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	Amana Online
		Sultan's way with all his forces and risk everything on the result of a single pitched battle, or again he could divide his forces and leave his foot in Argungu while keeping his horse outside as an independent striking force.
		The Fulani now found themselves in a hopeless position and before long their whole army was in flight, pursued by the triumphant Kebbi horse 13.
		Moreover, by a new clause, the Sultan and the Emir were to acknowledge the Company as the representative of the British Government and to agree not to recognize any other white nation 32.
	www.amanaonline.com /Sokoto/sokoto_21.htm (5295 words)

	Ujasiri wa Zanzibar
		Kwa namna fulani katika mgongano huo wa muda mfupi, Zanzibar iliweza kutoa na kufikisha kilio chake cha kujiamini kinachosikika katika historia nzima.
		Sultan wa zamani alikuwa na walinzi wa kasri ambao walikuwa wamejiimarisha kwa kiasi kikubwa na kujirundikia silaha kwa kipindi cha miaka michache ya utawala wake.
		Tabia hizi, zikiwa pamoja na ufahamu wa muda mrefu wa siasa wa watu wa Zanzibar, mara nyingi umeyumbisha mipango ya wale ambao wangekuwa watawala waliojaribu kuvitawala visiwa bila kujali maslahi ya wananchi.
	home.globalfrontiers.com /Zanzibar/Ujasiri_wa_zanzibar.htm (3537 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Fulani Empire
		The Fulani were mostly Muslims, as were the rulers of most of the states in the region.
		Since Fulani strength was centered on powerful cavalry they could not expand very far southwards, however, as the horses were ineffective in the forests of the region and could not withstand the diseases of those latitudes.
		While the Sultan of Sokoto was paramount the Emirs controlling the other cities, especially Kano steadily increased in power during the nineteenth century.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Fulani_Empire (976 words)

	Fulani Empire - Iridis Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Over the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Fulani began to launch scattered jihads against rulers who were oppressing them.
		One of the more marginal Hausa states was that of Gobir poor and on the periphery of Hausaland it was ruled by a remnant of the defunct Gao empire.
		The Sultan of Sokoto remains to this day the main religious leader of Nigerian Muslims, and the position is still held by descendents of dan Fodio.
	www.iridis.com /Fulani_Empire (813 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		the Bauchi Fulani of Nigeria; the Benin/Togo Fulani of Togo; the Bororo Fulani of Cameroon;
		the Gurma Fulani of Burkina Faso; the Krio Fula of Sierra Leone;
		the Sokoto Fulani of Nigeria; the Liptako Fula of Burkina Faso; the Toroobe Fulani of Nigeria; and the Western Fulani of Niger.
	www.ksafe.com /profiles/p_code4/505.html (884 words)

	ALKANEMI BEFORE DANFODIOS COURT
		Shehu Laminu condemns the aggression of the Fulanis as illegitimate.
		Fimally, Sultan Bello rebuked Al-Kanemi for his personal and vitriolic attack which was not based on issues, and denied that they were motivated by greed or the hunger for power in their acts.
		Although the Fulani had not succeeded in conquering Borno, they were instrumental to this in-house revolution, which led to the reforms of the system and the establishment of an Islamic state run on the same basis as Sokoto.
	www.nigerdeltacongress.com /articles/alkanemi_before_danfodios_court.htm (3301 words)

	List of state leaders in 1827 article - List of state leaders in 1827 1826 state leaders Events 1827 1828 state leaders ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Fulani Empire - Mohammed Bello, Fulani Sultan (1814-1837)
		Oman - Sa'id II ibn Sultan, Sultan of Oman (1804-1856)
		Monarch - Mahmud II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1808-1839)
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/List_of_state_leaders_in_1827 (444 words)

	Sultan's call for boycott of Miss World pageant political - Print Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Sultan, who is a direct descendant of the late Uthman Dan Fodio, who led the 1804 Jihad, is rather hoping to promote the conscious attempts by the Northern Hausa Fulani to demonise Nigeria and give a bad name to her leadership under President Obasanjo’s government.
		The ignoble support of the NCIA for past military governments, and the role played by the NCIA in the annulment of the June 12 election, is a clear indication that Allah, not the Sultan, is the head of Muslims in Nigeria.
		It added that "the Sultan’s statement represented the highest indication that Nigeria is not one united entity and can only be united if the caliphate dominates the country with its primitive and savage policies.
	www.onlinenigeria.com /links/LinksReadPrint.asp?blurb=129 (463 words)

	Fulani Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Fulani were traditionally a nomadic, pastoral community, herding cattle, goats and sheep Fulani strength was centered on powerful cavalry that could quickly move across the large empire a defeat rivals.
		This meant the Fulani could not expand southwards, however, as the horses could not withstand the diseases of those latitudes.
		This began a transformation of the Fulani from a nation of small communities and nomads to one centered on the major cities of northern Nigeria.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/f/fu/fulani_empire.html (457 words)

	Usman Dan Fodio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Dan Fodio was one of a class of urbanized ethnic Fulani living in the Hausa city-states in what is today northern Nigeria.
		This uprising was largely composed of the Fulani, who held a powerful military advantage with their cavalry.
		Already aged at the beginning of the war, dan Fodio retired in 1815 passing the title of Sultan of Sokoto to his son Muhammed Bello.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Usman_dan_Fodio (406 words)

	THISDAYonline
		Sultan Maccido who made the plea in Sokoto yesterday said that there was no reason to resort to violence to settle scores because it had already been destined by Allah that Muslims, Christians and pegans must live together as citizens of Nigeria.
		Besides, the appointment of one Alhaji Mohammed Usman, a Muslim Fulani as the coordinator and chairman of the monitoring committee of the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP), might as well served to worsen the escalating relationship between the two sects.
		The national secretary of JDA had, however, dissociated the group from the purported statement calling for a Muslim council chairman, though he maintained that members of his group as indigenes of the local government have equal rights like members of the Plateau Youth Council.
	www.thisdayonline.com /archive/2001/09/11/20010911news05.html (917 words)

	Nigeriaworld Feature Article (First Anniversary of Buhari's Presidency (May 29, 2004))
		In attendance at the ceremony, where Buhari symbolically paid tribute to the Sultan, were the leading emirs such as those of Ilorin, Kano, Katsina and Gwandu, and the Etsu Nupe.
		In a ceremony at the Sultan's palace, Buhari presented a copy of the Koran given to him by the Chief Imam of Mecca to the Sultan for safe- and publicly addressed the Fulani traditional ruler as "Abu ash-Shaab" of Nigeria (Father of the people of Nigeria).
		Abubakar faces a barrage of criticism from Fulani politicians and intellectuals, including Dr. Mohammed Siddique, political adviser to the president, who accused the former head of state of "massive looting" prior to his departure from office in 1999.
	nigeriaworld.com /letters/2002/may/051.html (2256 words)

	Teacher Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hausa hereditary rulers claimed to descend from the sons of the legendary hero, Bayajidda, and Queen Daura.
		The Fulani tended to adopt Hausa customs and language, and advanced the spread of Islam in the Hausa states.
		Sultan (from an Arab word meaning ‘authority’) is the title given to kings in the Islamic world.
	www.tuned-in.org /sample/kuzari/teacher3.html (162 words)

	The Hausa-Fulani - Precolonial History of the Savanna - History - Nigeria - Africa
		A perhaps greater, if more subtle, threat to the Hausa kingdoms was the immigration of Fulani pastoralists, who came from the west to make a home in the Nigerian savanna and who permeated large areas of Hausaland over several centuries.
		In 1804 a Fulani scholar, Usuman dan Fodio, declared a jihad (holy war) against the Hausa states, whose rulers he condemned for allowing Islamic practices to deteriorate.
		With their superior cavalry and cohesion, the Fulani overthrew the Hausa rulers and also conquered areas beyond Hausaland, including Adamawa to the east and Nupe and Ilorin to the south.
	www.countriesquest.com /africa/nigeria/history/precolonial_history_of_the_savanna/the_hausa-fulani.htm (405 words)

	The Caliphate and Nigeria's Future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The first is a violent, yet symbolic, challenge to the ascendancy of Fulani (dominantly Islamic) power with its attendant (Bororo Fulani) mobile territoriality - as witnessed in Yelwa - by one of the many ethnic groups who were initially violently, and subsequently, discursively, folded into the "one north, one people" ideology.
		It was not that there were no insurgencies and resistance to Fulani ascendancy in what was to become the north of Nigeria - the Hausa revolt, for one, continued even till 1950 under Aliu Baba as Sultan - but the caliphal order remained ascendant and prosperous.
		This prophesy, which was said to have been contained in one of Sultan Bello's documents confiscated by the British, was a major subject of discussion at the time of the British occupation.
	www.dawodu.com /adebanwi1.htm (2776 words)

	Obalende-Ikoyi - Northwest Nigeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Emir's Palace in Kano is the past incarnate with its old stone walls and entrance gate, at the heart of this ancient city, encircled by a wall that extended 17.7km in circumference, with 16 different gates.
		Sokoto, the center of Islamic activities in Nigeria, is the home of the Sultan of Sokoto, the spiritual leader of Muslims in the country.
		The Sultan's Palace is a delightful sight, with its lavish architecture and guards in their multicolored regalia.
	www.obalende.com /NORTHWEST.htm (631 words)

	The Dasuki Saga and the Nigerian Democratic Struggle
		Babangida himself was not Fulani; consequently, he realized early in his career that he needed to reassure the Hausa-Fulani hegemonic group of his own sincerity.
		Like Dasuki’s ascension to the sultanate, Sani Abacha’s rise to the headship of the army and all the myths subsequently built around him, were derived from Babangida’s own agenda of self-perpetuation.
		This new Northern alliance for power is using the old trick of its Fulani version by insisting that the impoverishment of the country is a necessary step in creating a population of zombies that will comply with military or feudalistic dictations from handpicked ministers and security agents.
	www.yoruba.org /Magazine/Spring97/S8.html (3750 words)

	Cameroon. Miniature-Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Of over 130 ethnic groups, however, there are 5 major ones: Bamiléké and Bamoun in the west, Fulani and Kirdi in the north, and Ewondo around Yaoundé.
		The Bamiléké are the most populous group in the western highlands and one of the largest communities in Douala, where they have taken control of much of Cameroon's economy.
		The Kirdi are comprised of tribes driven by the Fulani into the inhospitable and isolated rocky areas near the Nigerian border.
	www.tfh-berlin.de /~s710260/culture.htm (199 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Agadez: Sultanate of the Sahara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Sultanate of Aïr is still a living institution, a body of men and women whose functions in the city and surrounding region are both very much of the moment and deeply embedded in the past.
		Djibo Hamani, a professor at the University of Niamey and author of The Tuareg Sultanate of Aïr: Crossroads of Blacks and Berbers, guesses that Agadez was first settled by Hausa immigrants from the south, a population that has grown in recent years.
		The sultan hears disputations with the qadi (judge) and imam (prayer leader) sitting on his right, and the massou oun-goriwa, the chiefs of Agadez's 16 governmental districts, sitting on his left.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/200301/agadez-sultanate.of.the.sahara.htm (2661 words)

	Fulani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In the late 18th century the Fulani came into contact with the nominally Muslim Hausa states.
		A quarrel developed, Uthman was proclaimed 'commander of the faithful', and in the ensuing jihad (holy war) all the Hausa states collapsed.
		Bello had built the city of Sokoto, of which he became the sultan, and he considerably extended the empire, establishing control of west Bornu and pushing down into the Yoruba Empire of Oyo.
	www.ijebu.org /fulani (238 words)

	Hausa-Fulani - InformationBlast
		The Fulani are a nomadic people that live in the same region where the Hausa live, but are not related to them.
		The Fulani are cattle herders, and move around searching from grasslands where their cattle can graze.
		In the past, the Hausa had an extensive empire ruled by a Sultan based in Sokoto.
	www.informationblast.com /Hausa-Fulani.html (151 words)

	LANGUAGES-ON-THE-WEB: BEST FULANI LINKS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Fula (or Fulani) are a large group that immigrated from North Africa or the Middle East to West and Central Africa centuries ago.
		The Fulani people of northern Africa are primarily nomadic herders inhabiting a wide band of land stretching from Senegal and Guinea through Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon.
		The West African Savannah, with its colourful history, is also the home of the Fulani, who were all herders until the fifteenth century and gradually moved with their cattle from Senegal to Chad, spreading across the region to acquire new pasturelands.
	www.languages-on-the-web.com /links/link-fulani.htm (1440 words)

	THISDAYonline
		Here is this strange man who surpasses Fulani in pulaku, who beats the Hausa at a display of kara; and has retained all the virtues of minorityness (sic) in a pluralist geographical entity." It is the kind of paradox that recommends itself in the typical Nigerian fashion.
		At worst, that 'North' is based on Fulani (and to some extent, in combination with the Hausa) suzerainty in the Nigerian state; and the subordination of other ethnicities - if not the deconstruction of them - and religions to the Fulani Islamist identity and agenda.
		The new Sultan was no longer heading the 'old' Sultanate, so much so that, as documented in a recent work, he was shut out of a gathering in Abuja under Abacha because he arrived after Maryam Abacha!
	www.thisdayonline.com /archive/2003/12/27/20031227pol01.html (3503 words)

	AllRefer.com - Sokoto (Nigeria Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Sokoto was founded in 1809 by Usuman dan Fodio, the Fulani leader who established a large Muslim empire including most of N Nigeria.
		It became the capital of the empire and was built up in the 1820s by Muhammadu Bello, dan Fodio's son.
		The assassination of the Sultan of Sokoto in 1966 was a cause of the Nigerian civil war (see Biafra, Republic of).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Sokoto.html (232 words)

	kings of africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		According to "news watch", a large daily Nigerian newspaper, the power of the Sultan of Sokoto is such, that most of the Nigerians questioned would rather be Sultan than President of Nigeria.
		But with this income, the Sultan had to support his suite of eighty-six people, and feed one hundred and fifty grand children.
		He is a successor to "Shehu" Ousman Dan Fodio, the founder of the Fulani Empire of Sokoto, legendary in all of west Africa.
	www.tamarin.com /king/kinge6.html (173 words)

	Nigeria - NigeriaExchange - Personalities
		This prevented direct clash between the Ilorin Yoruba and Fulani in a classically irredentist move by Yoruba elements to reverse what they feel is continuing and unacceptable internal colonization by the Fulani will not be the first, nor will it be the last, between these two major ethnic groups in Nigeria.
		Their father was Sultan Bello, the son of the famous revered Shehu Usuman dan Fodio, the Great Reformer, as we call him.
		It was this section of the Fulani government that came up against the Yoruba, when the Emir of Ilorin was engaged in the endless wars of the last half of the nineteenth century.
	www.ngex.com /personalities/voices/mqb102300baluko.htm (2788 words)

	Tipu Sultan arrives in New York (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Tipu Sultan, I was told is an ordinary vessel in contrast to the Muawin which is a combat vessel.
		It was shocking to read therefore in an recent edition of the New York Times that he had joined together with Dr’s Lenora Fulani and Fred Newman, formerly of the marginal New Alliance Party and now in charge of the New York City branc h of America’s thirdy party-the Independence Party.
		Fulani and Newman are Marxists, so go figure why they would join with Bloomberg.
	www.travelblog.org /North-America/United-States/New-York/blog-9854.html (894 words)

	Con man arrested in police uniform - OnlineNigeria.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Isah, a Fulani, said he went to the Sultan of Sokoto seeking assistance for the family of the late emir of Muri, whom he said was in need of help.
		When asked whether he was part of the late emir of Muriâs family, he said no, adding that he merely wanted to assist them because of the condition in which they found themselves after the death of the emir.
		At the Sultanâs palace, Isah was asked to go back home as the sultan promised that he would table the issue before the Jamaâatul Nassarul Islam (JNI) and whatever they decided, including the assitance would be forwarded to the late emirâs family in Muri.
	nm.onlinenigeria.com /templates?a=1170&z=12 (339 words)

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