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Topic: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique

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RENAMO

FRELIMO

Mozambican Liberation Front

History of Mozambique

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1992

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	Mozambique - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Republic of Mozambique, or Mozambique, is a country in Southern Africa, bordering South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
		In Mozambique, the military decision to withdraw occurred within the context of a decade of armed anti-colonial struggle, initially led by American-educated Eduardo Mondlane, who was assassinated in 1969.
		Mozambique's decision to enforce UN sanctions against Rhodesia and deny that country access to the sea led Ian Smith's regime to undertake overt and covert actions to destabilize the country.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mozambique (3222 words)

	History of Mozambique - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When Vasco da Gama, exploring for Portugal, reached the coast of Mozambique in 1498, Arab trading settlements had existed along the coast and outlying islands for several centuries, and political control of the coast was in the hands of a string of local sultans.
		'Mozambique' first described a small coral island at the mouth of Mossuril Bay, then the fort and town on that island, São Sebastião de Moçambique, and later extended to the whole of the Portuguese colonies on the east coast of Africa.
		Mozambique held elections in 1994, which were accepted by most parties as free and fair while still contested by many nationals and observers alike.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Mozambique (1513 words)

	IWDA -- Brief History of Mozambique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		When Mozambique celebrated its independence from Portugal on 25 June, 1975, the new president declared his government's commitment to ending hunger, providing hospitals, and boosting the economy.
		However, the efforts of the Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frelimo) were hampered by Mozambique's bitter legacy of colonialism and the hostility of neighbouring nations.
		Mozambique embarked on an ambitious project of redistributing wealth to the poor, extending health and education services, and rapid growth and development.
	www.iwda.org.au /work/mozambique/mozambique_history.htm (872 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Africa
		Mozambique's principled decision to enforce UN sanctions against Southern Rhodesia and deny that country access to the sea, led Ian Smith's regime to undertake overt and covert actions to destabilize the country.
		Mozambique is a member of the Non- Aligned Movement and ranks among the moderate members of the African Bloc in the United Nations and other international organizations.
		Mozambique also belongs to the Organization of African Unity and the Southern African Development Community, which is increasingly assuming a political, as well as economic role.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/af/mozambique9607.html (3660 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Africa / Guebuza Takes Helm in Mozambique, to Fight Poverty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Guebuza, from the ruling Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frelimo), took the oath of office in Maputo's Independence Square to loud cheers from some 50,000 supporters and applause from neighboring African political leaders.
		The 61-year-old millionaire is Mozambique's third president since independence from Portugal in 1975 after Chissano and founding president and liberation hero Samora Machel, who died in suspicious circumstances in a plane crash in 1986.
		Mozambique's highest court and international observers both noted "irregularities" in the voting, but said they were insufficient to change the outcome of the election.
	www.boston.com /news/world/africa/articles/2005/02/02/guebuza_takes_helm_in_mozambique_to_fight_poverty?mode=PF (630 words)

	Mozambique history :
		Mozambique came under the control of Portugal beginning in the 16th century.
		Portugal kept Mozambique closely tied to it economically but in the 1950s, Portuguese rule began to be protested by the native peoples.
		This article is mainly a description of the civil war and its effects on population and the Mozambique’s economy in the late 80s.
	www.eco.utexas.edu /~hmcleave/357Lsum_s4_NYT012588_Rule.html (491 words)

	Mozambique
		Mozambique was governed by Portugal from the early 1500's until 1975 when it became independent after a ten year struggle against Portuguese rule.
		Mozambique is now controlled by Frelimo (the front for the liberation of Mozambique) the nations only political party.
		Mozambiques highest governmental power lies with the parties central committee which is made up of fifteen members appointed by Frelimo.
	www.studyworld.com /basementpapers/papers/stack21_17.html (581 words)

	1993 Human Rights Report: MOZAMBIQUE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Although RENAMO agreed that Mozambique would continue to be governed by the Chissano Government until multiparty elections were held, RENAMO continued to assert the right to control certain areas they claimed to have occupied prior to the signing of the Rome Accord.
		For example, TV Mozambique aired a story in which the President's late brother was accused of suspect real estate dealings involving land of a psychiatric hospital.
		In 1992 Mozambique's first privately owned daily news bulletin, Mediafax, began publication, and in 1993 Mediacoop, Mediafax's parent cooperative, planned to begin publication of a weekly news journal, Savana, but complained that publication was being delayed by government interference and the levy of excessive taxes.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /erc/democracy/1993_hrp_report/93hrp_report_africa/Mozambique.html (6051 words)

	The Men Behind the Mozambique Independence Movement
		These are the "militants" of Mozambique, the men who directed the guerrilla war to free the massive southeast African country from 500 years of Portuguese domination and who are now stepping in to form the new government.
		Although known world-wide as an effective military organization, Frelimo (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) is not yet widely recognized as an efficient political organization.
		His activism in the liberation struggle goes back the furthest of all those in the current Frelimo hierarchy, beginning when he was elected Secretary-General of the Conference of Nationalist Organizations in the Portuguese Colonies in 1961.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF001975/Wright/Wright02/Wright02.html (2692 words)

	Human Rights Watch World Report 2001: Mozambique: Human Rights Developments
		Despite the floods, Mozambique was ranked as among the world's fastest-growing economies during the year.
		Mozambique continued to play a leadership role in supporting the international ban on landmines and served as co-chair of the Standing Committee of Experts on Mine Clearance.
		Mozambique introduced U.N. General Assembly Resolution 54/45B, which was adopted in December 1999.
	www.hrw.org /wr2k1/africa/mozambique.html (722 words)

	Mozambique: mission profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Mozambique is a nation in Southeast Africa with a 1,500-mile coastline on the Indian Ocean.
		Although the fighting has ended, land mines continue to be a problem and the church is committed to the eradication of mines and to a prostheses program which is being utilized in providing limbs to the amputees and victims of exploding mines.
		Partnering the Mozambique area of the U.M.C. are the Mission Boards of the United Methodist Churches in Germany, Sweden and Switzerland.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_mission_profile.cfm?Id=97 (884 words)

	HRW World Report 1999: Mozambique: Human Rights Developments
		Mozambique continued to consolidate peace and reconciliation, five years after the peace accord, with the 1999 presidential and parliamentary elections to be a litmus test of how sustainable the peace was to be.
		The Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) and many of the smaller parties which stood in the 1994 multiparty elections called for a boycott and used the two-week campaign period to promote their boycott.
		This resulted in ruling Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) candidates being unopposed for mayor (president) in nineteen of the thirty-three cities.
	www.hrw.org /hrw/worldreport99/africa/mozambique.html (801 words)

	Mozambique (09/05)
		Mozambique maintains an embassy in the United States at 1990 M Street, NW, Suite 570, Washington, DC 20036; tel: 202-293-7146.
		By 1993, U.S. aid to Mozambique was prominent, due in part to significant emergency food assistance in the wake of the 1991-93 southern African drought, but more importantly in support of the peace and reconciliation process.
		Additionally, up to 1 million land mines were planted throughout Mozambique during the last three decades of conflict, and while mine clearing operations are currently underway, surface travel off main highways should be approached with caution.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/7035.htm (4141 words)

	The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa Mozambique
		During my visit in December 1993, it became clear that, at least as far as the literate urban population is concerned, peace and the introduction of political freedoms and civil rights are the welcome benefits of the passage from the one-party socialist state to multi-party democracy.
		In general terms, therefore, the passage from the Marxist-Leninist phase of Mozambique's post-independence history to the new phase of "multi-party democracy" has effectively resulted in a year of peace, the formal introduction of all basic human rights and the promise of general elections in October 1994.
		Invited to the World Conference on Human Rights because of her interest in forming an Association of Women Lawyers in Mozambique, Maria Alice Mabota, a third year law student at the UEM Law Faculty, was exposed for the first time to a major human rights discussion.
	www.umn.edu /humanrts/africa/mozambiq.htm (3192 words)

	Chronology of War and Peace in Mozambique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Mozambique Liberation Front (Frelimo) is founded in the Tanzanian capital Dar-es-Salaam with Dr. Eduardo Mondlane as its first president.
		The Mozambique National Resistance (MNR, later Renamo) is established by the Rhodesian government and commences activities inside Mozambique to destabilise the Frelimo government and attack Zanla guerrillas.
		Mozambique and South Africa sign the ‘Nkomati Non-Aggression Pact’, committing each to ensure that their territory is not used as a base for attacks against the other.
	www.c-r.org /accord/moz/accord3/chronol.shtml (3349 words)

	APF Newsletters of Robin Wright
		On the eve of independence Mozambique faces almost overwhelming domestic problems: underdeveloped agricultural system, a shortage of schools and health facilities due to the mass exodus of 103,000 Portuguese, a $950 million external debt, and an acute shortage of foreign exchange.
		Liberation forces fought a bitter ten-year guerrilla war to free Mozambique of 500 years of Portuguese domination, a goal realized with full independence for the southeast African country on June 25.
		Rhodesia has launched two major campaigns to combat the impact of the estimated 12,000 guerrillas based in neighboring Mozambique: a full-scale call-up of all males between 18 and 35, and a fierce propaganda campaign to boost morale among the 280,000 whites — outnumbered 22:1 by Africans.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF001975/Wright/Wright.html (1193 words)

	Mozambique
		Mozambique is a republic with a constitutional Government, headed by President Joaquim Chissano who was reelected in 1999 in generally free and fair elections that were marred by some irregularities that did not impact the results.
		The Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) won 133 seats in the 250-seat National Assembly, and the opposition coalition of the Mozambique National Resistance-Electoral Union (RENAMO-UE) won the remaining 117 seats.
		For example, Radio Mozambique carried live the proceedings of the trial of the alleged killers of journalist Carlos Cardoso despite the negative implications of the trial on senior government officials.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27740.htm (10249 words)

	The Terrorism Research Center ::
		Celebrates the formation of the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) by anti-Portuguese groups who then began their armed campaign against colonial rule.
		Before the peace accord of October 1992, Mozambique's economy was devastated by a protracted civil war and socialist mismanagement.
		Mozambique has received a formal cancellation of a large portion of its external debt through an IMF initiative and is scheduled to receive additional relief.
	www.terrorism.com /modules.php?op=modload&name=Countries&file=index&view=168 (460 words)

	Mozambique: A Country Profile with Map (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Mozambique continues to have one of the largest concentrations of land mines in the world.
		Because of the government's increased confidence in the churches, the Christian Council of Mozambique initiated the holding of negotiations between the government and the RENAMO group, resulting in the Rome Peace Accords and the cessation of violence in November 1992.
		The government of Mozambique provides salary for Mozambican nationals (professional and non-professional staff), operating budget items such as food and fuel (good for approximately 5 months of the year), and distribution of international aid items such as medicines, medical equipment, and supplies according to the national plan for dispersement.
	gbgm-umc.org /africa/mozambique/mprofile.html (1544 words)

	Mozambican National Resistance (Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana (RENAMO) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Mozambique has a constitutional government headed by President Joaquim Chissano who was elected in the country's first multiparty elections in October 1994.
		President Chissano and the leadership of his party, the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), which has ruled the country since independence in 1975, control policymaking and implementation.
		Mozambique's political transition continues to be largely successful and reintegration of areas controlled by the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) during the war continue, with tensions limited to only a few districts by the end of 1997.
	fas.org /irp/world/para/renamo.htm (253 words)

	lauren (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Portuguese occupied Mozambique after it was visited to by Vasco de Gama in 1498.
		The struggle for independence began in 1962 when the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique was formed (FRELIMO).
		I n 1975, after the government of Portugal collapsed in military coup, a cease-fire was declared, and at last, after almost five centuries as a Portuguese colony, Mozambique gained their independence.
	www.faculty.fairfield.edu /faculty/hodgson/Courses/so191/Projects3/Mozambique/lauren.html (288 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Mozambique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		After thirteen years of military struggle with the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), Portugal abandoned its colonial claims on this poor East African country in 1975.
		At the peak of their boycott, RENAMO threatened to form a government of its own in the six northern and central provinces where its political support is strongest.
		Despite the contentious political atmosphere in Mozambique over the past couple of years, the FRELIMO Government continues to seek a compromise with opposition forces and has accepted several proposals from these groups to revise the electoral law and reexamine several controversial aspects of the constitution.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Mzm1.htm (616 words)

	Freedom in the World 1998-99: Mozambique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Mozambique won its independence from Portugal in 1975 after a protracted and costly guerrilla war led by Frelimo leader Samora Machel.
		Mozambique's legal structures are relics of Portuguese colonialism and often conflict with new statutes or the constitution.
		A strong agricultural performance has aided Mozambique's economy, but the country remains among the world's poorest and suffers from one of the world's highest infant mortality rates.
	www.freedomhouse.org /survey99/country/mozam.html (805 words)

	Mozambique
		My mission in Mozambique, was to study the effects of the elimination of an export tax on raw cashew nuts.
		Mozambique is a long country stretching along the coastline.
		Mozambique is a great place if you have cash, and after traveling weeks thousands of miles from the nearest ATM or credit card accepting establishment, it was time to leave.
	www.tjpmd.com /mozambiq.htm (3956 words)

	FACT SHEET: Republic of Mozambique at a Glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Humanoids have been in Mozambique for over two million years, and Homo sapiens have been settling the area for at least 100,000 years.
		The drive for Mozambican independence developed and in 1962 several anti-colonial political groups formed the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique, which initiated an armed campaign against Portuguese colonial rule in September 1964.
		The Front for the Liberation of Mozambique quickly established a one-party Marxist state and outlawed rival political activity.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /deploy/info/africa/mozambique/index.shtml (1061 words)

	Freedom in the World 1999 - 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Mozambique’s political scene in 1999 was dominated by preparations for presidential and legislative elections, which took place in December.
		The elections returned President Joaquim Chissano and the ruling Frelimo (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) to power, despite a strong showing by the opposition in the parliamentary elections.
		Independence was followed by 16 years of civil war against the rebels of the Renamo, or the Resistencia Nacional de Mocambique (Mozambique National Resistance), a guerrilla army supported first by Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and later by South Africa.
	www.freedomhouse.org /research/freeworld/2000/countryratings/mozambique.htm (470 words)

	Mozambique
		Bantu speakers migrated to Mozambique in the first millennium, and Arab and Swahili traders settled the region thereafter.
		While Mozambique posted some of the world's largest economic growth rates in the late 1990s, it has suffered enormous setbacks because of natural disaster, such as the enormous damage caused by severe flooding in the winters of 2000 and 2001.
		The Catholic Church and conflict resolution in Mozambique's post-colonial conflict, 1977-1992.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107804.html (712 words)

	Mozambique - Atlapedia Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is bound by Swaziland to the south, South Africa to the southwest, Zimbabwe to the west, Zambia and Malawi to the northwest, Tanzania to the north and the Indian Ocean to the east.
		MODERN HISTORY - WWII TO 1993: In 1951 Mozambique became an overseas province of Portugal and in 1962 the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) was established.
		In Feb. 1991 the Mozambique National Union (UNAMO) a splinter faction of the RENAMO opposed to continuing violence and the Liberal and Democratic Party of Mozambique were legalized.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/mozambiq.htm (1420 words)

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