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Topic: Fugitive Slave Law of 1793

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	Fugitive Slave Laws - MSN Encarta
		Introduction; The Constitution and the Law of 1793; The Law of 1850; Northern Resistance to the Laws
		Fugitive Slave Laws, acts passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850, intended to facilitate the recapture and extradition of runaway slaves and to commit the federal government to the legitimacy of holding property in slaves.
		Although the constitutionality of the fugitive slave laws was unquestioned, only the force of arms could finally define the nature of the Union, its source of authority, and the boundaries of liberty.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559710/Fugitive_Slave_Laws.html (762 words)

	fugitive slave laws - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		As slavery was abolished in the Northern states, the 1793 law was loosely enforced, to the great irritation of the South, and as abolitionist sentiment developed, organized efforts to circumvent the law took form in the Underground Railroad.
		As a concession to the South a second and more rigorous fugitive slave law was passed as part of the Compromise of 1850.
		New personal-liberty laws contradicting the legislation of 1850 (and described, with some reason, by Southerners as equivalent to South Carolina's notorious ordinance of nullification) were passed in most of the Northern states.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-fugitive.html (681 words)

	The American Revolution (Fugitive Slave Law)
		The U.S. Congress intended the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 to resolve the ambiguities present in previous legislation.
		Slave catchers were permitted to capture a runaway slave in any state or territory and needed only to prove orally to a federal or state judge that the person was an escaped slave.
		The slave was not guaranteed a trial by jury, and the judge's decision was final.
	theamericanrevolution.org /hdocs/fugslavelaw.asp (81 words)

	Expanded Timeline
		South Carolinians, Pierce Butler and Charles Pinckney, proposed that a clause for the extradition of fugitive slaves be attached to that for fugitives from justice.
		The 1793 Fugitive Slave Law was written in response to a conflict between Pennsylvania and Virginia.
		The 1793 Fugitive Slave Law that was written in response to this interstate struggle marked the first of several federal attempts to balance the rights of personal liberty and personal property.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~ugrr/christiana/timeline.html (850 words)

	Fugitive Slave Laws - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Aware that the northern states might become havens of refuge for escaped slaves, South Carolina's delegates at the Constitutional Convention (1787) sought the return of slaves on the same basis as the extradition of common criminals.
		The statute authorized slave owners or their agents to apprehend fugitives in any state or territory and provided that owners could apply to a circuit or district judge for a certificate to take custody of runaways.
		The law did not, however, grant judges power to issue warrants of arrest, nor did it require federal marshals to assist owners.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761559710___2/Fugitive_Slave_Laws.html (238 words)

	Hangout - The Underground Railroad
		The railroad led the slaves to freedom in the northern free states, Canada, Mexico, the western territories, and the Caribbean.
		The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 - federal legislation that allowed slave hunters to capture an escapee in any territory or state with only oral proof that the person was a runaway - increased tensions between North and South, thereby moving the country closer to war.
		Runaway slaves generally came from the upper South and were mostly skilled males without families.
	www.state.nj.us /hangout_nj/200302_underground_railroad_p1.html (226 words)

	Fugitive Slave Incidents in Central Pennsylvania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Prior to that, a few African slaves existed in the region populated by the Dutch, Swedes and Finns.[ii] In central Pennsylvania, slaves were held chiefly by the wealthier and established residents of each county, and were used for agricultural, industrial and domestic work.
		The slaves were not permitted to testify at all, and did not have the right to legal counsel or to call witnesses to testify on their own behalf.
		The capture of the slaves, reported in the anti-slavery National Era, bemoaned the fact that little could be done on the part of the slaves due to “the charter of abominations, The Fugitive Slave Law.”[xix] In October, in two separate incidents, Black women in Harrisburg were seized by white slave hunters.
	www.afrolumens.org /rising_free/fugitive.html (6075 words)

	Teacher Resources - Collection - Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860
		Slaves and the Court, 1740-1860 focuses strongly on issues related to states’ rights and the fugitive slave laws, a controversial issue from as early as 1793.
		Southern states, on the other hand, argued that the Fugitive Slave Law was necessary to protect their property rights and that the law was "necessary and proper" to carry out the Constitution’s provisions regarding fugitives from labor.
		This law, which was part of a package of bills known as the Compromise of 1850, created a new office, "federal commissioner." Slave owners could bring an alleged fugitive before this commissioner to prove ownership.
	memory.loc.gov /learn/collections/sltrial/history4.html (959 words)

	Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
		Slave hunters were allowed to capture an escapee in any territory or state and were required only to confirm orally before a state or federal judge that the person was a runaway.
		The law was opposed in many Northern states; several reacted by enacting legislation to protect free fl Americans and fugitive slaves.
		Laws in some states made it easier to extradite a runaway if his or her slave status were confirmed.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h480.html (500 words)

	Underground Railroad Indiana!
		On July 9, 1793, the parliament of Upper Canada prohibited the importation of slaves, and provided for gradual emancipation by enacting that every child thereafter born of a negrees slave should be free at the age of twenty-five years.
		The fugitive slave law of 1793 was similar to the agreement made in 1787, when the compact was accepted to forever exclude slavery from the states that would be formed out of the northwest territory, except that the act of 1793 provided for the reclamation of fugitives from justice as well as from service.
		The fugitive slave law that was passed in 1850 gave the slave holders, or those hunting their runaway slaves, the power to organize a posse at any point in the United States to aid them in running down their negroes.
	www.undergroundrailroadindiana.com (1667 words)

	MHAL - Child of the Underground Railroad: Lesson Plan for "Malinda Paris - A Memorial"
		The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, in effect at the time of Malinda's experiences, defined slaves as property that could be returned to the master without due process of law.
		The Fugitive Slave Act was a concession to the South when Congress admitted California to the Union as a nonslave state, abolished slavery in Washington, DC, and declared that the question of slavery in the new territories of Utah and New Mexico could be decided by a vote of the settlers in each territory.
		Fugitive Slave Act, 1850: Provisions of the Compromise of 1850 that set up a system for returning escaped slaves to their masters from all states and territories of the United States.
	www.michigan.gov /hal/0,1607,7-160-17451_18670_18793-52901--,00.html (2124 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Fugitive Slave Acts \| PBS
		The 1793 law enforced Article IV, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution in authorizing any federal district judge or circuit court judge, or any state magistrate, to decide finally and without a jury trial the status of an alleged fugitive slave.
		Under this law fugitives could not testify on their own behalf, nor were they permitted a trial by jury.
		For some time during the American Civil War, the Fugitive Slave Acts were considered to still hold in the case of fls fleeing from masters in border states that were loyal to the Union government.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/fugitive_slave_acts.html (409 words)

	AAP Bibliography: Law
		Eggert, Gerald G. "The Impact of the Fugitive Slave Law on Harrisburg: A Case Study." 73-105.
		"The Kidnaping of John Davis and the Adoption of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793." JSH.
		Maginnes, David R. "The Case of the Court House Rioters in the Rendition of Fugitive Slave Anthony Burns, 1854." JNH.
	americanabolitionist.liberalarts.iupui.edu /law.htm (1424 words)

	Random Works of the Web » Blog Archive » Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This law marked the first of several federal attempts to balance the rights of personal liberty and personal property when one state’s recognition of liberty directly impinged on another state’s recognition of property rights in slaves.
		Escaped slaves were not allowed jury trials, and it was not uncommon for runaways to be refused permission to present proof of their freedom in court.
		It made it a federal crime to assist an escaping slave, and established the legal mechanism by which escaped slaves could be seized (even in “free” states), brought before a magistrate, and returned to their masters.
	random.dragonslife.org /fugitive-slave-act-of-1793/5637 (527 words)

	[No title]
		The Situation It is October, 1851, and Syracuse is divided in its response to the Fugitive Slave Law.
		As a concession to the North, slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia; as a concession to the South, slavery in the District was retained.
		Summary of the Fugitive Slave Law The fugitive slave law passed by the U.S. Congress in 1850 was an amendment and supplement to an earlier congressional act: “An Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping from the Service of their Masters” (1793) Major provisions of the act include the following: I.
	www.jamesmadison.com /lessons/david_seiter_1.doc (5428 words)

	The Underground Railroad in Southeastern Ohio
		Since the beginning of slavery in Virginia, slaves had always runaway, but slaves in the Upper South started to runaway from their plantations in increasing numbers after 1808 reflecting the fact that slaves in the Upper South, "definitely" did not want to be sold "down the river".
		From 1835 on, fugitive slaves came from the Ohio River to the Hoyt Station and were forwarded on to the Jewett Palmer Station in Liberty Township.
		Fugitive slaves from the Palmer Station were sent over to Stafford, 12 miles away in Monroe County, or to Middleburg in Noble County.
	henryburke1010.tripod.com /id14.html (6787 words)

	CIVIL RIGHTS CASES
		The law may therefore regulate, to some extent, the mode in which they shall be conducted, and consequently the public have rights in respect of such places which may be vindicated by the law.
		This alone is sufficient for holding that congress is not restricted to the enactment of laws adapted to counteract and redress the operation of state legislation, or the action of state officers of the character prohibited by the amendment.
		The supreme law of the land has decreed that no authority shall be exercised in this country upon the basis of discrimination, in respect of civil rights, against freemen and citizens because of their race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
	www.tourolaw.edu /patch/Civil/Harlan.asp (6576 words)

	LIFE OF A SLAVE
		SLAVE LIFE Francis Henderson was 19 when he managed to escape from a slave plantation outside of Washington, D.C., in 1841.
		SLAVE WITH AN IRON MUZZLE 1839When persons being held as slaves were accused by their masters of insubordination, or of eating more than their allotment of food, they might expect to be fitted with an iron muzzle.
		A number of slave rebellions, including one led by Nat Turner in 1831, which involved several free and literate fls and which he claimed was divinely inspired, had underscored for whites the need to maintain tight control over the literacy of fls and the tenor of their religious beliefs.
	www.louswebsite.com /37.html (3940 words)

	Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		And all costs or expenses incurred in the apprehending, securing, and transmitting such fugitive to the state or territory making such demand, shall be paid by such state or territory.
		And be it further enacted, That any agent, appointed as aforesaid, who shall receive the fugitive into his custody, shall be empowered to transport him or her to the state or territory from which he or she shall have fled.
		Which penalty may be recovered by and for the benefit of such claimant, by the action of debt, in any court proper to try the same; saving moreover to the person claiming such labour or service, his right of action for or on account of the said injuries or either of them.
	academic.udayton.edu /race/02rights/slave02.htm (340 words)

	The Fugitive Slave Law
		The fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was written to protect the "property" and interests of Southern Slave Holders.
		The document calls upon all law enforcement officials in the country to hunt down, and return to their "owners" and fugitive slaves who would try and escape their captivity.
		And upon the production of the said party of other and further evidence, if necessary, either oral or by affidavit, in addition to what is contained in the said record, of the identity of the person escaping, he or she shall be delivered up to the claimant.
	www.sonofthesouth.net /slavery/fugitive-slave-law.htm (336 words)

	Underground Railroad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Federal law had long asserted the responsibility of residents of free states and territories to return escaped slave property to its owners.
		The Constitution of the United States had a fugitive slave clause that Congress implemented with the first Fugitive Slave Law in 1793, placing a fine on anyone rescuing, harboring, or hindering the arrest of a fugitive.
		The pursuit and return of fugitive slaves was certain to meet resistance in Pennsylvania, and did, though many condemned this kind of civil disobedience and urged compliance with the law.
	www.phmc.state.pa.us /ppet/underground/page1.asp?secid=31 (436 words)

	Subject Category - african, page 2
		Fugitive slaves moved along established routes through Ohio from one station to another.
		The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 made it a federal offense to interfere in the capture and return of fugitive slaves.
		Eventually the Ohio Supreme Court, by a narrow margin, ruled the fugitive slave law to be constitutional.
	worlddmc.ohiolink.edu /OMP/Subject?subject=african&pg=2 (690 words)

	[No title]
		Many Northerners regarded the law as a flagrant violation of fundamental American rights, and in response to their protests new personal liberty laws were enacted to weaken the 1850 legislation.
		Though politicians had expected the fugitive slave law to relieve sectional tensions, they quickly realized that it had become a propaganda tool for abolitionists, who deliberately violated the legislation.
		When the slaves get a permit to leave the plantation, they sometimes make all ring again by singing the following significant ditty, which shows that after all there is a flow of spirits in the human breast which for a while, at least, enables them to forget their wretchedness.
	members.tripod.com /~hawkenstuff/fugitive.html (1697 words)

	National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, Cincinnati, Ohio - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, ...
		Underground Railroad, loose network of antislavery northerners-mostly fls-that illegally helped fugitive slaves reach safety in the free states or Canada in the period before the American Civil War; it was also called the Liberty Line.
		The federal Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 became difficult to enforce as Yankee judges and legislators restricted masters' rights of recovery.
		Antagonism over fugitives and the publicity accorded them were crucial in fueling the flames of sectional mistrust that eventually led to the American Civil War.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /underground_railroad_museum.htm (351 words)

	Early Antislavery
		While colonial North America received few slaves compared to other places in the Western Hemisphere, it was deeply involved in the slave trade and the first protests against slavery were efforts to end the slave trade.
		But the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 explicitly stated that slaveholders could retrieve their slave "property" from free states and territories.
		The debate in Congress in 1819 and 1820 over whether Missouri should enter the Union as a slave or free state made it clear to the entire nation that the slavery issue was not going to simply evaporate in the American republic.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/underground/antislav.htm (633 words)

	Fugitive Empire
		In Fugitive Empire, Andy Doolen investigates the relationships among race, nation, and empire in colonial and early national America, revealing how whiteness and American identity were conflated to stabilize racial hierarchy and to repulse challenges to national policies of slavery, war, and continental expansion.
		Fugitive Empire begins not in 1776 but in 1741 with the New York Conspiracy trials.
		He shows how this protonational story resonated later in the suppression of resistance to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793.
	www.upress.umn.edu /Books/D/doolan_fugitive.html (176 words)

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