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Topic: Fructan

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	Basic Fructan Info
		This type of fructan is found in a large part of the monocotyledons and in almost all bacterial fructans.
		Plants with fructans are especially abundant in areas with seasonbound or sporadic rainfall in an annual cycle (Hendry and Wallace, 1993).
		That is, fructans are soluble in water in contrast with starch, and is therefor osmotically active.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/4409/fructan.htm (1653 words)

	Fructans and their Implications (Scientific)
		The sum of the glucose, sucrose and Fructan is known as the water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) fraction of the plant, and this accumulates in the leaf and stem vacuoles.
		Fructan contents can change dramatically within a few hours, and diurnal fluctuations can be considerable, with relatively low concentrations often (but not always) being found early in the morning, which rise during the day often peaking in the afternoon to early evening with a decline in the early hours of the morning.
		Fructans in conserved grass in the form of hay are lower than in the fresh material and are still lower in haylage and particularly silage due to the fermentation of fructans by silage micro-organisms.
	members.aol.com /wdds1/horsetalk/dh-sci1lam.htm (1781 words)

	A Sweeter Deal Than Expected From Transgenic Sugar Beets
		Fructans are fructose polymers of commercial interest due to their promise as replacements for high calorie sweeteners and fats.
		Humans may not be able to utilize fructans, but the natural bacterial flora of the human gut can, resulting in a stimulation of their growth and leading to an increase in overall digestive health.
		However, in all these cases, the levels of fructan produced were not high enough to be economically useful or had deleterious effects on plant growth and development.
	www.biotech-info.net /sweeter_deal.html (1194 words)

	Fructan Abstracts
		Pulse-chase: in vivo pathway of fructan synthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum).
		Fructans form a major component of the soluble carbohydrate fraction of grasses and it has generally been accepted that the entire fraction is readily available for fermentation by LAB during ensilage.
		Fructan hydrolysing activity was measured in rhizophores at different phenological phases of the plant, using native fructan as substrate.
	www.usu.edu /forage/frucabs.htm (18164 words)

	Faculty of Biology: Molecular Plant Physiology: Research - Fructan biotechnology
		Fructans are fructose polymers that are found in 15% of flowering plant species.
		Fructans with a low degree of polymerisation taste sweet and are used as natural low calorie sweeteners.
		Fructans are build from sucrose (G-F), to which fructose (F) can be coupled at different positions, leading to fructans with different properties.
	www.bio.uu.nl /mpp/research/fructanbiotechnology/cnt.html (388 words)

	Fructan in Foods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The plant sugar called fructan that may be present in your horse's pasture is also in foods that you eat.
		In contrast, ruminants have microflora to ferment carbohydrates at the "front end" of the digestive system and these stimulate nitrogen--an important component of protein--conversion, which is easily absorbed in the back of the digestive tract.
		And in addition to being present in grass plants, naturally occurring fructan is found in artichoke, Jerusalem artichoke, chicory and banana.
	www.equisearch.com /magazines/Equus/fructan_030504 (296 words)

	Fructans and their Implications
		The sum of the glucose, sucrose and fructan fractions is known as the water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) portion of the plant, and this accumulates in the leaf and stems of grasses.
		Although it is known that fructan linkages may be broken down under mild acidic conditions, it has been shown that no significant breakdown of fructan occurs in the stomach of man or rats.
		From the foregoing, it is reasonable to assume that horses are also unable to digest and absorb fructan polymers in the stomach and small intestine, but once the fructan reaches the caecum and colon of the hindgut the fructans can be fermented by the hindgut microflora.
	members.aol.com /arfryn1/HorseTalk/dh-app1lam.htm (1498 words)

	Danger in Your Horse's Grass: Fructan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fructan is similar to starch but horse keepers will want to make note of it's peculiar characteristics: Fructan, which has been implicated in precipitating laminitis in susceptible horses, is found not only in cool season grasses but in hay made from those grasses as well.
		Fructan, on the other hand, accumulates in the plant's vacuoles, with the highest concentration in the stem, so large stockpiles of the sugar won't necessarily put the brakes on photosynthesis.
		Because sugars and fructan are water soluble, you can significantly reduce its levels in hay by soaking the forage for 30 to 60 minutes in a large bucket.
	www.equisearch.com /magazines/Equus/fructandanger_032205 (2084 words)

	Fructan
		Like other fibers, fructan is a carbohydrate that is not digestible in the upper digestive tract.
		While fructan is found in many natural sources such as chicory; wheat; onions; bananas; garlic; soybeans; asparagus; artichokes; and leeks, it can also be produced in a laboratory.
		Since both fructan and cellulose are forms of dietary fiber, Fiber Choice Chewable is not considered a combination laxative.
	www.fruit-eze.com /ingredients/fructan.html (272 words)

	Fructan Facts and Trivia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fructan is a storage polysaccharide produced by most C3, cool-season grasses and certain broadleaf plants.
		Fructan is good for cows, providing a rapidly fermentable energy source for the microorganisms in the rumen.
		As the plant dries down, growth slows and stops, so sugars are not used up, fructan formation is triggered and the last act of the dying plant is to accumulate as much fructan as possible in the base of the plant to hoard energy for regrowth when the drought breaks.
	www.safergrass.org /fructanfacts.htm (1107 words)

	The Atkins Diet for Horses
		Fructan is at its lowest level early in the morning.
		Soaking hay can lower the amount of fructan present - it is water soluble.
		Mowed hay that was rained on (which we usually try to avoid), then dries slowly before baling will be low in fructan.
	www.thewayofhorses.com /atkins_diet.html (514 words)

	Vinay Janthakahalli Nagaraj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The regulation of fructan metabolism in grasses was the main focus of his research work.
		Fructans are important storage carbohydrates in many temperate grasses, including wheat and barley.
		There are strong indications that the regulation occurs at the level of transcription and hence the promoters of the fructan metabolism genes are important to decipher the underlying events.
	pages.unibas.ch /bothebel/people/vinay/vinay.htm (901 words)

	Adobe PDF Document - AZO-Fructan BOOKLET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, because the fructan molecules are quite small (20- 40 sugar units), the release of fructose from the non- reducing end of some molecules renders these soluble in the presence of the precipitant solution.
		In the standard assay procedure, Azo- fructan solution is incubated (in the presence of excess exo- inulinase) with preparations containing endo- inulinase under defined assay conditions.
		The reaction blank is prepared by using 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer (0.1 ml, pH 4.5) instead of endo- inulinase preparation in the standard assay mixture and incubating this under the same conditions as the reaction mixture.
	searchpdf.adobe.com /proxies/1/73/49/48.html (327 words)

	Seeding Date Alters Carbohydrate Accumulation in Winter Wheat -- Gaudet et al. 41 (3): 728 -- Crop Science
		Fructan levels in crown tissues of winter wheat cultivars during the autumn, winter, and early spring of 1997-1998 following seeding on 23 August or 20 September at Lethbridge, AB.
		Correlation coefficients between crown and leaf fructan content or degree of polymerization, and snow mold resistance of 14 winter wheat cultivars seeded on three different seeding dates, and sampled on seven dates during the 1998-1999 winter.
		of invertase and fructan exohydrolase in the apoplast (Livingston and Henson, 1998).
	crop.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/41/3/728 (5280 words)

	Structural Requirements of the Fructan-Lipid Interaction -- Vereyken et al. 84 (5): 3147 -- Biophysical Journal
		Fructans are a group of fructose-based oligo- and polysaccharides.
		of inulin-type fructan with MC 540 in the absence of vesicles.
		Drought induces fructan synthesis and 1-SST (sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase) in roots and leaves of chicory seedlings (Cichorium intybus L.).
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/84/5/3147 (4057 words)

	5th International Fructan Symposium (IFS) Fructan 2004
		During the past four years, considerable advances have been made in the genetic, biochemical and structural understanding of fructan metabolism in microorganisms and plants, as well as in the use of fructans for health benefits.
		Over 3000 research articles have been published in the field in the last decade, a clear sign that fructan science is on the move.
		The presence of outstanding fructan specialists from around the globe ensures an attractive symposium covering all aspects from basic and applied research to market.
	www.ejbiotechnology.info /feedback/event/04 (163 words)

	Onderzoek_main
		Although the biochemistry of fructan biosynthesis and breakdown has been elucidated recently, the regulation of fructan metabolism (both anabolism and catabolism) and the specific role, other than reserve polysaccharide, of fructans in plants remain largely elusive.
		We have investigated the pattern of fructan accumulation in chicory during the whole developmental period in the field, during storage and subsequent forcing for witloof production.
		We plan to investigate the regulation of fructan and sucrose metabolism during the different developmental stages of a number of plants.
	www.kuleuven.ac.be /bio/dev/research.htm (565 words)

	Fructans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fructans are polymers of fructose ultimately derived from the fructosyl moiety of sucrose, and they are synthesized by a number of different fructosyl transferases.
		We study the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of enzymes involved in fructan synthesis in barley, and we make use well-defined cDNAs of plant fructan-metabolizing enzymes in order to examine the structural requirements for proper enzymatic function, performing in-vitro mutagenesis experiments in conjunction with expression of the corresponding constructs in the yeast Pichia pastoris.
		Schellenbaum, L., N. Sprenger, H. Schüepp, A. Wiemken, T. Boller, 1999: Effects of drought, transgenic expression of a fructan synthesizing enzyme and of mycorrhizal symbiosis on growth and on the pools of soluble carbohydrates in tobacco plants.
	pages.unibas.ch /bothebel/fructan/fructan.htm (530 words)

	European Fructan Association: Members (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fructan synthesis in transgenic crops (potato, chicory, sugar beet).
		Physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of fructan metabolism in chicory.
		Biochemistry, physiology and molecular-biology of fructan and sugar metabolism in transgenic plants.
	www.mpimp-golm.mpg.de /efadbase/Members/members.htm (361 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 95232664 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Evidence for the de novo synthesis of fructan by enzymes from higher plants: a reappraisal of the SST/FFT model 3.
		The kinetic analysis of fructan biosynthesis in excised leaves of Lolium temulentum L. Purification and properties of an invertase with sucrose: sucrose fructosyltransferase (SST) activity from the roots of Cichorium intybus L. The role of carbohydrate storage and redistribution in the source-sink relations of wheat and barley during grain filling - a review 6.
		Purification and characterization of fructan: fructan fructosyltransferase from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) 17.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/cam025/95232664.html (312 words)

	Regulation of Expression of the Fructan Hydrolase Gene of Streptococcus mutans GS-5 by Induction and Carbon Catabolite ...
		Regulation of Expression of the Fructan Hydrolase Gene of Streptococcus mutans GS-5 by Induction and Carbon Catabolite Repression -- Burne et al.
		Regulation of Expression of the Fructan Hydrolase Gene of Streptococcus mutans GS-5 by Induction and Carbon Catabolite Repression
		of fructan hydrolase activity remain to be elucidated.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/181/9/2863 (7096 words)

	Fructan biosynthesis in transgenic plants -- Cairns 54 (382): 549 -- Journal of Experimental Botany
		Summary of parameters associated with fructan accumulation in plants transformed with plant-derived fructosyltransferases Except where otherwise indicated, the structural gene was under the control of a constitutive promoter.
		Fructan biosynthesis in excised leaves of Lolium temulentum L. A comparison of the in vitro properties of fructosyl transferase activities with the characteristics of in vivo fructan accumulation.
		Fructan accumulation and sucrose metabolism in transgenic maize endosperm expressing a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens sacB gene.
	jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/54/382/549 (9478 words)

	Fructan: More Than a Reserve Carbohydrate? -- Vijn and Smeekens 120 (2): 351 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
		Carpita NC, Kanabus J, Housley TL (1989) Linkage structure of fructans and fructan oligomers from Triticum aestivum and Festuca arundinaceae leaves.
		Koops AJ, Jonker HH (1996) Purification and characterization of the enzymes of fructan biosynthesis in tubers of Helianthus tuberosus Colombia.
		Purification of sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase and reconstitution of fructan synthesis in vitro with purified sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase and fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/120/2/351 (4716 words)

	Fructan 1-Exohydrolases. beta -(2,1)-Trimmers during Graminan Biosynthesis in Stems of Wheat? Purification, ...
		Chatterton NJ, Harrison PA (1997) Fructan oligomers in Poa ampla.
		Livingston DP, Henson CA (1998) Apoplastic sugars, fructans, fructan exohydrolase, and invertase in winter oat: responses to second-phase cold hardening.
		Penson SP, Cairns AJ (1994) Fructan biosynthesis in excised leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): a comparison of de novo synthesis in vivo and in vitro.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/131/2/621 (5565 words)

	Dietary Fructans, but Not Cellulose, Decrease Triglyceride Accumulation in the Liver of Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Dietary Fructans, but Not Cellulose, Decrease Triglyceride Accumulation in the Liver of Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats -- Daubioul et al.
		Fructans are naturally occurring components of many vegetables,
		H spectrum from (A) a control obese Zucker rat liver, (B) a cellulose-fed obese Zucker rat liver, (C) a fructan-fed obese Zucker rat liver and (D) a control lean Zucker rat liver.
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/132/5/967 (4608 words)

	Defoliation Induces Fructan 1-Exohydrolase II in Witloof Chicory Roots. Cloning and Purification of Two Isoforms, ...
		Burne RA, Wen ZT, Chen YY, Penders JE (1999) Regulation of expression of the fructan hydrolase gene of streptococcus mutans GS-5 by induction and carbon catabolite repression.
		Livingston DP, Chatterton NJ, Harrison PA (1993) Structure and quantity of fructan oligomers in oat (Avena spp.).
		Shiomi N (1989) Properties of fructosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of fructan in Liliaceous plants.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/126/3/1186 (5380 words)

	Osmotic and Salt Stress-Induced Alteration in Soluble Carbohydrate Content in Wheat Seedlings -- Kerepesi and Galiba 40 ...
		The initial fructan level was similar in all cultivars.
		Pollock C.J., Cairns A.J. Fructan metabolism in grasses and cereals.
		Wagner W., Keller F., Wiemken A. Fructan metabolism in cereals: Induction in leaves and compartmentation in protoplast and vacuoles.
	crop.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/40/2/482 (3247 words)

	Genetic analysis of fructan-hyperproducing strains of Streptococcus mutans -- Kiska and Macrina 62 (7): 2679 -- ...
		Fructan polymer, synthesized from sucrose by the extracellular
		of fructan hydrolase activity when levan was used as a substrate.
		Burne, R. A., Wen, Z. T., Chen, Y.-Y. M., Penders, J. Regulation of Expression of the Fructan Hydrolase Gene of Streptococcus mutans GS-5 by Induction and Carbon Catabolite Repression.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/62/7/2679 (388 words)

	European Fructan Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		EFA is just a group of people interested in fructans and fructan-containing plants.
		This implies an informational network of persons interested in fructans, with emphasis on inulin.
		EFA also acts as a 'platform' between university departments and research institutes, and trade and industry.
	www.mpimp-golm.mpg.de /efadbase (121 words)

	The Fructan Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fructan Information A page with the abstracts from the third international fructan congress in Logan, and a list of people working on fructans.
		Biochemical Pathways The whole poster from Boehringer Mannheim can now be viewed and searched on the net.
		Enter your e-mail address to receive e-mail when this page is updated.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/4409 (75 words)

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