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Topic: Fulani Caliph

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	Fulani - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Fulani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Fulani language is divided into four dialects and belongs to the West Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo family; it has more than 10 million speakers.
		Fulani groups are found in Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, and Cameroon.
		By the end of the 19th century the power of the Fulani Empire was declining and this aided the establishment of British rule
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Fulani (198 words)

	webPulaaku/Ethnography/D.J. Stenning/Wodhaabhe Pastoral Fulani/Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Pastoral Fulani populations are found in those areas of the savannah belt where the population density is lowest, principally at its northern limits in the Sahel or semi-desert scrub zone, and in well-favoured highland areas such as the Jos Plateau and the Adamawa Highlands.
		In Fouta Jalon, Fouta Senegal, and Macina, the Fulani reformists ousted pagan Fulani dynasties.
		The Fulani States themselves, which persisted until the period of European colonization, were largely usurpations of existing State systems, and owed their rise, not to invasions of warlike nomads, but to the ideological and political ambitions of holy men, whose principal adherents were Fulani communities already subject in some degree to the States' jurisdiction.
	www.pulaaku.net /defte/djStenning/introduction.html (9204 words)

	Caliphate - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Caliphate, office and realm of the caliph as supreme leader of the Muslim community and successor of the Prophet Muhammad.
		Sokoto Caliphate, sometimes referred to as the “Fulani Empire”, ruled the Hausa lands of northern Nigeria for most of the 19th century.
		Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic, Umawi), dynasty of caliphs which ruled the Arab caliphate of Islam from 661 until 750.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Caliphate.html (105 words)

	Fulani Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Fulani were traditionally a nomadic, pastoral community, herding cattle, goats and sheep.
		The Fulani were mostly Muslims, as were the rulers of most of the states in the region.
		Since Fulani strength was centered on powerful cavalry they could not expand very far southwards, however, as the horses were ineffective in the forests of the region and could not withstand the diseases of those latitudes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fulani_Empire (831 words)

	Santeria - Palo And Lukumi Organization
		Many of his supporters were Fulani, and because of his ethnicity he was able to appeal to all Fulani, particularly the clan leaders and wealthy cattle owners whose clients and dependents provided most of the troops in the jihad that began in Gobir in 1804.
		The caliphate was a loose confederation of emirates that recognized the suzerainty of the commander of the faithful, the sultan.
		Ilorin, which became part of the caliphate in the 1830s, was initially the headquarters of the Oyo cavalry that had provided the backbone of the king's power.
	www.palo.org /yoruba/usman.html (822 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for caliphate
		caliphate CALIPHATE [caliphate], the rulership of Islam; caliph, the spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Islamic state.
		Fatimid FATIMID [Fatimid] or Fatimite, dynasty claiming to hold the caliphate on the basis of descent from Fatima, a daughter of Muhammad the Prophet.
		The debate over his right to the caliphate caused a major split in Islam into Sunni and Shiite branches, and he is regarded by the Shiites as the first Imam, or leader: Shiite derives from the phrase shi-at Ali [Ar.=the party of Ali].
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=caliphate&StartAt=11 (646 words)

	The Caliphate and Nigeria's Future
		This is where the Caliphate, as the core formation that was determinedly privileged by the colonial order in the resulting national formation, remains, for all, a matter of utmost interest.
		That the caliphal order represented the bedrock of the emergent Nigerian formation was mirrored even in the official telegram of the British Crown December 30, 1913, on the amalgamation of the "two Nigerias".
		From far and wide, the Sokoto Caliphate, at inception, was regarded as an example the triumph of statecraft in the 19th century.
	www.dawodu.com /adebanwi1.htm (2785 words)

	Usman dan Fodio - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Dan Fodio was one of a class of urbanized ethnic Fulani living in the Hausa city-states in what is today northern Nigeria.
		This uprising was largely composed of the Fulani, who held a powerful military advantage with their cavalry.
		After only a few short years of the Fulani War, dan Fodio found himself in command of the largest state in Africa, the Fulani Empire.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Usman_dan_Fodio (461 words)

	Caliphate: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A third competing contemporaneous caliphate was established by the Fatimids in Africa, Syria, and Egypt (909â“1171).
		Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun Al-Rashid and the Narrative of the Abbasid Caliphate
		Books--Reviews, Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun al-Rashid and the Narrative of the [Abbasid.sup.[subset]] Caliphate (Book)--Reviews
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/caliphate.jsp?l=C&p=1 (1852 words)

	Amana Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		He is appointed with a specific mandate to uphold the rule of law, to ensure justice and equality in such a way that the citizen gets his entitlements and the property and well-being of orphans, the infirm, the insane and so on, are safeguarded.
		The Caliph must always be vigilant, whether in the office or on tour, he must be prepared for any eventuality or test of endurance.
		It is obligatory according to Shari’a, for the Caliph to prescribe rules and regulations in strict conformity with the Shari’a to ensure the smooth running of the administration.
	www.amanaonline.com /News/Arewa_constitution_1807.htm (1431 words)

	John Hunwick: Africa and Islamic Revival
		But by juxtaposing the hadith of the twelve caliphs with the notion of the centenial renewer of Islam and the Mahdi as the last renewer, it became possible to theorize that the Mahdi would appear and carry out his mission of renewal and conversion during the 13th Islamic century.
		The Fulani themselves were becoming increasingly hemmed in by Tuareg to their north and loss of grazing land turned over to agriculture in an apparent cotton boom.
		Shehu Usuman's sons and grandsons continued to be at the helm of political affairs, using the caliphal title Commander of the Faithful, for the rest of the 19th century, while descendants of Shehu Usuman's original appointees ruled the emirates.
	www.uga.edu /islam/hunwick.html (7079 words)

	Arewa Online. All you need about Nigeria. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Located in the far north of Nigeria, Sokoto State, 'Seat of the Caliphate', is the third most-populated state in the federation with a population of about 4.4 million people.
		Following the colonisation of the caliphate by the British in 1903, its various components were made autonomous and then jointed into the government of Northern Nigeria.
		The Northern Region was thus made up of parts of the Caliphate as wll as the kanem-bornu Empire.
	www.amanaonline.com /States/Sokoto_state.htm (396 words)

	Taipei Times - archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		PHOTO: AP The proud horsemen of the Sokoto Caliphate strained to rein in their skittish steeds as the horns blared and the sun beat down from a cloudless blue sky onto the parched earth of the field of honor.
		For while the first caliph's campaign was led by 25,000 desert warriors, the inheritance he left to an empire spanning 650,000km2 was one of learning, tolerance and the rule of law.
		Dust from the parade ground was mixed with acrid fl smoke as volleys of musket fire rang out among the revellers, who had come to renew two centuries of allegiance to the sultan, ruler of this ancient Nigerian city.
	www.taipeitimes.com /News/world/archives/2004/06/23/2003176195/print (583 words)

	What Do Muslims Believe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		From its very inception, the caliphate came to embody both the religious and the political leadership of the community.
		Despite the contention over the rightful order, the first four caliphs (known as the al-khulafa' al-rashidun or "Rightly-Guided Caliphs") were considered to be the orthodox maintainers of the all embracing regulations of the message of Islam as expressed in the revelations contained in the Qur'an.
		Fulani - 15 milion in Niger, Mali, and Benin.
	www.thinkwow.com /surgeup/what_do_muslims_believe.htm (3795 words)

	Africa and Europeans 1800-1875 by Sanderson Beck
		Fulani Muslims combined with those from Zumfara and Katsina, and on their fourth attempt they captured Alkalawa and killed Yunfa in 1808.
		In 1826 al-Kanemi drove the Fulani leader Muhammad Manga to Kano, invading the Sokoto caliphate until he was defeated by Yaqub of Bauchi.
		The caliphate suffered a defeat in 1849 after Ya'qub Nabame was released and led a Kebbi revolt.
	www.san.beck.org /1-14-Africa1800-1875.html (23231 words)

	Personalities
		After the invasion by the Fulani of the northern provinces of the Oyo, the emirate of Ilorin to the northeast became the base from which Islam was to spread among the Yoruba.
		Her half-brother was Muhammad Bello, who became caliph of the region and whose descendents still hold that office.
		Like a considerable number Black apostles of Islam, he was of Fulani origin that four generations earlier came from Fuuta Tooro to settle in the Wolof countryside.
	www.jamtan.com /jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=2&linksPage=220 (960 words)

	third resurrection: Catching up on Bios (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Her father, Usman dan Fodiyo was the caliph of the Sokoto Caliphate.
		She was named after that wonderful daughter of one of the rightly-guided caliphs, Abu Bakr al-Siddique (may God be pleased with them).
		The Macina Fulani were opposed to the idea of a Tijani power advancing into their own Qadiri zone in the Niger valley and even gave some aid to Segu.
	thirdresurrection.blogspot.com /2006/02/catching-up-on-bios.html (696 words)

	webPulaaku/History/D. Robinson/Holy War of Umar Tal/The Muslim Fulbhe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For these reasons, his movement has sometimes been called the ‘Fulani jihaad’ It is important to note, however, that Uthman also wrote and spoke in Hausa and Arabic and never lost sight of the need for justifying his efforts to the non-Fulbhe constituents who were crucial to any lasting success.
		He then created the institutions of his caliphate: a system of military and civilian commands in the provinces, a policy of settling the pastoralists and regularizing the movement of their herds, and a programme of islamization from central to village level.
		The leaders of the caliphate did not write an apologetics for their movement nor, to the best of present knowledge, did they create a tradition of writing and reciting texts in Fulfulde.
	www.pulaaku.net /defte/david_robinson/pt1ch2.html (12236 words)

	caliphate — FactMonster.com
		He was succeeded briefly by a cousin, but in 1924 the caliphate was abolished by Kemal
		A number of Islamist political parties and Islamist guerrilla groups have called for the restoration of the caliphate by uniting, either through peaceful political action or through force, Islamic nations in a transnational state.
		Abd ar-Rahman III, emir and caliph of Córdoba - Abd ar-Rahman III, 891–961, Umayyad emir (912–29) and first caliph (929–61) of...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0809901.html (320 words)

	Hausas and Islam as
		Fulanis suffer from ur-angst, chronic social insecurity as a group, because of their self-perceived perpetual "condition of foreignness".
		The Fulani political shari’a has the potential to create a pool of hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of zealots who would be willing or better said, anxious, to die for Fulani power, erroneously believing they are giving their lives for their belief in the true Islam.
		The project is to enable the Fulani power elite to control the opinion of Hausas and the other affinity ethnic groups in the Muslim North so that national power can be retained by the regional, but especially the Fulani, elite, who in turn will make the country’s resources available to these key Western countries.
	www.nigerdeltacongress.com /harticles/hausas_and_islam_as.htm (1711 words)

	Untitled Document
		Beginning in twelfth century under Saladin and continuing under the the Mamelukes, the power of Christian Nubia was broken by a series of campaigns and invasions of Arab and Fulani tribes.
		The Nubians asked for peace and conciliation from 'Abdallah, who granted their request, the terms being that they pay no tax but offer as a present three hundred slaves per annum; and that the Moslems offer them as a present food equivalent to the value of the slaves.
		The caliph al-Alahdi ordered that Nubia be held responsible every year for 360 slaves and one giraffe, and that they be given wheat, vinegar, wine, clothes and mattresses or the value thereof.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/MusNub.html (701 words)

	Lords 10, Turn 88 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		With the influence of Lahidda's family becoming dominant in the court of the Caliph at Baghdad, the aging Caliph Al Omarrab saw in the Jihad a chance to leave.
		In italy and along the cities of the Riviera, the word was that the Caliph and the main Jihad would land in Liguria and attack Italy.
		In Palestine and in Syria, Christian envoys circulated the fact that the Caliph's men caused the destruction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.
	www.throneworld.com /lords/lote10/faxarc/lx_88.htm (7295 words)

	Islamic History: Detailed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A rebellion in Toledo was quelled by Amrus Ibn Yusuf, the governor appointed by Caliph al Hakam.
		Fulani nomads who were struggling to overthrow their farming Hausa rulers, also Muslims.
		The jihad ended with the ouster of the Hausas and the establishment of a Fulani caliphate in Sokoto in 1808.
	www.mylinuxisp.com /~jrlaw/islam/detailed_history.htm (12844 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for caliphate
		For a time, Kufa was the seat of the Abbasid caliphate, and Ali, the fourth caliph, was murdered
		The term has also been used as a synonym for caliph (see caliphate), the vicegerent of God.
		He succeeded his brother Musa al-Hadi, fourth caliph, a year after the death of his father, Mahdi, the third caliph.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=caliphate&StartAt=11 (665 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - The Sokoto Caliphate: In The Heart of AfricAAR
		Although the transatlantic slave trade did not end until the 1860s, it was gradually replaced by other commodities, especially palm oil; the shift in trade had serious economic and political consequences in the interior, which led to increasing British intervention in the affairs of Yorubaland and the Niger Delta.
		The rise of the Sokoto Caliphate and the economic and political adjustment in the south strongly shaped the course of the colonial conquest at the end of the nineteenth century.
		When Usman dan Fodio died in 1817, he was succeeded by his son, the man in front of me! A dispute between Bello and his uncle, Abdullahi, resulted in a nominal division of the caliphate into eastern and western divisions, although the supreme authority of Bello as caliph was upheld.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=138394 (3071 words)

	Poets and Scholars
		All these books taught me more about what and how the Caliphate came into existence, how it declined and what we are to learn from it.
		Caliph’s Sister (by Jean Boyd) was published in 1989, I saw its review, but there was no way I could get that book at the time.
		Most of the published knowledge about Sakkwato Caliphate is in the English Language, thanks to the late Professor Abdullahi Smith who initiated the reconstruction of our historiography.
	www.gamji.com /article1000/NEWS1267.htm (2035 words)

	A History of Africa, Chapter 7
		This was not a conquest so much as an annexation; Fulani agents and their ideas infiltrated Oyo until many of its citizens decided they would like to see a change of masters.
		The fiercest jihad of all came from the Fulani homeland of Senegal, and was led by a cleric named Umar (1797-1864), a native of the state of Futa Toro.
		Under attack first from the Fulani in the west, and then from the kingdom of Wadai in the east, the old kingdom of Bornu declined rapidly.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /africa/af07.html (21054 words)

	Islam
		At about the same time, the Fulani, a nomadic pastoral people, were moving slowly eastward from the Fouta Toro region in Senegal, gaining converts for Islam.
		In the Hausa states, Shehu Usuman dan Fodio, a Muslim teacher, led a revolt among the Fulani who between 1804 and 1810 overthrew the Hausa rulers and established new dynasties.
		The new Fulani Empire was initially divided between the shehu's brother Abdullahi and his son, Muhammad Bello, but after 1817 Muhammad and his successors were the sole overlords.
	www.angelfire.com /oh/AncientKnowledge/islam.html (3783 words)

	Annual Rawdah Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Over two hundred years ago in West Africa a twenty-year-old scholar who descended from a clan of pious and learned Fulani began calling his people to the pure worship of Allah and strict adherence to the Sunnah of our Master Muhammad (Allah bless him and grant him peace).
		This led to their being blessed by Allah to perform the hijra (emigration) and ultimately to their successful jihad (military struggle) against the Hausa kings.
		Their blessed jihad established a truly Islamic Caliphate in 1807 CE that became one of the most righteous, just and equitable societies this world has ever known.
	www.rawdah.org /shaykhuthman.htm (274 words)

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