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	Frumentarii - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The frumentarii were the secret service of the Roman Empire.
		The story was told that the frumentarii read a letter addressed to a man in government in the provinces who, according to his wife's correspondence, loved only baths and pleasures.
		In 217, Macrinus appointed Marcus Oclatinus Adventus, the former head of the frumentarii and the prefect of the Praetorian Guard to the Senate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frumentarii (453 words)

	the Regia > Organizations > Frumentarii
		There is positive evidence that the frumentarii, as couriers bearing all kinds of messages to and from the central government, were among the most important users of the state highways.
		Certainly by the first quarter of the second century the frumentarii were spies in the service of the central government, and it is tempting to suppose that their potential use in this capacity should not long have escaped the attention of a ruthless or efficient emperor, like Domitian himself.
		Commentators during the Late Empire were unanimous in comparing the frumentarii with their successors, the agentes in rebus, (50) who are generally reputed to have been the corrupt minions of a police state.
	www.magellannarfe.com /virtualrome/organizations/frumentarii (5372 words)

	Secret Defenders of Rome: The Frumentarii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Frumentarii were originally supply sergeants in the Roman Army, responsible for the distribution of grain and corn throughout the military of the Empire.
		Very quickly, the frumentarii were to become the eyes and ears of the Roman Emperor, reporting not only on matters that extended beyond the boundaries and frontiers of the Empire but also gathering information on matters of interest within the Empire as well
		Diocletian found he could not govern the behemoth creature that the Empire had become without the frumentarii or at least a body that fulfilled the task they had done.
	www.webspawner.com /users/Catulus (363 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, page 551 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		FRUMENTA'RII, officers under the Roman empire, who acted as spies in the provinces, and reported to the emperors anything which they considered of importance.
		4.) They appear to have been called Frumentarii because it was their duty to collect information in the same way as it was the duty of other officers, called by the same name, to collect corn.
		74, 3491, 4922), from which it has been supposed that the frumentarii, who acted as spies, were soldiers attached to the legions in the provinces ; they may, however, have been different officers, whose duty it was to distribute the corn to the legions.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-dgra/0558.html (1007 words)

	Agentes in rebus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The agentes in rebus were the Roman imperial courier service that replaced the unpopular frumentarii, sometime during the late 3rd century under Emperor Diocletian, or perhaps around the year 319.
		While the frumentarii existed and were effective for a shorter period of time, the longevity of the agentes speaks to their increased effectiveness, and somewhat decreased hatred among the population.
		The agentes original role as a postal delivery organization was also less invasive to a local population than the frumentarii's corn gathering.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Agentes_in_rebus (505 words)

	Detail Page
		As a result of the reforms of Diocletian, the frumentarii were disbanded; their sinister reputation had ended their usefulness.
		The corps, with its known activity of gathering secrets as the frumentarii had, acquired a name for terror.
		There has been debate as to the extent of their secret police work, for actual arrests and torture probably did not fall under their authority.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=ROME1444 (290 words)

	Societas Via Romana :: View topic - Is there a doctor about? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In all this bewildering advice, and trying to consider to which Greek school of medicine he should entrust Romulus, Marcus was glad to see familiar faces working their way through the crowd.
		They then carried Romulus back to the comp of the frumentarii where they placed him on a suspended bed, lulling him back to sleep as a babe in a cradle.
		Weeks of water therapy, strict diet, and the regimented life among the frumentarii would bring Romulus around to the Circus again in no time, now that he had been saved from all the doctors.
	www.societasviaromana.org /phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=317 (1847 words)

	BibleMaster.com - Study Aids - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
		Mommsen (Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie (1895), 491-503) believes that the sentence in question embodies an ancient tradition, but that the term stratopedarches could not mean praefectus praetorius, which is never rendered in this way in Greek.
		He suggests that it stands for princeps castrorum peregrinorum, who was a centurion in command of the frumentarii at Rome.
		It was probably customary, at least when the tradition under discussion arose, for the frumentarii to take charge of persons who were sent to Rome for trial (Marquardt, Romische Staatsverwaltung, II, 491-94).
	www.biblemaster.com /bible/ency/isb/view.asp?number=751 (1498 words)

	The fall of the Roman Empire
		Special commissioners, curatores, were appointed to run the cities.
		An army of secret police were recruited from the frumentarii.
		To pay for the extra bureaucrats, yet more taxes were raised, and the state increasingly took over the running of the economy.
	www.geocities.com /fallofempire (1829 words)

	Nicene and Ante-Nicene Fathers, Ser. II, Vol I: The Church History of Eusebius.: Chapter XL
		Sabinus, an otherwise unknown personage, seems to have been prefect of Egypt at this time, as Æmilianus was during the persecution of Valerian, according to Bk.
		One of the frumentarii milites, or military commissaries, who were employed for various kinds of business, and under the emperors especially as detectives or secret spies.
		It is not meant that the frumentarius could not find the house, but that he did not think to go to the house at all, through an error of judgment (“being smitten with blindness”), supposing that Dionysius would certainly be elsewhere.
	www.sacred-texts.com /chr/ecf/201/2010210.htm (2030 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 96.03.14 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		There were very few typographical errors, and only one which caused some confusion.
		On page 152, one ought to read "those ex frumentariis" rather than "frumentariis"; "frumentarii" is possible, but the former reading accords better with the argument.
		In sum, A. and R. have created a sound, ground-breaking piece of scholarship, of considerable value not only to the military historian but also to those interested in the mechanics of history and, by extension, to those concerned with the collection of information by historians.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1996/96.03.14.html (1689 words)

	St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen -- Chap 15 -- 1
		Augustus had reduced to a regular system the maintenance of communications between the centre of control in Rome and the armies stationed in the great frontier provinces.
		Legionary centurions, called commonly frumentarii, went to and fro between Rome and the armies; and were employed for numerous purposes that demanded communication between the Emperor and his armies and provinces.
		They acted not only for commissariat purposes (whence the name), but as couriers, and for police purposes, and for conducting prisoners; and in time they became detested as agents and spies of Government.
	www.webminister.com /ramsay/rsp151.shtml (1324 words)

	Regio II - Insula VII - Colonna con Genio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		So what we see is a dedication to the Genius of the Castra Peregrina by two brothers (Optatianus and Pudens), who were frumentarii.
		The frumentarii were originally involved with the food-supply of the army.
		In the second and third century AD we find them as couriers, police, and even spies.
	www.ostia-antica.org /regio2/7/colonna.htm (346 words)

	The frumentarii gossip
		The words of the new Princeps Peregrinorum stuck in his mind.
		So, Quintus was to investigate why Catalus Aemilius was no longer leader of the frumentarii.
		There had been surprise among the frumentarii when they had heard the news that Lucius Valerius Flaccus would be leading them - although Quintus had had some advance warning of this.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/295164 (312 words)

	Five Good Emperors: 96-180
		He also abandoned military conquests because they were too expensive, and paid more attention to the provinces, traveling and listening to them.
		Regarding government and law, he developed the Frumentarii, or Secret Service, and established the Equestrian Order which took the major burden of civil service and amassed secretariat positions.
		Intellectually, he was an author surrounded with fine minds who encouraged art, literature, and culture.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/Mediterranean/FiveGood.html (505 words)

	Command Structure Of The Frumentarii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Frumentarii Tertius(roughly the same rank as Praetor or Curiales)
		Aemilian Guard (Bodyguard for Frumentarii officials, Aids, Military and Governmental Spies)
		This page created using the webpage creation facilities of Webspawner.
	www.webspawner.com /users/Frumentariiprinceps (30 words)

	Inter-Legion promotions of Centurions and Unit Cohesion... - Message Board - ezboard.com
		After all there were only about 1800 serving legionary centurions at any given time.
		Where did the frumentarii (or was it speculatores?) get their officers from?
		Incidentally, I've always wondered...the centurion who escorted St Paul to Rome is described in the King James Version as being from 'The Augustan Band'.
	p200.ezboard.com /fromanarmytalkfrm1.showMessage?topicID=400.topic (3737 words)

	Gutenkarte » History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empir... » Chapter 30
		Others took advantage of the province of Dardania, to deduce his origin from Dardanus, and the ancient kings of Troy.]
		[Footnote 4: Notoria, a periodical and official despatch which the emperor received from the frumentarii, or agents dispersed through the provinces.
		Gallienus describes the plate, vestments, etc., like a man who loved and understood those splendid trifles.] [Footnote 6: Julian (Orat.
	gutenkarte.org /section/731/30 (3834 words)

	Sardinia - LoveToKnow 1911 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.csres.utexas.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		An agricultural loan and credit company has been formed on the ruins of the former institutions, but hitherto no charter has been granted it.
		Institutions possessing a special character are the monti frumentarii, public grain deposits, founded for the purpose of supplying peasant proprietors with seed corn, debts being paid in kind with interest after harvest.
		But they, too, lack funds sufficient to assure extensive and efficient working, even after the law of 1906.
	www.1911ency.org.cob-web.org:8888 /S/SA/SARDINIA.htm (9040 words)

	R.M. Sheldon - Espionage in the Ancient World: An Annotated Bibliography
		All the items were written in the major European languages.
		The glossary itself makes this book valuable with its entries and explanations on agentes in rebus, angaroi, beneficiarii consularis, curiosi, the cursus publicus, delatores, exporatores, frumentarii, the Logothete of the Drome, the magister officiorum, notarii, the regendarius, the Sator Rebus, the scytale, speculatores, sycophants, tabellarii, "tradecraft", and veredarii.
		In addition to acknowledgments, a foreword, preface, introduction, glossary, and an index, the text has twelve divisions:
	www.deremilitari.org /REVIEWS/Sheldon_Espionage.htm (510 words)

	Mail 404 March 6 - 12, 2006
		All my sources show the Republican legion at about 4200 men, and the Claudian legion at about 5500.
		Julius Caesar commanded late Republic legions, and even if they were augmented it is unlikely that a legion would consist of more than 5,000 men at full strength including officers, mechanics, quaestionarii, frumentarii, farriers, medics, engineers, and other specialists.
		Eight legions would thus be 40,000 men not all combatants.
	www.jerrypournelle.com /archives2/archives2mail/mail404.html (5250 words)

	BLATOBVLGIVM (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.csres.utexas.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		DIB DEABQ OMNIB FRVMENTIVS MIL COH II TVNGR
		"To the Gods [and] to the Goddesses, for all of the Frumentarii¹
		The frumentarius was a junior officer in charge of the military grain supply.
	www.roman-britain.org.cob-web.org:8888 /places/blatobulgium.htm (1185 words)

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