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Topic: Fugitive pigments

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	Pigment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biology, pigment is any material resulting in colour in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption.
		Pigments work by selectively absorbing some parts of the visible spectrum (see light) whilst reflecting others.
		A distinction is usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble, and a dye, which is either a liquid, or is soluble.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pigment (325 words)

	Artist's Pigments
		WHITE pigments were obtained from lime, gypsum, whiting or chalk, and white lead ; the latter was the native cerusite, a carbonate of lead which was in use as early as 400 B.C. Oxides of tin and zinc were also used as white pigments from a very early date.
		Another very fugitive red colour known as dragon's blood was prepared from the resinous exudation of the tree called Pterocarpus draco, which was sometimes used as a glazing pigment when mixed with varnish, but it is easily destroyed when mixed with leads or chromates.
		The Ultramarine pigment is prepared from the lazulite mineral by pounding it in a mortar to a fine powder, and by subjecting it to a prolonged and thorough grinding in water.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles20/painting-methods-12.shtml (4937 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Painting is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding agent (a glue) to a surface (support) such as paper, canvas or a wall.
		While typically the pigments in paint are supposed to be permanent, some painters have used paint with fugitive pigments.
		The medium is the vehicle that the pigment is suspended or embedded in.
	www.online-encyclopedia.info /encyclopedia/p/pa/painting_2.html (441 words)

	Pigmented Ink (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A photosynthetic pigment is a pigment that is present in chloroplasts or photosynthetic bacteria and captures the light energy necessary for photosynthesis.
		Lake pigments are pigments made by precipitating a dye on an inert substance, such as calcium sulphate.
		Many lake pigments are fugitive, due to the nature of the dyes involved.
	www.blownspeakers.com /pages3/68/pigmented-ink.html (668 words)

	Thayer Pigments
		Dry pigment is perhaps the better way to go for a serious worker, as you know what pigment you've got to start with; you are in complete control of the pigment and of what is added to it along the way.
		All pigments in gum printing "lift." at printing strength, as an important feature of the process is that when the dried and exposed print is put in water, the pigment lifts off of areas where the gum is soluble.
		The pigment mixed with gum to printing strength wiped away cleanly in both conditions (the bits of color remaining are not from stain, but from sloppy wiping) but the paint that wasn't mixed with additional gum stained badly, as the swatches on the right show clearly..
	www.pacifier.com /~kthayer/html/pigment.html (4051 words)

	Pigment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In painting, are non-permanent pigments (pigments that lighten in what is understood to be a relatively short time when exposed to light).
		A wash of powdered pigments mixed with glue was applied to the entire surface of the canvas....including the tacked sides.
		He would then sit, sometimes for hours or days, in front of the canvas, considering the next color to be used or contemplating the shape of a particular area.
	facweb.cs.depaul.edu /sgrais/pigment.htm (301 words)

	Using Artists Paints
		The principle characteristic of a pigment which distinguishes it from a dye is that it is substantially insoluble in the medium in which it is used.
		Paints with fugitive pigments (those which fade with time or exposure to light) can be used for work which is not expected to endure many years, such as theatrical scenery or props, commercial art, or children's art work.
		Processes during which pigments could be inhaled include working with raw powdered pigments; using dusty chalks or pastels; sanding or chipping paints; airbrushing or spraying paints; and heating or torching paints until pigments fume.
	www.usa829.org /USA/ArtPaint.htm (3071 words)

	Pigment biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption.
		Some biological material has so-called structural color, which is the result of selective reflection or iridescence, usually done with multilayer structures.
		There is no well-defined dividing line between pigments and dyes, however, and some coloring agents are used as both pigments and dyes.
	pigment.biography.ms (232 words)

	JAIC 1984, Volume 23, Number 2, Article 4 (pp. 114 to 129)
		The traditional artists' colorant, alizarin lake, was used as a model of a fugitive organic pigment in mixture with a scattering white pigment, titanium dioxide, applied in a poly(vinyl acetate)-based paint at complete hiding.
		If a pigment fades directly to a colorless form—that is, if no intermediate compound is formed which absorbs light of the same wavelength as that absorbed at the absorption maximum of the pigment being tested—a further simplification can be made.
		Using the artists' pigment, alizarin lake, as a model chromatic pigment in mixture with rutile titanium dioxide white, we have shown that the fading of alizarin lake, in an opaque, high-gloss paint film made with poly(vinyl acetate) as the vehicle, approximates
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic23-02-004.html (4954 words)

	JAIC 1984, Volume 23, Number 2, Article 4 (pp. 114 to 129)
		It is only a matter of time; the more fugitive the pigments used, the shorter the time.
		Pigments are based on chemical compounds and should, therefore, obey stoichiometric and kinetic laws of chemical reactions in the course of their deterioration induced by photochemical and thermal activity.
		Owing to the physical complexity of the components in paint films, however, the chemical mechanism for the fading of pigments in paint films has not generally been considered amenable to analysis according to the principles of chemical kinetics.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic23-02-004_1.html (369 words)

	Old House Journal Online Traditional Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Since lab analysis indicated the verdigris pigment was boiled in linseed oil, it confirmed that the re-created glaze should be yellow-green, rather than the acid green of verdigris simply ground in oil.
		By fugitive, conservators simply mean that the paint is made with highly unstable pigments (common before the industrial era) that can interact with ultraviolet light and change drastically over time.
		The absence of any hiding pigments, such as white lead, or bulking agents, such as chalk, meant that we were looking at a finish with a high gloss-much glossier than the common paint of the day.
	www.oldhousejournal.com /magazine/2004/july/colorof-money.shtml (2169 words)

	Iziko: Sir Abe Bailey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Some of the watercolour pigments used by the artist were “fugitive”, by which we mean that they are light sensitive and prone to fading with time.
		Fugitive watercolour pigments were much used in the second half of the 19th century following the invention of new colours, particularly those based on chemical dyes, many of which have not stood the test of time.
		Fading and discolouration of the paper are accelerated by exposure of the watercolour to excessive light and excessive relative humidity.
	www.museums.org.za /sang/conservation/exhibition/item_11.htm (468 words)

	Macworld: Stylus Pro 7500
		The 7500 is designed to use the new Epson Archival pigmented inks that, when printed on suitable papers, offer much better long-term stability than all of Epson's desktop ink-jets except the Stylus Photo 2000, which uses the same pigmented inks as the 7500 and 9500.
		Dyes are soluble and therefore fugitive, whereas pigments are inert solids that provide much better resistance to fading.
		The pigmented inks have substantially lower saturation than their dye-based equivalents -- this is the trade-off for greater stability.
	www.macworld.com /2001/01/bc/18reviewsepson7500/index.php?pf=1 (532 words)

	[No title]
		Pigments are overwhelmingly more likely to last, both in the face of time and sunlight.
		Pigments are found in a very small number of non-refillable pens, in all "India inks," in better watercolours, acrylics, and so forth.
		This has to do with many people making watercolours use poor quality pigments and/or dyes in place of the higher quality materials, and not the media itself, but the end result is essentially the same from the artist's standpoint.
	www.tigerden.com /infopage/furry/art.txt (5906 words)

	handprint : the complete palette
		This page is a complete listing of the over one hundred distinct pigments currently used in watercolors and serves as an index to the pigments listed in the guide to watercolor pigments.
		Excluding several exceptions in the category of fugitive pigments (most often used in "student" or grade school paints) and the minerals used in the Daniel Smith "Primatek" paints, nearly every watercolor manufactured in the world today is made from the pigments in this list.
		When a pigment under a single color index name is available as one or more distinct colors, two paints are listed that illustrate the pigment's color range.
	www.handprint.com /HP/WCL/palette1.html (603 words)

	handprint : labeling, lightfastness & toxicity
		The traditional range of artist's pigments slowly began to expand toward the end of the 18th century, as the new science of chemistry and the new chemical manufacturing industry began discovering and producing new synthetic inorganic pigments of iron, copper and cobalt.
		Pigments such as mercuric sulfide, lead oxide or emerald green (originally made with arsenic) were toxic to manufacture and toxic to use — and toxic meant it could kill you.
		Pigments are most often inhaled when used in pastel chalks, or when the artist is working with raw pigment to prepare watercolor paints by hand, or when the paint is heated over a stove or as it dries with a high temperature air gun.
	www.handprint.com /HP/WCL/pigmt6.html (8121 words)

	Longevity of Materials
		The pigments in taxidermy paints are the same as in other paints, so the same rules would apply.
		A few thoughts on paints and pigments: It is true that a pigment will outlast the natural pigments of an animal's coat--if (and it's a big if) the pigment is a lightfast pigment, i.e.
		There are just far too many fugitive pigments in general use by manufacturers to just count on it not fading.
	www.taxidermy.net /forums/HabitatArticles/02/026D8D140A.html (1659 words)

	Gamblin Conservation Colors - Technical Data Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		For many conservators, these materials have been found to have shortcomings: they may require the use of relatively polar or toxic solvents, the stability of both the pigments and the resins used may be unacceptable or unknown, or the paints may lack certain optical and handling properties.
		Pigment particles come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes; they differ in polarity and the amount of medium they can absorb.
		All pigments used are rated Lightfastness I (excellent lightfastness) in Table 1 of ASTM D-4302 [5].
	www.gamblincolors.com /conservation/papers/retouch.html (3614 words)

	WetCanvas! - Woman with water pitcher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The mediums used in the glazing mix suspend the pigments and forms a protective layer around them in such a way that the light is able to then pass through them down to the very strata of the primer coat on the canvas or board and bounce back into the viewers eye.
		One fact observed by conservationists is that light, and especially UV light, leads to the quicker demise of fugitive pigments, such as carmine lake (based on cochineal), brazil lakes, madder lakes and indigo.
		When fugitive pigments were painted directly over white grounds they faded or were altered much more quickly, however, over colored grounds or other pigments they remained nearly unaltered.
	sreynoc.artistnation.com /forums/showthread.php?goto=lastpost&t=301469 (1194 words)

	The Artist's Magazine - Article Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		But according to the Wilcox guide, these pigments are fugitive and usage is not recommended.
		Vandyke brown is a natural earth pigment that contains clay, iron oxide, decomposed vegetable materials (in the form of soil) and bitumen.
		I know of no manufacturer that uses this pigment in its traditional form—though it’s quite likely that some use a different, more stable pigment or mixture of pigments and call the resulting color Vandyke brown.
	www.artistsmagazine.com /article.asp?id=2193 (303 words)

	WetCanvas! - Carbazole Dioxazine...Michael? Anybody? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pigments tend to perform much better in an oil medium than they do in watercolours as you know so even if you do use the blue shade you still don't need to worry since you're using oils.
		I just stick to ASTM I and II pigments in artists quality ranges (along with sound painting techniques) and feel very confident that the wide spectrum of pigments we use today are the most lightfast artist's have ever had access to in the history of painting.
		Fugitive colours in a mix with highly-permanent ones are not shielded from light per se, otherwise in the light tints the ASTM use for testing you wouldn't see changes because the Titanium White would protect the other pigment!
	www.wetcanvas.com /forums/archive/index.php/t-170318.html (5050 words)

	Monte Dolack Gallery Art Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ink is then rubbed into the depression and printed with an intaglio or etching press.
		Fugitive - In reference to ink, fugitive means the pigment is not stable or will fade at a fast rate.
		Fugitive pigments are synthetic based and made of cheap components.
	www.montedolack.com /artterms.html (1315 words)

	Country Carousel Art Studio - Painting Tips and Decoratin Trends! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The amount of 'pigment' that is used to make the paint as well as the type of pigment used in the manufacturing process does affect colour clarity, which in turn may affect the 'look' that an artist is trying to achieve.
		pigments, this single feature facilitated easier mixing techniques as well as enabling the artist to create effects that required transparency and luminosity for added dimension.
		It is important to recognize that some pigments are opaque and others transparent by the nature of the pigment.
	www.neadeenmasters.com /cctips.htm (12798 words)

	WetCanvas! - Red other than aliz. criz.? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Given its vaunted reputation it should by now include comprehensive information on every pigment offered in artists' materials and tell the reader how they might vary in different binders, but this would obviously entail too much money and effort as far as the publishers are concerned.
		The colours Old Holland manufacture that include PR83 as one of a number of pigments will also exhibit this same tendency to varying degrees, notwithstanding their insistence that all their colours are equal in terms of lightfastness.
		Acrylic paint was lucky, because it was quite new to mass-market brands the makers felt they didn't have to pander to established patterns of colour use so much, so many never put fugitive pigments in their acrylic ranges.
	www.wetcanvas.com /forums/archive/index.php/t-195165.html (2829 words)

	DePhillips
		His findings help identify the origin of the paint, such as a region along the ancient Silk Route that ran from China to Spain using camel caravans, and the time period when the materials were available.
		Between the years 1000 and 1500, he said, some pigments for paint were more costly than gold.
		Until the 20th century, painters mostly mixed their own paint or had an assistant who mixed it for them so the composition of their paints became an artist's "signature." This information can be used to help authenticate or date artwork, analyze a cross section of a painting or discern an artist's technique.
	www.trincoll.edu /pub/alumni/WEB/DePhillips.htm (1397 words)

	: Resources & Ideas
		The resin also acts as a solvent for the thermoplastic pigments that give fluorescent inks their color.
		These "fugitive" pigments, which are derived from dyes, have a shorter life-span than conventional pigments.
		This helps explain why fluorescent inks tend to fade quickly and must be considered non-permanent.
	www.wausaupapers.com /Resources/Tips.aspx?TypeID=1&ID=5 (197 words)

	[No title]
		Companies that claim that disclosing what pigments and binders (oils, gums, resins, dryers, etc) are use to make them will compromise their secrets should be avoided like a plague.
		The quality of speed ball was the weakest of all the inks in the study in all the factors mentioned.
		Example because the pigment density is so weak in speedball it is only meant to be used straight out of the tube.
	www.barenforum.org /archives/vol16/v16_1522.txt (1136 words)

	LIFE IS SHORT, ART IS LONG. OR IS IT?
		Each manufacturer had their own rating system, and there was no real consistency or standards across the industry, so artists were not always aware that a pigment was not permanent.
		Unfortunately, many older paintings (over 5 years old) may have some more or less fugitive pigments included in them, because the artist did not know about the problems of the pigments used.
		Also, many current paintings may also incorporate these pigments, since some artists may not wish to change from a pigment they have used for years.
	www.barnesroberts.com /mezz/essays/lifeshrt.html (1746 words)

	WetCanvas! - Need help with last pigment on my Quiller Palette (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		I finally decided on all the watercolor pigments for my Quiller Palette and I'm having a hard time deciding on the last one.
		There ought to be a law against colors which are devastatingly lovely and yet fugitive.
		On his new line of watercolors he has a color called Emerald Green, however this is PG18 which leaves this well empty since the next one is Viridian anyway.
	sugarhoney.artistnation.com /forums/showthread.php?t=292777 (1099 words)

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