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Topic: Front for Restoration of Unity and Democracy

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	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		FRUD (Front pour le restauration de la unite et la democratie-Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy), a guerrilla group formed by the merger of three mainly Afar opposition groups including Action pour la revison de l'ordre a Djibouti (AROD); Mohammed Adoyta, the AROD leader, is the FRUD's president.
		FRUD rebel forces withdrew to the mountains in the far north.
		The alliance between the ruling RPP and FRUD won all 65 seats in the election (28 deputies are Afars).
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/djiafarschro.htm (3381 words)

	Politics of Djibouti - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Moussa Ahmed Idriss and the ODU later challenged the results based on election "irregularities" and the assertion that "foreigners" had voted in various districts of the capital; however, international and locally based observers considered the election to be generally fair, and cited only minor technical difficulties.
		In early November 1991, civil war erupted in Djibouti between the government and a predominantly Afar rebel group, the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD).
		Two FRUD members were made cabinet members, and in the presidential elections of 1999 the FRUD campaigned in support of the RPP.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Djibouti (1139 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Afars in Djibouti (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The fighting between the FRUD and the government army continued around Tadjoura and Gadade district, and near Kikhil in the south of the country.
		Thirty-eight FRUD members and two opposition newspaper officials went on a hunger strike to protest the conditions of their detention, especially the authorities' refusal to provide medical care for sick and injured detainees.
		Less than a week after the presidential election won on 9th April by Ismael Omar Guelleh, the armed faction of the Front for Restoration of Unity in Djibouti [FRUD] was accused of planting a mine that killed seven policemen in the north of the country.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=52201 (2977 words)

	History of DJIBOUTI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		However, from 1991 this cosy arrangement is violently upset by the formation of an Afar rebel group, FRUD or the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy.
		FRUD launches a civil war in 1991, but in 1994 a peace treaty is agreed.
		FRUD forces are to be integrated in the army.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad19 (331 words)

	Djibouti
		FRUD was cooperating with the Government to locate landmines laid in northern areas of the country.
		Landmines laid by the Government and FRUD forces in the 1990's remain in some areas of the country, especially in areas controlled by the FRUD prior to the peace accord (see Section 2.d.), and there were several deaths and injuries from landmine explosions during the year.
		Two FRUD members were named to the Cabinet in June 1995, and in May 1999, two new FRUD members were appointed to the Cabinet: A former FRUD military commander was appointed to the Defense portfolio and another FRUD member assumed the Health portfolio.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/af/index.cfm?docid=665 (8139 words)

	Pierre Trudeau - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Detractors fault Trudeau for poor administrative practices, arrogance, lack of understanding of Canada outside Quebec (and arguably the far North), deplore his economic policies that increased the national debt, and criticize him for increasing a sense of political alienation in western provinces.
		As prime minister, Trudeau espoused participatory democracy as a means of making Canada a "Just Society." He vigorously defended the newly implemented universal health care and regional development programs as means of making society more just.
		Many credit his actions during the October Crisis as crucial in terminating the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) as a force in Quebec, and ensuring that the campaign for Quebec separatism took a democratic and peaceful route.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pierre_Trudeau (4338 words)

	Peace deal moves ahead as 28 Djibouti rebels freed
		Twenty-eight rebels from the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) were freed from jail in Djibouti while three Djibouti soldiers held by the rebel group arrived in the capital the same day, an AFP journalist reported.
		He added that an amnesty for FRUD hardliners was being drawn up and would soon be adopted by the national assembly.
		FRUD raids, punitive army operations and landmines laid by both sides have claimed numerous lives, but no accurate toll is available.
	www.somaliawatch.org /archive/000211104.htm (516 words)

	Mohamed Daoud Chehem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chehem is a member of the Afar ethnic group, and was part of the Afar rebel Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) opposition movement.
		In 1991, in a wave of mass arrests in the midst of a civil war between FRUD and Hassan Gouled Aptidon's oppressive regime, Chehem was imprisoned and tortured.
		Chehem was again subjected to torture and the political prisoners' plight became the subject of campaigns by Amnesty International and other human rights groups.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mohamed_Daoud_Chehem (354 words)

	SudanTribune article : Press Release by The Djiboutian Front for The Restoration of Unity and Democracy (Frud) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		FRUD, which had boycotted the January 2003 elections, launches an appeal to the people of Djibouti to get mobilized against the presidential election planned for April 8/2005.
		FRUD firmly believes that there is no hurdle anymore to impede the united action of the democratic opposition and thus calls on the Opposition as a whole for a real leap towards assuming its responsibilities.
		The Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) calls upon those states with a military presence in Djibouti, namely France and USA, to assume their responsibilities in preventing conflicts and avoiding the worst by backing a democratic transition in Djibouti much as Lebanon for one.
	www.sudantribune.com /article_impr.php3?id_article=8602 (339 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Djibouti (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Led by the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD), the civil war in Djibouti was largely resolved in 1994 with the signing of a power-sharing agreement with the government.
		Despite this agreement and the power-sharing arrangement, the Issa population continued to dominate the political arena and a radical faction of the FRUD continued to wage war against the government.
		However, in February 2000 the government and this radical wing of FRUD signed a peace agreement, effectively bringing an end to the civil war being waged in the north of the country.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Dji1.htm (702 words)

	Djibouti Human Rights Practices, 1995 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In December 1994, the Government and the Afar-led Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) signed a peace accord, ending 3 years of civil war.
		Some former FRUD fighters reportedly had become disenchanted with the relatively slow process of their integration into the armed forces and confronted another faction of former FRUD combatants.
		Many Afars, particularly supporters of the FRUD, claim that the Constitution was crafted to ensure the President's domination of virtually all aspects of the Government, including the legislature and judiciary.
	www.usemb.se /human/human95/djibouti.htm (4186 words)

	dji004 Repatriation of Djiboutian Afars from Ethiopia begins
		After the peace agreement between FRUD and the Djiboutian government was signed in February 2001, the radical wing of FRUD joined the agreement on 12 May. This finally put an end to the uneasy aftermath of the Afar insurgency in northern and south-western Djibouti.
		FRUD took up arms against the Djibouti government in 1991 to press the demands of the Afar - who constitute one of the country's two indigenous ethnic groups.
		The radical wing of FRUD said the action was in protest against what it considered the hegemonic drive of the Somali-speaking peoples.
	www.afrol.com /News2001/dji004_afar_repatr.htm (424 words)

	University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
		In March 1995, FRUD was legalized and in 1996 it was registered as a political party.
		According to him, the peace agreement referred to is only between the regime and a minor faction of FRUD, and the overwhelming part of FRUD continues its political and military struggle against the regime.
		After many years of struggle, a peace treaty between FRUD and the Government was signed in December 1994, but according to counsel, a large majority of FRUD continued its political resistance.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/cat/decisions/65-1997.html (4947 words)

	Djibouti
		Since the FRUD insurgency began in the Afar-dominated north, the armed forces have tripled in size, placing an enormous burden on the economy.
		Even though the insurgency diminished greatly during the year--consisting largely of scattered FRUD attacks on government troops--the Government moved slowly on demobilization, in part because adult male unemployment in the capital was already around 60 percent...
		In Jibuti 300 former FRUD [Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy, rebel movement] fighters have been incorporated into the ranks of the national army.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Newsletters/HAB395_DJI.html (2273 words)

	Human rights are women's rights
		The party she co-founded in 1988, the National League for Democracy, won a landslide victory in the May 1990 elections when she was already in detention.
		She was among 12 women who were raped repeatedly in the hut in front of the other women — when they tried to defend her they were beaten off by the soldiers.
		Yevanigina Davlatshoyeva was apparently killed because she came from the Pamir mountains in the far east of the country, a region believed by government supporters to be a centre of opposition.
	www.amnestyusa.org /justearth/document.do?id=5B7A3F75B4F03DA5802569A500714D1F (20366 words)

	UNDP-POGAR: Country Index: Elections
		In 1992, one of the four parties allowed by the 1992 Constitution, the legalized arm of the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD), boycotted the elections.
		The FRUD argued that the ruling People’s Rally for Progress (RPP) had the unfair advantage of access to government resources for the campaigns.
		The ruling Union for the Presidential Majority, a coalition that includes the RPP and the FRUD as well as two other parties, secured all of the 65 seats to the legislature, receiving 62.7 percent of the total votes cast.
	www.pogar.org /countries/elections.asp?cid=4 (738 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1994, the Government and a faction of the Afar-led Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) signed a peace accord, ending 3 years of civil war.
		The FRUD was legalized in March but a party congress had not been held by year's end.
		The FRUD was registered as a political party this year but has not held a party congress.
	www.terrorism.net /pubs/dosfan-hr/africa/Djibouti.txt (4550 words)

	Djibouti: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1991, confrontations between the Government and the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) guerrillas were renewed.
		In March 1994, the FRUD was divided due to a possible agreement with the Government.
		In December, legislative elections, classed as Â«a masqueradeÂ» by the opposition, were won by the Peopleâs Assembly for Progress (RPP) with 25 seats, followed by the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) with 11 seats.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=10 (1727 words)

	1997 Human Rights Reports: Djibouti (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Government named two FRUD leaders to cabinet positions in 1995; however, part of the FRUD rejected the peace accord and remains opposed to the Government.
		However, the killing of 11 Djiboutian soldiers by FRUD rebel holdouts on September 1 led to renewed tensions and a crackdown on suspected "sympathizers" in the north.
		The government-recognized faction of the FRUD was registered as a political party in 1996 and held its first congress in April.
	www.usemb.se /human/human97/djibouti.html (5032 words)

	UNDP-POGAR: Country Index: Civil Society
		In 1994, the government and a faction of the Afar-led Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) signed a peace accord, ending three years of civil war.
		In the accord, the government of Djibouti agreed to recognize the FRUD as a legitimate political party.
		The Union for the Presidential Majority (UMP) is composed of the People's Rally for Progress (RPP), the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD), the National Democratic Party (PND), and the Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD).
	www.pogar.org /countries/civil.asp?cid=4 (396 words)

	Djibouti: CONCODOC 1998 report
		The forces of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Djibouti were disbanded in 1983, when Djibouti normalised its relations with Ethiopia.
		In 1991 an armed conflict broke out between the government forces and the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD), a merger of three opposition groups.
		FRUD is an Afar-based insurgency movement that alleges discrimination against the Afars by the Issa-led government.
	www.wri-irg.org /co/rtba/djibouti.htm (472 words)

	State Of The Nation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Yes, sections of the unrepresented must indeed feel confident in Indian democracy, must feel an ‘atma-vishwas’, but this should be generated through an understanding of their history rather than through the grievance politics perpetrated by those looking for unearned deposits in the vote-bank.
		The unity and the umbrage of the Islamists were equally matched by the liberal establishments of the west which reprinted the cartoons as an act both of defiance and as a gesture of solidarity.
		It is incompatible with contemporary democracy and freedom of speech, where you must be ready to put up with insults, mockery and ridicule.
	writepad.blogspot.com (6780 words)

	JAH Roundtable (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Japan's fragile liberal democracy of the 1920s collapsed under the impact of the economic depression in the 1930s, and Japan took the course of military expansionism that eventually brought forth the Pacific War, the Asia Pacific portion of World War II.
		Suzuki argued that the democracy of the twentieth century should be social democracy, noting that democracy in the United States had transformed itself into social democracy through the New Deal.
		Parliamentary democracy based on the Constitution of 1946 was thus well established by the middle of the 1960s, and the government has been respectful of the civil rights of the people.
	www.chnm.gmu.edu /declaration/japanese/aruga2.html (9917 words)

	D J I B O U T I
		Ali Houmed Soule, a key supporter of the peace process between the government and the former rebel Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD), was killed on Saturday a few metres (yards) away from his home in the village of Randa, a FRUD stronghold in the north.
		But FRUD chairman Ali Hassan Daoud, who was named health minister in the country's newly-formed coalition government, dismissed the incident as an "isolated event".
		There is every reason to believe, however, that behind the wave of mysterious attacks are opponents of the peace process which has been developing over the past year between the government and the opposition Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy [FRUD].
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Newsletters/HB7895_DJI.html (1298 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Peace processes and conflict resolution in the Horn of Africa
		The communities' long-term strategic plans are also a factor to bear in mind, specifically with regard to the question of national unity in each country (that is, the sense of loyalty of the warring parties to the state; whether they all believe in the principle of co-existence in one country).
		The agreements that were concluded between President Gouled and the leaders of the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) resulted in the incorporation of the rebel leaders into the government.
		In 1995, Ali Mohamed Daoud, FRUD's chairman and Ougoure Kifle, the secretary-general of the movement, were appointed ministers of health and social affairs, and of Agriculture respectively.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/6a995a0f238bc078c1256db200495528 (6898 words)

	Djibouti: Angus Reid Consultants
		The leaders of armed group Front pour la Restauration de lâUnitÃ© et de la DÃ©mocratie (FRUDâ”Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy) were banned from contention.
		FRUDâs radical faction signed a new peace agreement with Guelleh in 2000.
		DÃ©mocratie (FRUDâ”Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy) echoed the sentiment in a press release, claiming change "through the ballot box is almost impossible in the Republic of Djibouti." FRUD also requested the two governments that maintain a military presence in the countryâ”France and the United Statesâ”to support "a democratic transition."
	www.angus-reid.com /tracker/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewItem&itemID=6371 (710 words)

	Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This period of isolation lasted for two and a half centuries, a time of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period, considered to be the height of Japan's medieval culture.
		The early 20th century saw a brief period of "Taisho democracy" overshadowed by the rise of Japanese expansionism, leading to the invasion of Manchuria and the second Sino-Japanese War (1937).
		Sovereignty, previously embodied in the Emperor, is vested in the Japanese people by the Constitution, and the Emperor is defined as the symbol of the State and of national unity.
	japan.ask.dyndns.dk (4339 words)

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