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Topic: Frontal eye field

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	Lynch, J
		Lynch, J.C., Hoover, J.E., and Strick, P.L. Input to the primate frontal eye field from the substantia nigra, superior colliculus, and dentate nucleus demonstrated by transneuronal transport.
		Tian, J.-R. and Lynch, J.C. Slow and saccadic eye movements evoked by microstimulation in the supplementary eye field of the Cebus monkey.
		Tian, J.-R. and Lynch, J.C. Cortico-cortical input to the smooth and saccadic eye movement subregions of the frontal eye field in the Cebus monkey.
	physiology.umc.edu /faculty/pubs/Lynch.htm (187 words)

	Now you see it: frontal eye field responses to invisible targets - Nature Neuroscience
		Neurons in the frontal eye field respond even when a visual target is perceptually masked, but small variations in their activity predicts whether a monkey will respond to the stimulus.
		One possible caveat is that FEF neurons are also active during eye movements, and the monkeys signaled their perception with an eye movement, so that the slightly larger responses on target-perceived trials might be more related to dumb motor function than to decision-making.
		Thus the tight correlation between the size of the target response in the FEF and perception, coupled with the importance of the FEF for eye movements, suggests that the FEF may be critically involved in deciding whether to move the eyes.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/neuro/journal/v2/n3/full/nn0399_205.html (1663 words)

	Macaque Frontal Eye Field Input to Saccade-Related Neurons in the Superior Colliculus -- Helminski and Segraves 90 (2): ...
		excitation of frontal eye field neurons from the colliculus
		0.254 mm for the frontal eye field and 0.127 and 0.203 mm for
		The FEF was stimulated with either a single pulse (A, n = 22) or a twin pulse (B, n = 61) to evoke an orthodromic superior colliculus response.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/90/2/1046 (8864 words)

	Frontal eye field as defined by intracortical microstimulation in squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys, and macaque monkeys. ...
		Frontal eye field as defined by intracortical microstimulation in squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys, and macaque monkeys.
		Physiological (intracortical microstimulation) and anatomical (transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin as shown by tetramethyl benzidine) approaches were combined in the same animals to reveal the locations, extents, and cortical connections of the frontal eye fields (FEF) in squirrel, owl, and macaque monkeys.
		To aid in the interpretation of areal patterns of connections, the relatively smooth cortex of owl and squirrel monkeys was unfolded, flattened, and cut parallel to the flattened surface.
	brainmeta.com /neuroanat/a38.html (415 words)

	Charles J. Bruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Dias, E. and Bruce, C. Physiological correlate of fixation disengagement in the primate's frontal eye field.
		Gottlieb, J. P., MacAvoy, M. G., and Bruce, C. Neural responses related to smooth-pursuit eye movements and their correspondence with electrically elicited smooth eye movements in the primate frontal eye field.
		Russo, G. and Bruce, C. Frontal eye field activity preceding aurally guided saccades.
	info.med.yale.edu /neurobio/bruce/bruce.html (119 words)

	Sensory and Motor Neuroscience: Superior colliculus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		First eye movements from the origin were the results of electrical stimulation applied to a particular location in the superior colliculus.
		The second eye movements were eye movements directed to the visual targets presented either 10 deg directly above the origin (A) or 10 deg to the left from the origin (B).
		Note that these second eye movements compensated for the stimulated eye movements, thus dissociating the motor error (equivalent with the second eye movements) from the retinal error (due to the original target displacement).
	www.bcs.rochester.edu /~dlee/bcs245/sc.htm (175 words)

	Topography of visual cortex connections with frontal eye field in macaque: convergence and segregation of processing ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Visually guided eye movements require information about both feature identity and location, so we investigated the topographic organization of visual cortex connections with frontal eye field (FEF), the final stage of cortical processing for saccadic eye movements.
		Thus, lateral FEF, which is responsible for generating short saccades, receives visual afferents from the foveal representation in retinotopically organized areas, from areas that represent central vision in inferotemporal cortex and from other areas having no retinotopic order.
		In contrast, medial FEF, which is responsible for generating longer saccades, is innervated by the peripheral representation of retinotopically organized areas, from areas that emphasize peripheral vision or are multimodal and from other areas that have no retinotopic order or are auditory.
	brainmeta.com /neuroanat/a84.html (293 words)

	Vanderbilt News:Vanderbilt research: Procrastination is built into the brain
		Located in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex, the frontal eye field converts the product of visual processing into a command to move the eyes.
		The frontal eye field is populated by neurons that are active from the time visual information reaches the brain until the eye moves to the target.
		To determine precisely when the decision to move the eye occurs, the researchers used an analysis based on signal detection theory, a technique developed to identify meaningful signals in noisy transmissions.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /News/news/nov95/nr10.html (860 words)

	Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 9 part 3] Pests Attacking Mand and His Pets
		The human flea lacks the genal and pronotal combs characteristic of the cat flea and dog flea, and may be distinguished from the oriental rat flea by having its ocular bristle inserted beneath the eye instead of in front of it, as it is in the latter species (figure 302).
		In the field in Massachusetts, meadow mice were the most important hosts of the larvae and nymphs, while dogs were the most important for adults.
		This extremely small mite, almost invisible to the unaided eye, is primarily a parasite of certain insects, including 3 moths, 10 beetles, 4 wasps and bees, a bug, a fly, and a termite.
	www.entomology.ucr.edu /ebeling/ebel9-3.html (19692 words)

	NIH Press Release-Spatial Short-Term Memory Pinpointed in Human Brain - 02/26/1998
		While other researchers focused on the human anatomical counterpart to the area in the monkey, a region in the middle of the frontal cortex, the NIMH team took their clue from a functional landmark.
		As hypothesized, the researchers saw high activity during an eye movement task in the middle upper part of the frontal cortex, confirming location of the frontal eye field.
		A region in the lower left frontal cortex showed sustained activation during the pause in the face working memory task, thus clearly differentiating itself from the spatial working memory area.
	www.nih.gov /news/pr/feb98/nimh-26.htm (559 words)

	Marc A. Sommer, Ph.D. - Publications [NEI Laboratories]
		Sommer, M. and Wurtz, R. (2000) Activity in the pathway from superior colliculus to frontal eye field: mediodorsal thalamus relay neurons.
		Sommer, M. A., and Wurtz, R. (1998) Properties of macaque frontal eye field neurons driven orthodromically from the superior colliculus.
		Sommer, M. (1995) Oculomotor effects of reversibly inactivating the frontal eye field or dorsomedial frontal cortex.
	www.nei.nih.gov /Intramural/lsr/sommer/publications.asp (1201 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		By combining intracortical microstimulation and precise eye movement recording techniques, studies in the monkey have confined the FEF to a small area around the arcuate sulcus and allowed for the separation of oculomotor and visual processing.
		We electrically stimulated the human frontal eye field (FEF) to analyze the elicited oculomotor and sensory responses in epileptic patients undergoing presurgical evaluation for drug resistant epilepsy.
		Saccadic as well as smooth eye movements were elicited in 40 trials at 15 electrodes anterior to the motor area.
	www.neurologie.uni-duesseldorf.de /HBM99/cd/sensor/2731.html (324 words)

	APStracts 7:0288J, 2000.
		Past studies have evoked saccade-like movements from the FEF using electrical stimulation in animals that were not allowed to move their heads.
		Using electrical stimulation in two monkeys that were free to move their heads, we have found that the FEF produces gaze shifts that are composed of both eye and head movements.
		However, that gaze shift could be accomplished with varied amounts of head and eye movements, depending upon their (head and eye) respective starting positions.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/2000/jn/May/288j.html (200 words)

	Microstimulation of the Frontal Eye Field and Its Effects on Covert Spatial Attention -- Moore and Fallah 91 (1): 152 ...
		To test the effect of frontal eye field (FEF) stimulation on attention, the target was placed at the location to which suprathreshold stimulation would shift the monkey's gaze, referred to as the "movement field" (MF).
		Kodaka Y, Mikami A, and Kubota K. Neuronal activity in the frontal eye field of the monkey is modulated while attention is focused on to a stimulus in the peripheral visual field, irrespective of eye movement.
		Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates, Brain Res Brain Res Rev 32: 413–448, 2000.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/91/1/152 (7813 words)

	Robert H. Wurtz, Ph.D. - Publications [NEI Laboratories]
		Hanes, D.P. and Wurtz, R.H. Interaction of the frontal eye field and superior colliculus for saccade generation.
		Sommer, M.A. and Wurtz, R.H. Frontal eye field neurons orthodromically activated from the superior colliculus.
		Albano, J.E. and Wurtz, R.H. The role of the primate superior colliculus, pretectum, and posterior-medial thalamus in visually-guided eye movements.
	www.nei.nih.gov /Intramural/lsr/wurtz/publications.asp (2838 words)

	More about the Superior Colliculus:
		These cells have “movement fields” analogous to the receptive fields of the sensory neurons.
		Disturbances in conjugate eye movements can occur with lesions of the SC, although, this deficit is not unique to lesions of SC.
		Lesions of frontal eye field – transient contralateral neglect and contralateral gaze paresis (weakness).
	www.ccs.fau.edu /~nair/acad/sc.htm (752 words)

	Sloan Meeting 2000 : talk abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One of the major advances in understanding the neuronal organization underlying the generation of saccadic eye movements is the identification of a series of areas in cortical and subcortical structures that are active before the initiation of saccades and the nature of that activity before saccades made under different conditions.
		A logical next step in determining the functional organization of these areas is to determine the nature of the signals conveyed from one of these regions to the other related to the planning of saccades.
		The frontal eye field also receives feedback from the colliculus via the thalamic medialis dorsalis nucleus, and this pathway offers an opportunity to ask what information a target of cerebral cortex sends back to the cortex.
	www.cns.nyu.edu /~carlos/Sloan_meeting/abstracts/Wurtz.html (287 words)

	Everling S. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Here, we investigated whether the frontal eye field (FEF) could be one source of the set-related activity of SC neurones.
		We recorded the activity of single neurones in the FEF while monkeys performed a task in which they either had to look toward a visual stimulus (pro-saccade) or away from the stimulus (anti-saccade) depending on the colour of the initial fixation point.
		Like in the SC, the level of prestimulus activity of FEF neurones was task-dependent, correlated with the reaction time of the forthcoming saccade, and predicted performance in the anti-saccade task.
	www.phys.uu.nl /~ecem10/Abstracts/Everling_S.html (316 words)

	Decisional role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in ocular motor behaviour -- Pierrot-Deseilligny et al. 126 (6): ...
		Abbreviations: ACC= anterior cingulate cortex; DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FEF = frontal eye field; fMRI = functional MRI; MGS = memory-guided saccade; PEF parietal eye field; PPC = posterior parietal cortex; SEF = supplementary eye field
		Frontal lobe lesions in man cause difficulties in suppressing reflexive glances and in generating goal-directed saccades.
		Smooth-pursuit eye movement representation in the primate frontal eye field.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/126/6/1460 (6800 words)

	Journal of Vision - The frontal eye field sends predictively remapped visual signals to the superior colliculus, by ...
		One way the brain may achieve a stable visual percept is through predictive remapping of visual receptive fields: just before a saccade, the receptive field of many neurons moves from its current location (“current receptive field”) to the location it is expected to occupy after the saccade (“future receptive field”).
		We identified FEF neurons that project to the SC using antidromic stimulation.
		It is clear, therefore, that remapped visual signals are sent from FEF to SC, providing direct evidence that the FEF is one source of the SC’s remapped visual signals.
	www.journalofvision.org /3/9/146 (384 words)

	Journal of Vision - A subcortical source of visual input to the frontal eye field, by Sommer & Wurtz
		Many neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF) exhibit visual responses and are thought to play important roles in visuosaccadic behavior.
		In contrast, FEF recipient neurons tended to be more visual in nature: 50% had only a visual response, none had only a presaccadic burst, and 50% had both a visual response and a presaccadic burst.
		Sommer, M., and Wurtz, R. A subcortical source of visual input to the frontal eye field [Abstract].
	www.journalofvision.org /1/3/259 (304 words)

	Estimating invisible target speed from neuronal activity in monkey frontal eye field - Nature Neuroscience
		The activity of neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF) was consistently modulated according to the speed of target motion.
		A reconstruction algorithm showed that estimates of target speed based on FEF activity were similar to behavioral speed estimates.
		FEF may therefore be involved in updating an internal representation of target trajectory for predictive saccades.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/nn990 (311 words)

	Modification of Saccades Evoked by Stimulation of Frontal Eye Field during Invisible Target Tracking -- Barborica and ...
		Eh and Th are horizontal eye and target position, and Ev and Tv are vertical eye and target position.
		Opris I, Barborica A, Ferrera VP (2001) On the gap effect for saccades evoked by electrical stimulation of the frontal eye fields in monkeys.
		Robinson DA, Fuchs AF (1969) Eye movements evoked by stimulation of frontal eye fields.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/13/3260 (5807 words)

	Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Relationship of presaccadic activity in frontal eye field and supplementary eye field to saccade initiation in macaque: Poisson spike train analysis.
		The role of frontal eye field in countermanding saccades: Visual, movement and fixation activity.
		The detection of visual signals by macaque frontal eye field during masking.
	www.psy.vanderbilt.edu /faculty/schall/publication.html (1304 words)

	Conjugate Eye Deviation With Head Version due to a Cortical Infarction of the Frontal Eye Field -- Tanaka et al. 33 ...
		Conjugate Eye Deviation With Head Version due to a Cortical Infarction of the Frontal Eye Field -- Tanaka et al.
		E, The activated area in human frontal eye field identified by measurement of cerebral blood flow by Paus et al
		The affected lesion extended between the junction of the superior frontal sulcus and precentral sulcus (arrowhead).
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/33/2/642 (960 words)

	Proposed Analysis of the Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Likewise, units in the frontal eye field layer may be tuned to targets in the superior colliculus input.
		It may be that the frontal eye fields decide if the context merits waiting for a cognitive target, and then delays reflex saccades by direct control of the when output in the brainstem.
		If the solution is general, it should be possible to duplicate the trained frontal eye field and create a new hidden layer for another task.
	ergo.ucsd.edu /~jfmitche/final/node20.html (403 words)

	The Planning and Guiding of Reading Saccades: a Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study -- Leff et al. 11 ...
		Time is on the x-axis and eye position on the y-axis, with left at the top of the trace and right at the bottom (NB: the x-axis has been magnified several fold for clarity).
		Gaymard B, Ploner CJ, Rivaud-Pechoux S, Pierrot-Deseilligny C (1999) The frontal eye field is involved in spatial short-term memory but not in reflexive saccade inhibition.
		Sharpe JA (1986) Adaptation to frontal lobe lesions.
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/11/10/918 (4602 words)

	UTD - Cerebral Systems Laboratory - Stephen Lomber - Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Previous studies have revealed that sites in the cerebral cortex, such as the frontal eye fields and posterior parietal cortex, are critical for the proper guidance of head and eye movements.
		For example, the frontal eye field can be deactivated unilaterally or bilaterally, combined with another cortical locus or combined with the ipsilateral superior colliculus.
		These single and multiple deactivations are providing a clearer picture of the sites involved in head and eye movements and how different sites work in concert with each other to produce a single behavior.
	www.utdallas.edu /~lomber/research-more03.html (143 words)

	Research - Eye Movements
		Several human studies have measured the accuracy of the first saccade during visual search to determine whether the first saccade is guided by visual information about the target or whether it follows some pre-programmed or arbitrary scan path.
		Recent work by physiologists has shown that there are areas in the Frontal Eye Field that encode saliency information about targets to be fixated (saccadic targeting; Schall et al, 1995; Bichot et al, 1996).
		These results might suggest that the Frontal Eye Field has access to the same amount of information as that encoded in cortical areas and used for perceptual decisions.
	www.psych.ucsb.edu /~eckstein/lab/vp_EMdet.html (649 words)

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