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Topic: Fructose

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Glycation

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	Carbohydrates - Fructose
		Fructose, along with glucose are the monosaccharides found in disaccharide, sucrose.
		Fructose is classified as a monosaccharide, the most important ketose sugar, a hexose, and is a reducing sugar.
		An older common name for fructose is levulose, after its levorotatory property of rotating plane polarized light to the left (in contrast to glucose which is dextrorotatory).
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/543fructose.html (556 words)

	Fructose Information Center
		Pure crystalline fructose has had a negligible effect on the carbohydrate composition of the diet because of the small volume of this sugar produced relative to all other naturally occurring and added starches, syrups and sweeteners.
		In the latter, the disaccharide bond in sucrose is enzymatically hydrolyzed to liberate glucose and fructose.
		Fructose has a low glycemic index and results in moderate release of insulin to the bloodstream relative to glucose and sucrose.
	www.fructose.org /facts.asp (1209 words)

	eMedicine - Fructose 1-Phosphate Aldolase Deficiency (Fructose Intolerance) : Article by Karl S Roth
		Hereditary fructose intolerance is an autosomal recessive trait that is equally distributed between the sexes.
		Hereditary fructose intolerance is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
		Hereditary fructose intolerance is an autosomal recessive disorder.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic988.htm (1888 words)

	Fructose - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fructose is also derived from the digestion of sucrose, a disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose that is broken down by enzymes during digestion as part of the glucose cycle.
		Fructose, or levulose, is a levorotatory monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose (C
		Fructose is a reducing sugar, as are all monosaccharides.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fructose (855 words)

	Fructose malabsorption - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fructose malabsorption is a dietary disability of the small intestine in which the fructose carrier in enterocytes is deficient.
		Fructose Malabsorption is not to be confused with fructose intolerance or Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI), a hereditary condition in which the liver enzymes that break fructose up are deficient.
		In the large intestine the unabsorbed fructose osmotically reduces the absorption of water and is metabolized by normal colonic bacteria to short chain fatty acids and the gases hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fructose_malabsorption (788 words)

	High fructose corn syrup - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sucrose is 50% fructose, so HFCS may have a higher or lower fructose content than sucrose, with a corresponding change in sweetness.
		As noted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1996, the saccharide composition (glucose to fructose ratio) of HFCS is approximately the same as that of honey, invert sugar and the disaccharide sucrose (or table sugar).
		This 42–43% fructose glucose mixture is then subjected to a liquid chromatography step where the fructose is enriched to approximately 90%.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/High_fructose_corn_syrup (1302 words)

	Fructose
		Fructose metabolism has the ability to induce generation of reactive oxygen species due to increased activity of xanthine oxidase and generation of glyceraldehyde, which is an inducer of free radicals.
		Dietary fructose has increased markedly in part due to the notion that fructose was considered to be beneficial to diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance because ingesting it results in smaller rises in glucose and insulin after consumption compared to glucose and complex carbohydrates.
		However, on the basis of the available data regarding the endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming large quantities of fructose such as in high fructose corn syrup, and the potential to exacerbate components of insulin resistance syndrome, there is no advantage of fructose compared to glucose (free glucose and starch).
	www.drkaslow.com /html/fructose.html (592 words)

	CORN REFINERS ASSOCIATION - FRUCTOSE & THE HUMAN BODY (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fructose is a natural, simple sugar found in common fruits, honey and high fructose corn syrup.
		Fructose is found as half of the common table sugar molecule, sucrose.
		Fructose is commonly found in fruits, and the content of fructose in 2 apples or 2 ounces of honey is the same as the HFCS found in 1 can of soft drink.
	www.corn.org /web/FructoseQ&A.html (564 words)

	International Starch Institute: Fructose (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fructose is crystallized with difficulty; the crystals melt in the range from 102° to 104° C (216° to 219° F).
		It is laevorotatory; that is, solutions of fructose rotate the plane of polarized light to the left.
		Fructose is fermented by yeast to yield ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.
	home3.inet.tele.dk /starch/isi/starch/fructose.htm (177 words)

	ific.org : Questions and Answers About Fructose
		Fructose is a monosaccharide, or single sugar, that has the same chemical formula as glucose but a different molecular structure.
		Fructose is predominantly metabolized in the liver, but unlike glucose it does not require insulin to be used by the body.
		Some researchers have speculated that fructose may not be as satiating (produce feeling of fullness) as other carbohydrates because it does not stimulate insulin and leptin secretion nor suppress ghrelin production—all hormones that help to regulate hunger and food intake.
	ific.org /publications/qa/fructoseqa.cfm (1752 words)

	American Fructose Corporation Information \| Business.com
		Home » Directory » Food & Beverage » Ingredients » Whole Wheat, Grain & Flour » American Fructose Corporation
		FRUCTOSE ACCOUNTED FOR 75% OF 1991 REVENUES; BY-PRODUCTS, 19% & STARCH, 6% More
		CNN - November 28, 2007 12:01 PM According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, overall obesity levels among adults have not increased in the past few years.
	rd.business.com /index.asp?epm=s.1&bdcq=Fructose&bdcr=1&bdcu=http://www.business.com/directory/food_and_beverage/ingredients/whole_wheat,_grain_and_flour/american_fructose_corporation/index.asp?partner=2662601&bdct=20071202202155&bdcp=&partner=2662601&bdcs=nwuuid-2662601-275EE97A-2821-43F9-B8EC-4C579462B193-ym (105 words)

	fructose - Encyclopedia.com
		fructose, levulose, or fruit sugar, simple sugar found in honey and in the fruit and other parts of plants.
		Glucose and fructose are formed in equal amounts when sucrose is hydrolyzed by the enzyme invertase or by heating with dilute acid; the resulting equimolar mixture of fructose and glucose, called invert sugar, is the major component of honey.
		Fructose reacts with Fehling's solution and can be differentiated from glucose by its reaction with lime water to form a water-insoluble precipitate, calcium fructosate.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-fructose.html (1119 words)

	[No title]
		Fructose ingestion in humans results in increases in blood lactic acid, especially in patients with preexisting acidotic conditions such as diabetes, postoperative stress, or uremia.
		Fructose is absorbed primarily in the jejunum and metabolized in the liver.
		Fructose is converted to fatty acids by the liver at a greater rate than is glucose.
	www.mercola.com /2002/jan/5/fructose.htm (1775 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Fructose (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fructose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods and one of the three most important blood sugars along with glucose and galactose.
		Fructose is also derived from the digestion of sucrose, a disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose which is broken down by enzymes during digestion.
		Fructose is often recommended for, and consumed by, people with diabetes mellitus or hypoglycaemia, because it has a very low Glycemic Index (GI 32) relative to cane sugar (sucrose).
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/Fructose (493 words)

	Is Fructose Dangerous?
		For example, fructose has been touted for years as a safe sugar for diabetics because it doesn't trigger a rapid rise in blood sugar.
		While on the fructose diet, the subjects' total cholesterol levels increased by 9 percent and the LDL fraction increased by 11 percent.
		Fructose accounts for only 5 to 7.7 percent of the wet weight of cherries,pears, bananas, grapes, and apples.
	www.thenutritionreporter.com /fructose_dangers.html (2277 words)

	Hereditary Fructose Intolerance \| AHealthyMe.com
		Fructose is a sugar found naturally in fruits, vegetables, honey, and table sugar.
		Fructose intolerance is a disorder caused by the body's inability to produce an enzyme called aldolase B (also called fructose 1-phosphate aldolase) that is necessary for absorption of fructose.
		Fructose intolerance is an inherited disorder passed on to children through their parents' genes.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic100586932 (703 words)

	FAQ: HFI Detailed
		These repercussions of fructose ingestion are most dire for the newborn infant whose parents are unaware of the disorder and may coerce the persistent ingestion of fructose, making weaning during infancy the period of greatest risk.
		Aldolase B is the major aldolase isozyme in the liver and functions in both fructose metabolism, using fructose 1-phosphate as a substrate, and in gluconeogenesis, producing fructose 1,6-bisphosphate from the two triose phosphates, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
		The treatment for HFI is the exclusion of fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol (less than 40 mg/kg per day) from the diet (3) and results in complete alleviation of most symptoms and a normal life span (1).
	www.bu.edu /aldolase/HFI/hfiinfo/detail.html (1095 words)

	Dr. Koop - Hereditary fructose intolerance
		Fructose is a fruit sugar that naturally occurs in the body.
		Hereditary fructose intolerance is an autosomal recessive disease.
		In fructose-intolerant people, ingestion of fructose (fruit sugar) and sucrose (cane or beet sugar, table sugar) produces complicated chemical changes that cannot be corrected because of the absence of the enzyme aldolase B. Ingestion of fructose causes profound hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and progressive liver damage.
	www.drkoop.com /ency/93/000359.html (346 words)

	ific.org : What Do We Know About Fructose And Obesity?
		Fructose, as noted in the sidebar, is a single sugar unit, like glucose, and is sometimes referred to as “fruit sugar” since it is the sugar that occurs naturally in fruits, vegetables, and honey.
		Fructose and glucose are combined in equal amounts (50/50) in table sugar (sucrose).
		The relatively lesser effect that fructose has on stimulating blood glucose and insulin levels is proposed as a physiological hypothesis for why fructose ingestion may uniquely contribute to the rise in the rates of obesity.
	www.ific.org /foodinsight/2004/ja/fructosefi404.cfm (2187 words)

	Fructose
		Note that the OH groups in fructose are in the same positions that they are in glucose, the difference being that the second carbon is a carbonyl group instead of having a hydroxyl group.
		When fructose forms a ring, the process is in some ways similar to that for glucose and in some ways different.
		When you are in the lab, use a model kit to put together a model of fructose in the linear (open) form and have that checked by an instructor to make sure that you have the OH's in the right positions.
	dl.clackamas.cc.or.us /ch106-07/fructose.htm (386 words)

	The Double Danger of High Fructose Corn Syrup
		Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of 50 percent glucose and 50 percent fructose.
		Fructose seems to interfere with copper metabolism to such an extent that collagen and elastin cannot form in growing animals--hence the hypertrophy of the heart and liver in young males.
		Fructose reduces the affinity of insulin for its receptor, which is the hallmark of type-2 diabetes.
	www.westonaprice.org /modernfood/highfructose.html (2379 words)

	Active.com - Studies point to high fructose corn syrup as a culprit in obesity
		High fructose corn syrup is not the same as the corn syrup you use to make pecan pie or candy during the holidays.
		Adamson said he predicts a soda sweetened with high fructose corn syrup would have similar results since this corn-derived sweetener has virtually the same composition as sucrose, which is 50 percent fructose and 50 percent glucose.
		High fructose corn syrup is commonly found in soft drinks and fruit beverages, which are the leading source of this sweetener in the American diet.
	www.active.com /story.cfm?story_id=12423&category=eat_right&num=0 (1289 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Food Works"
		Sucrose, also known as "white sugar" or "table sugar," is made of one glucose and one fructose molecule bonded together.
		Galactose, like fructose, has the same chemical components as glucose but the atoms are arranged differently.
		Glucose, fructose and galactose are monosaccharides and are the only carbohydrates that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal lining.
	home.howstuffworks.com /food2.htm (1064 words)

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