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Topic: Fula language

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	Fula - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Fula are settled in Bornu, Bagirmi, Wadai and the upper Nile Valley,' but have no political power in those countries.
		The question of the ethnic affinities of the Fula has given rise to an enormous amount of speculation, but the most reasonable theory is that they are a mixture of Berber and Negro.
		Tradition says that of old every Fula boy and girl was a scholar; but during the decadence of their power towards the close of the 19th century education was not highly valued.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Fula (780 words)

	Speaking in tongues \| By genre \| Guardian Unlimited Books
		There are the impossibly unpredictable plurals of the Luo language of Kenya, and the pedantic "evidential markers" of Tuyuca spoken in the Amazon rainforest (a statement has to be accompanied by a grammatical indication as to how one came by the information).
		The activities of the Association for the Preservation of the German language, which campaigns against the use of "downsize" instead of "abbauen" or "highlight" instead of "Höhepunkt", may indeed be "utterly futile" when seen in the long perspective of a language's irresistible self-transformation.
		He is altogether less keen on the language as it is written, with its stern conventions and its distance from mere utterance.
	books.guardian.co.uk /reviews/referenceandlanguages/0,6121,664175,00.html (1297 words)

	Linguistics Language Program - LING 19 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Fula, also known as Fulani, Peul, and Fulfulde, is a member of the Niger-Congo family of languages.
		It is the language of the Fulbe people, farmers and cattle herders of Western Africa..
		In Guinea, the language is known as Futa Fula.
	ling.ucsd.edu /courses/ling19/ling19langdis/fula.htm (159 words)

	The Fulani have spread in probably less than a thousand years over an area as vast as the United States of America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The status of Fula varies from a prestigious literary language, language of religious instruction and language at court to that of a pidginised lingua franca or a despised minority language.
		Fula verbal Initial Consonant Alternation, required, apart from political will and the institutions yet to be created, formal language teaching that cannot be achieved in the present day situation.
		Today, writing Fula means in most cases having recently acquired writing skills through teachers who are themselves in most cases neoalphabets in their language.
	www.unizh.ch /spw/afrling/afrosympo/abstracts/Gottschligg.htm (510 words)

	Fula language Information
		The Fula language is a language of West Africa, spoken by the Fula people from Senegal to Cameroon and Sudan.
		While there are numerous dialects of Fula, it is typically regarded as a single language.
		Pular is an official regional language in Guinea, and many speakers are monolingual.
	www.bookrags.com /Fula_language (337 words)

	FULA (Fulfulde, Pulaar, Fulani, Peul) Language Page - Handbook of African Language Resources (ASC)(MSU)
		Fula belongs to the northern branch of West Atlantic and is spoken throughout West Africa.
		It is one of the six national languages of Senegal, French being the official language.
		Each country where it is an official language has (1) a government office responsible for adult literacy in Fula and (2) a section in the Department of Education responsible for introducing national languages into the school system and radio broadcasts in Fula (Fagerberg-Diallo, personal communication, 1985).
	www.isp.msu.edu /AfrLang/Fula_root.htm (403 words)

	gender Information Center - blue gender
		In many other languages, however, masculine and feminine are subsumed in the category of person, either generally, or only in the plural, as in the North Caucasian languages and some Dravidian languages.
		In all Caucasian languages that manifest class, it is not marked on the noun itself but on the dependent verbs, adjectives, pronouns and prepositions.
		Gendered pronouns and their corresponding inflections vary considerably across languages: there are languages that have different pronouns and inflections in gender differences gender change the gender dysphoria third person only to differentiate between humans and inanimate objects, like Hungarian and Finnish.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_Cr_-_G/gender.html (2446 words)

	Fulfulde Language Family Report
		These are also the areas where the Fulani and their language are well documented resulting in a significant body of literature both about the Fulani, their language and providing educational materials for literacy programs.
		In countries such as Burkina Faso, Benin, and Niger, the Fulani and their language have also been well documented, but in comparison the quantity of information and the body of literature available is not nearly as significant as in the first group.
		We have attempted to represent the gradually changing nature of a language continuum through graduating shades of color; the precise points of change cannot be said to be exactly represented on the map.
	www.sil.org /silesr/2003/silesr2003-009.htm (2222 words)

	Fula language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Fula language is a language of West Africa, spoken by the Fulɓe (Fula or Fulani people) from Senegambia and Guinea to Cameroon and Sudan.
		Fula belongs to the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family.
		Fula is based on verbo-nominal roots, from which verbal, noun and modifier words are derived.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fula_language (520 words)

	New Statesman - Speaking in tongues
		English may be the language of the oppressor, but at least it oppresses everyone equally.
		Surprisingly, men are more likely to hang on to their native language or regional dialect, especially those who work in a traditional trade.
		They remind anyone who will listen that language is a living thing, and that to try to freeze it at a particular moment - in the case of English, say, somewhere around 1956 - is not only offensive, but also hopeless.
	www.newstatesman.com /200204150048 (1085 words)

	Fula (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Fula, or Fulani, are considered to be the largest nomadic pastoral group in the world.
		Literature suggests that the term Fulani is used to describe the entire population, whereas Fula is a subgroup of the large population.
		The common language is known as Fulfulde or Pulaar depending on the region.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/fula.html (474 words)

	Language Resources - E & F
		The people are generally referred to by the term applied to their language.
		The major dialects accord with the main concentrations of speakers - the Fuota Diallon dialect of Guinea, the Sene-Gambian dialects known as Peul, the Fula of Massina in Mali, and the eastern dialects known as Fulani, spoken in Northern Nigeria.
		Fula is spelt in the Roman alphabet, following an orthography based on the 1966 Bamako Conference on Orthographic Standardization.
	www.langcen.cam.ac.uk /resources/lang-ef/lang_ef.php?c=5 (192 words)

	Fula people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Fula or Fulani is an ethnic group of people spread over many countries in West Africa, from Mauritania, Senegambia, and Guinea in the west to Cameroon and as far as Sudan in the east.
		Fula, from Manding languages is also used in English, and sometimes spelled Fulah or Foulah.
		In particular, the term is historically used in reference to the 19th century Islamic conquests in Western Africa, especially the Fulbe jihad, a phrase referring to the state-founding jihad led by Usman dan Fodio in the first decade of the 19th century in and around Nigeria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fula (1083 words)

	Britannica 1911 example
		East of that river Sokoto and iti tributary emirates are ruled by Fula princes, subject to thi control of the British Nigerian administration.
		Fula are settlec in Bornu, Bagirmi, Wadai and the upper Nile Valley,1 but have no political power in those countries.
		Taken as a v hole, the Fula race is distinguished by great intelligence, frankness of disposition and strength of character.
	uncletaz.com /at/aprmay04/brit1911.html (1202 words)

	Fula in the House!
		The language they are singing is very [much] for ambiance, and when they are talking, it is really very straight, the communication.
		The Fula have a legend that says the hoddu, which is the ngoni in Mali, comes from Fulani people.
		One of the reasons is that the Fula were traditionally nomadic cattle herders, and I think all over the world you have this phenomenon where flutes tend to be the favorite instrument of shepherds.
	www.afropop.org /multi/feature/ID/96 (4857 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles
		the Fula Jalon of Guinea, Mali, Senegal, and Sierra Leone;
		the Gurma Fulani of Burkina Faso; the Krio Fula of Sierra Leone;
		the Liptako Fula of Burkina Faso; the Toroobe Fulani of Nigeria; and the Western Fulani of Niger.
	www.global12project.com /2004/profiles/clusters/fulani.html (820 words)

	Africa Update Archives
		Despite the assault on African languages and cosmological traditions during slavery, it is worthwhile to explore points raised by the "Ebonics" discussion.
		Yet evidence suggests the linkage of languages previously thought to be separate and distinct, noting that all African languages derive from four clusters, amongst which are Niger Congo and Nilo-Saharan.
		African American linguist L. Turner identified African language precedents for the diphthongs, verb tenses, consonants and vowel sounds, tongue position, phoneme, diacritics, and syntactical patterns spoken in the sea island communities of North and Sout h Carolina and Georgia.
	www.ccsu.edu /afstudy/upd4-3.html (6051 words)

	Detail Page
		Niger-Congo is comprised of more than 900 separate languages and is the most widely distributed of all the African language families, spoken in all parts of the continent.
		Languages in the West Atlantic branch include Wolof, spoken in Senegal; Temne, a language of Sierra Leone; and Fula, a language spread by nomads south of the Sahara from Senegal to Chad, though primarily in Nigeria and Guinea.
		Kordofanian, the primary group of languages of southern Kordofan (the central Sudan), is often classified as a seventh branch of the Niger-Congo family.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=AFR0384 (504 words)

	Toucouleur Language and Literacy
		In Gambia: Although Gambia is an English country, the trade languages tend to be Wolof and French.
		The Toucouleur like reading their language, which is not so among the other ethnic groups of the region.
		Since UNESCO fixed a Roman alphabet for the Pulaar language in the middle 1970's, much has been published in Pulaar and a number of literacy projects are already underway.
	www.byhisgrace.cc /toucouleur/Profile/Language_and_Literacy.htm (716 words)

	Fula Flute Downloads :: calabashmusic.com
		The Fula Flute Ensemble's music focuses on the tambin, the traditional flute of the Fulani people of the Fouta Djalon highlands of Guinea.
		The third one is one of musical language; rhythm is fundamental, associated with melody and variations… improvisation in a naturally, and intelligently, connected way with groove and occasional declamation; a vital improvisation, as if telling a story.
		The fourth one is its construction: Made from a vine, it features a rectangular embouchure with two large wings on each side of it, and three finger holes producing a full diatonic scale of one and one-half octave.
	fulaflute.calabashmusic.com (1198 words)

	Fula - PanAfriL10n
		Fula belongs to the northern branch of West Atlantic.
		Ajami was historically used to write Fula and is still frequently used in some places, such as the Futa Jalon region of Guinea.
		Fula represents a special challenge for localisation as there is both dialect variation and a wide geographic distribution of speakers.
	www.panafril10n.org /wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Fula (1047 words)

	Computing with Fula
		Fula (also known as Pulaar, Fulani and FulFulde) is spoken in many parts of West Africa including Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone and elsewhere.
		Modern Fula is written in the Roman alphabet, but includes extra letters for implosive consonants and nasals, and so requires special font keyboard support separate from languages like Spanish and French.
		Language tags are suggested so that search engines and screen readers parse the language of a page.
	tlt.its.psu.edu /suggestions/international/bylanguage/fula.html (933 words)

	BU Libraries \| Research Guide: Peoples and Cultures of Africa
		Depending on how one defines the boundaries between one language or ethnic group and another, there are nearly 2,000 languages spoken in Africa, each the mother tongue of a distinct ethnic group.
		For instance, Fula, Fulani, Fulbe, Peul, and Pullo are all terms used to refer to the same ethnic group in West Africa.
		The Fula people were colonized by both the French and the English, and this led to orthographic variations such as Peul.
	www.bu.edu /library/instruction/africanpeoples.html (2163 words)

	Learn Fula - Fula Books, Courses, and Software
		Fula (Also known as Peul, or Fulani,) is widely spoken throughout the grassland areas of West Africa, from the Atlantic to Cameroun.
		Find out which languages may be best for you: the easiest ones to learn, the most fun, and those that are most worth your investment.
		Fulani is one of the principal languages spoken in West Africa, spreading from Guinea down the African coast to Cameroon.
	www.multilingualbooks.com /fula.html (697 words)

	Christopher Culy's CV
		Culy, C. "'Incorporation' and noun stems in Takelma" paper to be presented at the Workshop on Structure and Constituency in the Languages of the Americas.
		Culy, C. "Fula pronouns and agreement" invited paper given at the First International Workshop on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, held in conjunction with the 39th Linguistic Institute of the Linguistic Society of America, July 1993, Columbus, OH.
		Culy, C. "Command and Fula Îum pronominals" paper presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: the Special Session on African Linguistic Structures, February 1991, Berkeley.
	www.uiowa.edu /~linguist/faculty/culy/cv.html (1297 words)

	Chapter 4
		In Sierra Leone as elsewhere, because Muslim scholars were used as scribes and interpreters in the late eighteenth century, Arabic became the language used for political and diplomatic correspondence.
		The Fula use their own language for oral exposition and rhetorical training, emphasizing vernacular exegesis along with reading and writing in Arabic.
		Through the work of the Fula scholars of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Fula language became "a half-way house between the penalty of primitive stigma and the merits of revealed truth" (Sanneh 1997, 133).
	www.chronologicalbiblestorying.com /articles/non-literate_chapter_4.htm (5113 words)

	Fula Translation Service - English to Fula Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		You probably don't speak Fula yourself, so there are a few questions you'll need to consider when choosing a translation company.
		Language is a living thing it develops and changes constantly.
		Adamawa Fulani, Peul, Peulh, Ful, Fula, Fulbe, Boulbe, Eastern Fulani, Fulfulde, Foulfoulde, Pullo, Gapelta, Pelta Hay, Domona, Pladina, Palata, Paldida, Paldena, Dzemay, Zemay, Zaakosa, Pule, Taareyo, Sanyo, Biira
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/Fula_translation.shtml/?source=germanfreelance (501 words)

	Fon language resources
		Ewe is one of the better documented languages of Africa, partly due to the...
		...have their own languages, although French is the official language, which is spoken mostly in the cities.
		Fon (native name F?ngbe) is part of the Gbe language cluster and belongs to the Kwa sub-family of the Niger-Congo languages.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Fon.html (1176 words)

	Mandinka language resources
		Jump to: navigation, search Mandinka may refer to: The Mandinka language The Mandinka people A song from the 1988 SinÃ©ad O'Connor album The Lion and the Cobra This is a...
		The official language of the Gambia is English.
		The Mandinka language is a Mandé language spoken by some 1.2 million Mandinka people in Mali, Senegal, The Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau; it is the main language of The Gambia.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Mandinka.html (1148 words)

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