwenden.
		Fritz Zwicky schlug ebenfalls vor, die Rotverschiebung der Galaxien als eine Ermüdungserscheinung des Lichts zu erklären.
	www.tomshardware.de /lexikon/Fritz_Zwicky (320 words)

	FRITZ ZWICKY - CARD SIGNED
		Fritz Zwicky (1898-1974) was an eccentric Swiss-American astronomer who was Professor of Astronomy at Caltech.
		Zwicky was the first to consider gravitational lensing by extragalactic objects.
		Zwicky had a difficult personality and was known to accost unfamiliar students in the astronomy building at Caltech with the interrogation "Who the hell are you?".
	www.galleryofhistory.com /archive/12_2003/scientists/FRITZ_ZWICKY.htm (159 words)

	Galaxy Clusters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		While Oort was carrying out his observations of stellar motions, Fritz Zwicky of Caltech discovered the presence of dark matter on a much larger scale through his studies of galactic clusters.
		Zwicky found nearly 10 times as much mass as observed in the form of visible light was needed to keep the individual galaxies within the cluster gravitationally bound.
		It was clear to Zwicky, as it had been to Oort, that a large sum of mass was extant which was simply not visible.
	aether.lbl.gov /www/science/galcluster.html (280 words)

	Zwicky Fritz: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Decades before the observational discovery of neutron stars, Zwicky suggested that the Crab Nebula in Taurus originated in a supernova.
		Fritz Lang was sympathetic to Oberths and Leys...
		With Fritz Zwicky and Rudolf Minkowski he distinguished two types of supernova based on their spectra and on their maximum absolute...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/zwicky-fritz.jsp?l=Z&p=1 (586 words)

	Dark Matter
		In 1933, the astronomer Fritz Zwicky was studying the motions of distant galaxies.
		Zwicky estimated the total mass of a group of galaxies by measuring their brightness.
		Fritz Zwicky used both methods described here to determine the mass of the Coma cluster of galaxies over half a century ago.
	www.eclipse.net /~cmmiller/DM (3889 words)

	General Morphological Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		General Morphological analysis was developed by Fritz Zwicky - the Swiss-American astrophysicist and aerospace scientist based at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) - as a method for structuring and investigating the total set of relationships contained in multi-dimensional, non-quantifiable, problem complexes (Zwicky 1966, 1969).
		Zwicky applied this method to such diverse fields as the classification of astrophysical objects, the development of jet and rocket propulsion systems, and the legal aspects of space travel and colonization.
		Zwicky calls MA "totality research" which, in an "unbiased way attempts to derive all the solutions of any given problem".
	www.swemorph.com /ma.html (3769 words)

	Fritz Zwicky's Extraordinary Vision
		Zwicky reasoned that the violent collapse and explosion of a massive star would leave a dense ball of neutrons, formed by the crushing together of protons and electrons.
		Zwicky predicted that massive galaxies would similarly distort the light rays from background objects and that the distortion could be used to “weigh” the lensing galaxies.
		Zwicky had an enormous facility to produce radical new ideas, some of which proved to be correct, but a lot of us wish he had not been so rough in the process.” Greenstein recalled the feud between Zwicky and Walter Baade that blew up during World War II.
	www.amnh.org /education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/cosmic/p_zwicky.html (1502 words)

	Page Title
		Zwicky had the reputation of being a brilliant scientist but given to much wild speculation, some of which turned out to be correct.
		A paper published by Zwicky and Baade in 1934 proposed that neutron stars would be formed in stellar collapse and that 10% of the mass would be lost in the process (Phys.
		This was just what Zwicky required to calculate that if a star could be made to implode until it reached the density of the atomic nucleus, it might transform into a gas of neutrons, reduce its radius to a shrunken core, and, in the process, lose about 10 % of its mass.
	www.urantiabook.org /archive/newsletters/innerface/vol3_2/page12.html (550 words)

	Fritz Zwicky
		Fritz Zwicky (1898-1974), dessen hundertster Geburtstag 1998 gefeiert wurde, gilt sowohl als einer der brillantesten Astrophysiker als auch als eine der ungewöhnlichsten Persönlichkeiten in diesem Jahrhundert.
		Zwicky's Studienjahre an der ETH in Zürich sind durch eine Schwäche für geniale Lehrer geprägt.
		Zwicky hatte Vorlesungen bei hervorragenden Mathematikern wie Weyl, Grossmann, Polya oder Hurwitz.
	www.dynamical-systems.org /zwicky/Zwicky.html (3005 words)

	PROJECT 1947: Green Fireball Chronology - Joel Carpenter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Zwicky points out that these weapons can accelerate particles to speeds of 8 km/sec or more -- orbital speeds or above -- and when launched to extreme altitudes on a large rocket, they may be usable as a tool to simulate meteor dynamics in the upper atmosphere.
		Zwicky has recruited many professional and amateur astronomers and meteor observers to help track the flight of the missile; they are positioned at sites all over New Mexico and into Arizona.
		Zwicky is determined to pursue the experiments and has ambitious plans to launch similar shaped-charge artificial meteors from multistage rockets, balloons, artillery pieces, and aircraft.
	www.project1947.com /gfb/gfbchron.html (4403 words)

	Zwicky Catalog of Galaxy Clusters
		Zwicky identified clusters in 560 of the POSS fields.
		To determine cluster diameters, Zwicky drew isopleths at the level where the cluster density was twice that of the background density of galaxies.
		Zwicky's identification scheme suffered from the problem that a cluster spanning several fields would have several identifications, one for each field.
	www.willbell.com /software/hypersky/cgcg.htm (795 words)

	Zwicky (crater) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zwicky is a lunacrater that is located on the far side of the Moon.
		It lies to the west of the Aitken crater, and is attached to the western rim of Vertregt crater.
		Attached to the northern end of Zwicky is the Heaviside crater.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zwicky_(crater) (228 words)

	Discovery Channel :: News :: Hubble Detects Youngest Galaxy
		The galaxy, called I Zwicky 18, may be as young as 500 million years old, a toddler of a galaxy created as complex life was just springing up on Earth, according to a press release from the Space Telescope Science Institute.
		I Zwicky 18 was photographed in the 1930s as part of a northern sky census undertaken by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky.
		"I Zwicky 18 is a bona fide young galaxy," said Trinh Thuan, professor of astronomy at the University of Virginia, who co-authored the study with Yuri Izotov from the Kiev Observatory.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/briefs/20041206/hubble.html (510 words)

	DIGIDAY: Star Date (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Decades later, Zwicky became the first person to throw something away from Earth -- a metal ball bearing blasted from the nose cone of a rocket.
		Zwicky was born 100 years ago today in Bulgaria, the son of Swiss parents.
		Zwicky and a colleague also realized that a supernova should leave behind a crushed corpse, called a neutron star.
	www.visionx.com /dd/main/star19980214.htm (320 words)

	Fritz Zwicky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Zwicky y Walter Baade fueron los primeros en procurar la instalación de de un telescopio Schmidt para ser usado en un observatorio de alta montaña, el famoso Schmidt de 18 pulgadas del Monte Palomar en 1935.
		Zwicky fotografió cientos y cientos de galaxias descubriendo la tendencia de las galaxias a formar cúmulos abriendo un nuevo capítulo en la historia de la astronomía.
		En 1937 Zwicky propuso que los cúmulos de galaxias podrían actuar como lentes gravitaciones.
	geocities.com /acarvajaltt/biografias/frit_zwicky.htm (329 words)

	Galaxy Cluster Abell 0272
		Zwicky 0152+33 is one of three galaxy clusters discovered in 1968 by Fritz Zwicky to be made up mostly of compact elliptical galaxies.
		Zwicky estimated that there were 144 galaxies making up Abell 0272.
		In 1972 Wallace Sargent of Hale Observatory made a detailed study of the dynamics of this cluster based on his red shift data for 16 of the brightest galaxies (all dimmer than 17th magnitude) that seem to make up a chain or central 'spine' of the cluster.
	www.kopernik.org /images/archive/ab0272.htm (246 words)

	Chandra :: Chronicles :: Type-Casting Supernovas :: October 30, 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Zwicky was a brilliant, unconventional and controversial astronomer who made many friends and enemies.
		Undaunted, Zwicky acquired funds to build an 18-inch telescope on Palomar Mountain, which he used to discover dozens of supernovas.
		In 1941, Rudolph Minkowski, another one of Zwicky's Caltech colleagues, showed that supernovas could be divided into two types based on their optical properties.
	chandra.harvard.edu /chronicle/0406/type/index.html (804 words)

	AstroNotes - Mar 1999 - A Fritz Zwicky/Dark Matter Primer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Predicted in 1937 that dark matter could be investigated by observing galaxies that acted as gravitational lenses, something that came to pass only in the 1990s.
		Among the above stellar accomplishments and predictions, he was also known to have several other less-than-spectacular ideas, such as jet planes burrowing through the ground and using the Palomar telescope to photograph bullets shot out of the Palomar dome.
		The neutrino as a dark matter candidate has some problems, however, such as simulations showing neutrinos doing lousy jobs when involved in forming galaxies and clusters.
	ottawa.rasc.ca /astronotes/1999/an9903p7.html (459 words)

	4-2
		efore most cosmologists were even thinking about the question, the Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky was studying the motions of individual galaxies in the large Coma Cluster.
		Zwicky concluded that there must be ten times more matter in the cluster than we can see.
		And because most of the material in the universe seems to be collected into groups and clusters of galaxies, his finding implied that the universe might contain ten times as much matter as well.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/hawking/programs/html/prog-content_4-2.html (450 words)

	CanMor: Progress through Systematic Innovation
		One of the most brilliant astronomers of all time was Fritz Zwicky (1898-1974).
		Zwicky was fond of standing up in seminars to remind the speaker that Zwicky had solved the particular question many years before.
		One time Zwicky had the night assistant at the 200- inch fire a bullet out the dome slit in the direction the telescope was pointing to see if that improved the seeing.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/canmor/stat01.htm (435 words)

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