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	The Fuel Cell Seminar & Exposition
		The Fuel Cell Seminar and Exposition is the premier meeting for the fuel cell industry.
		The Fuel Cell Seminar and Exposition offers the largest number of technical papers, the most exhibits and the best coverage of the latest technical advances in the field.
		Fuel Cell Seminar and Exposition exhibitors and sponsors represent the latest in leading research and development—both domestically and abroad.
	www.fuelcellseminar.com (0 words)

	Fuel Cell background information
		A fuel cell is an electrochemical device which brings together hydrogen and oxygen, or air in the midst of a catalyst to produce electricity, heat and water.
		This type of fuel cell is still in the design stages because of the problems of finding a good electrocatalyst to both, transform methanol into carbon dioxide and hydrogen efficiently and to reduce oxygen in the presence of methanol should any transfer through the electrolyte which is in itself a problem (1, 7, 8).
		A fuel cell generates power though a voltage difference and current, therefore electrical separation of the poles is required in order not to short the cell thus subverting all current through the short and not through the load.
	www.kettering.edu /~altfuel/fcback.htm (4731 words)

	FC2K
		A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and heat as its by-product.
		Fuel cells are also scalable and can be stacked until the desired power output is reached.
		Since fuel cells operate silently, they reduce noise pollution as well as air pollution and the waste heat from a fuel cell can be used to provide hot water or space heating for a home or office.
	www.fuelcells.org (0 words)

	Fuel Cell Today - Opening doors to fuel cells commercialisation
		Fuel Cell Today Niche Transport Survey Volume 2, 2007
		Fuel cell powered police radio tower installed in New York State
		Fuel Cell Store, a subsidiary of ECOtality, has won the sole contract to provide hydrogen fuel cell kits for the 2007 U.S. Department of Energy National Science Bowl.
	www.fuelcelltoday.com (0 words)

	Ford Motor Company - Fuel Cell Vehicles
		The Focus FCV is one of the industry's first hybridized fuel cell vehicles and combines the improved range and performance of hybrid technology with the overall environmental benefits of a fuel cell.
		In addition to gathering critical data for the advancement of fuel cell technology, our fuel cell vehicles are constantly on the move around the world for various shows and demonstrations.
		The success of the Focus Fuel Cell Vehicle is an important milestone in Ford's long-term strategy to move toward hydrogen and alternative-fuel powered cars and trucks as viable consumer transportation options.
	www.ford.com /en/vehicles/specialtyVehicles/environmental/fuelCell/default.htm (174 words)

	California Fuel Cell Partnership
		The fuel cell's sole function is to recharge the vehicle's lithium ion battery pack as needed, allowing this break-through technology to work like a portable generator, instead of an engine, as has been the case in previous fuel cell powered vehicles.
		GM is demonstrating fuel cell vehicles, including Hy-wire and the HydroGen3 to the public and governmental officials around the world to reinforce its commitment to this technology and the speed at which the company is moving.
		On the long road towards implementing a fuel cell, Volkswagen is pursuing a multi-layered drive and fuel strategy to achieve further progress in ensuring mobility and reducing consumption and emissions in the short and medium term.
	www.fuelcellpartnership.org /fuel-vehl_cars.html (646 words)

	DoD Fuel Cell - Fuel Cell Descriptions
		Hydrogen from the fuel gas stream is consumed at the anode, yielding electrons to the anode and producing hydrogen ions which enter the electrolyte.
		At the fuel cell stack level, electrical efficiency is determined by the voltage at which the fuel cell is operated.
		When hydrocarbon fuels are to be used or air is to be used as the oxidant, higher temperature fuel cells, the MCFC, the SOFC, and to some extent the PAFC, have an efficiency advantage over the PEFC at the system level.
	dodfuelcell.cecer.army.mil /proton.html (1325 words)

	Fuel Cell Today - Opening doors to fuel cells commercialisation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fuel cells are classified according to the nature of the electrolyte.
		Cell Reaction: CH These cells are expected to operate at around 120°C, which is slightly higher than the standard PEM fuel cell, and give efficiencies of around 40 per cent.
		The water generated in the fuel cell is fed to a solar powered electrolyser where it is separated into its constituent components of hydrogen and oxygen which are then fed back to the fuel cell.
	www.fuelcelltoday.com /FuelCellToday/EducationCentre/EducationCentreExternal/EduCentreDisplay/0,1741,FCInfoTypes,00.html (1932 words)

	A Basic Overview of Fuel Cell Technology
		One great appeal of fuel cells is that they generate electricity with very little pollution—much of the hydrogen and oxygen used in generating electricity ultimately combine to form a harmless byproduct, namely water.
		The purpose of a fuel cell is to produce an electrical current that can be directed outside the cell to do work, such as powering an electric motor or illuminating a light bulb or a city.
		Each type of fuel cell has advantages and drawbacks compared to the others, and none is yet cheap and efficient enough to widely replace traditional ways of generating power, such coal-fired, hydroelectric, or even nuclear power plants.
	americanhistory.si.edu /fuelcells/basics.htm (1380 words)

	Fuel Cell Market Reports
		Fuel cells are expected to be one of the main utitiity and residential stationary poser wources within ten years.
		Residential fuel cell shipments were not at a level where they could be counted in 2001, but by 2007, residential fuel cells account for 13% of the shipment dollars.
		The market for military fuel cells is poised to take off in 5 to 10 years, but the opportunities are balanced by a number of barriers that must be overcome before military fuel cells can sustain the anticipated multi-billion dollar markets anticipated by mid-21st century forces.
	www.fuelcell-magazine.com /f-bkstr.htm (4055 words)

	Fuel Cell Works Supplemental News Page
		Fuel cells, which convert chemical energy directly into electricity, are more efficient than engines that burn fuel.
		The hydrogen fuel cell, in particular, has been widely proposed as a clean and efficient alternative to gasoline-powered internal combustion engines.
		The cell's positive and negative electrodes are separated by a membrane designed to allow only protons from the methanol to migrate from one electrode to the other.
	www.fuelcellsworks.com /Supppage4854.html (1130 words)

	DOE - Fossil Energy: DOE's Fuel Cell R&D Program
		Fuel cells are an energy user's dream: an efficient, combustion-less, virtually pollution-free power source, capable of being sited in downtown urban areas or in remote regions, that runs almost silently, and has few moving parts.
		In the near future, fuel cells could be used in auxiliary power units (APUs) on heavy duty trucks and RVs or propelling automobiles and allowing homeowners to generate electricity in their basements or backyards.
		Fuel cells are so clean that, in the U.S., over half of the states have financial incentives to support their installation.
	www.fossil.energy.gov /programs/powersystems/fuelcells (2010 words)

	HFCIT Fuel Cells: Basics
		A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or hydrogen-rich fuel) and oxygen to create electricity by an electrochemical process.
		For polymer electrolyte membrane and phosphoric acid fuel cells, protons move through the electrolyte to the cathode to combine with oxygen and electrons, producing water and heat.
		For alkaline, molten carbonate, and solid oxide fuel cells, negative ions travel through the electrolyte to the anode where they combine with hydrogen to generate water and electrons.
	www.eere.energy.gov /hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/basics.html (341 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Physics of Light and Color - Hydrogen Fuel Cell Basics: Interactive Java Tutorial
		Fuel cells are designed to utilize a catalyst, such as platinum, to convert a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen into water.
		The tutorial initializes with a hydrogen fuel cell having hydrogen and oxygen input chambers separated by a cathode, anode, and an electrolyte.
		Currently, hydrogen is used primarily as a rocket fuel (in the form of catalytic fuel cells as illustrated in Figure 1), and as a component of a number of industrial chemical processes.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/java/fuelcell (1051 words)

	World Fuel Cell Council - Fuel Cells (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fuel cell power plants have demonstrated unprecedented reliability and durability that is significantly better than conventional equipment.
		Fuel cells can use hydrogen derived from a variety of sources, including natural gas and coal, and renewables such as biomass or, through electrolysis, wind and solar energy.
		Fuel cells offer utilities the opportunity to provide customers with an added value energy service that is not subject to the same competitive or regulatory pressures as exist for conventional electric supply and will be able to do so at overall lower cost.
	www.fuelcellworld.org /article_flat.fcm?articleid=13 (366 words)

	Fuel Cells 2000 : Fuel Cell Basics : How They Work
		Hydrogen fuel is fed into the "anode" of the fuel cell.
		Since the fuel cell relies on chemistry and not combustion, emissions from this type of a system would still be much smaller than emissions from the cleanest fuel combustion processes.
		When the cells are stacked in a series, the operating voltage increases to 0.7 volts multiplied by the number of cells stacked.
	www.fuelcells.org /basics/how.html (250 words)

	A Student's Guide to Alternative Fuel Vehicles - Fuel Cell Vehicles
		When the fuel cells are fueled with pure hydrogen, they are considered to be zero emission vehicles.
		Fuel cells have been used on spacecraft for many years to power electric equipment.
		Fuel cells combine oxygen from the air with hydrogen from the vehicle's fuel tank to produce electricity.
	www.energyquest.ca.gov /transportation/fuelcells.html (888 words)

	Fuel Cell Vehicles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fuel cells onboard the vehicle create electricity through a chemical process using hydrogen fuel and oxygen from the air.
		Automakers, fuel cell developers, component suppliers, government agencies, and others are working hard to accelerate the introduction of FCVs.
		The California Fuel Cell Partnership is a collaboration of auto companies, fuel providers, fuel cell technology companies, and government agencies demonstrating fuel cell electric vehicles in California under day-to-day driving conditions.
	www.fueleconomy.gov /feg/fuelcell.shtml (418 words)

	DoD Fuel Cell - Links
		Develops and manufactures integrated PEM fuel cell systems, and is a leading global supplier of testing and diagnostic equipment to the fuel cell industry.
		Fuel Cell Industry Report brings together, in a single source, news of technical and business developments in all types of fuel cells and analyzes what is important to the industry and its marketplace.
		Fuel Cell Markets Ltd is an independent organization, developed for the benefit of the industry, to integrate and expand the Fuel Cell Marketplace.
	dodfuelcell.cecer.army.mil /links.php4 (1492 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Fuel Cells Work"
		A fuel cell converts the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into water, and in the process it produces electricity.
		With a fuel cell, chemicals constantly flow into the cell so it never goes dead -- as long as there is a flow of chemicals into the cell, the electricity flows out of the cell.
		Fuel cells may soon generate electrical power for all sorts of devices we use every day.
	www.howstuffworks.com /fuel-cell.htm (562 words)

	Toshiba's methanol fuel cell: Digital Photography Review
		The new fuel cell outputs 100 milliwatts of power, and can continue to do so, non-stop, for as long as users top up its integrated fuel tank—a process that is as simple as it is safe.
		The cumulative result of these advances is the world's smallest 100mW fuel cell; a more compact, more efficient DMFC that outperforms its predecessors by a factor of five in terms of power output.
		Methanol in a fuel cell delivers power most efficiently when mixed with water in a concentration of less than 10%—a dilution requiring a fuel tank that is much too large for use with portable equipment.
	www.dpreview.com /news/0406/04062401toshibafuel.asp (693 words)

	Fuel-Cell Vehicles
		A fuel cell produces electricity directly from the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen.
		The only byproduct is water. A fuel-cell vehicle utilizes the electricity produced by the fuel cell to power motors at the vehicle's wheels. Fuel-cell vehicles are similar to battery-electric vehicles in that they are powered by electricity, but they do not have to be recharged like battery vehicles.
		Because hydrogen is a gas, as opposed to a liquid fuel, a larger volume of it is needed to travel the same distance as with a tank of gasoline.
	www.ucsusa.org /clean_vehicles/cars_pickups_suvs/fuelcell-vehicles.html (414 words)

	Collecting the History of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
		For this fuel cell to work, the proton exchange membrane electrolyte must allow hydrogen protons to pass through but prohibit the passage of electrons and heavier gases.
		PEM cells have also supplied power to unmanned blimps called aerostats and to sonobuoys, which are nautical buoys that generate and receive sonar signals.
		At night, the fuel cell was to run the motors by converting the hydrogen and oxygen back into water.
	americanhistory.si.edu /fuelcells/pem/pemmain.htm (987 words)

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