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Topic: Fullerene

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	Fullerenes and Fullerene HPLC column supplier
		Established in 1991, SES Research opened its doors as one of the first Commercial Manufacturers of Carbon Fullerenes to supply the Research communities worldwide.
		Over the past decade, SES Research product line has expanded to include the whole family of Carbon Fullerenes, Nano-tubes, Specialty Equipment and HPLC columns.
		As a world supplier of fullerene products, SES has become a one stop shop for a “World of Fullerenes in your hands”.
	www.sesres.com (156 words)

	Cross Group Fullerene Research
		The noble gases are put in by heating the fullerenes in the presence of the gas at high temperatures and pressures or by shooting them in as ions or metastable atoms.
		The fullerene is extracted in CS About 85% of the fullerene is soluble, and about 0.1% of the molecules contain a noble gas atom.
		On one side is an oven which produces a continuous beam of fullerene.
	xbeams.chem.yale.edu /~cross/fullerene.html (2157 words)

	Fullerene Molecular Structure
		Fullerenes, or buckminsterfullerenes in full, are molecules composed entirely of carbon, taking the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube or ring.
		Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of a sheet of linked hexagonal rings, but they contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings that prevent the sheet from being planar.
		Fullerenes are not very reactive due to the stability of the graphite-like bonds, and are also fairly insoluble in many solvents.
	www.worldofmolecules.com /materials/fullerene.htm (508 words)

	Fullerene - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fullerenes are one of only four types of naturally occurring forms of carbon (the other three being diamond, graphite and ceraphite).
		Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of a sheet of linked hexagonal rings, but they contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings that prevent the sheet from being planar.
		Fullerenes are not very reactive due to the stability of the graphite-like bonds, and are also fairly insoluble in many solvents.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Fullerene (919 words)

	[No title]
		The fullerene story is a relatively short one—less than a decade old—that, perhaps, could have unfolded years earlier if researchers doing the first theoretical studies on a new carbon structure had not written of their work in their native tongue—Japanese.
		The tubular structures are called “fullerene nanotubes.”; The inner diameter and the outer diameter of C70 tubes showed a linear relationship, suggesting a constant wall thickness of the tubes.
		Fullerene research is expected to lead to new materials, lubricants, coatings, catalysts, electro-optical devices, and medical applications.
	www.lycos.com /info/fullerene.html (622 words)

	FULLERENE COATED SURFACES AND USES THEREOF (WO9400552A1)
		In one embodiment, a surface of a substrate is coated with fullerene and used for attachment and growth of cells.
		Fullerenes can be recovered from raw soot by extraction with organic solvents, such as benzene or toluene, followed by precipitative or evaporative deposition of the fullerenes on a surface of a substrate and solvent removal.
		Fullerenes can also be coated on the surface of a substrate by ion-sputtering of purified fullerene or raw unprocessed fullerene-containing soot.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=WO09400552A1 (762 words)

	Fullerene -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Chemistry
		Fullerenes are new forms of the element carbon in which the atoms are arranged in closed shells.
		The most common form of fullerene is the so-called buckyball, which is an arrangement of 60 carbon atoms at the vertices of the semiregular solid known as the truncated icosahedron
		Fullerenes are formed when vaporized carbon condenses in an atmosphere of inert gas.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /chemistry/Fullerene.html (346 words)

	fullerene
		Other fullerenes that have been produced in macroscopic amounts have 70, 76, 84, 90, and 96 carbon atoms, and much larger fullerenes have been found, such as those that contain 180, 190, 240, and 540 carbon atoms.
		Fullerenes were first identified in 1985 as products of experiments in which graphite was vaporized using a laser, work for which R. Curl, Jr., R. Smally, and H. Kroto shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
		Fullerenes have since been discovered in nature as a result of lightning strikes, in the residue produced by carbon arc lamps, in interstellar dust, and in meteorites.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0819864.html (362 words)

	Directory of open access journals
		The aim of this work was to show that the fullerene yield depends on physical parameters - carbon concentration, carbon flow rate from the interelectrode gap, axial temperature and temperature gradient between the arc channel and the chamber walls as well.
		It was found that fullerene synthesis occurs in an inert heat bath with dimensions determined by the temperature gradient.
		The synthesis of fullerenes is more effective if the carbon concentration in the heat bath is large and the carbon flow rate from that zone to colder parts of chamber is small.
	www.doaj.org /abstract?id=112249&toc=y (192 words)

	Fullerene Summary
		Fullerenes represent a new form of the element carbon in which the atoms are arranged to create closed shells.
		Fullerenes have been reported to occur naturally in certain coals, as well as in structures produced by lightening known as fulgurites, and in the soot of many flames.
		In April 2003, fullerenes were under study for potential medicinal use: binding specific antibiotics to the structure to target resistant bacteria and even target certain cancer cells such as melanoma.
	www.bookrags.com /Fullerene (5437 words)

	The Fullerene Page
		The Fullerene Page is designed to make it easier for materials researchers and others to locate the the most useful (and still current) resources about fullerenes and carbon nanotubes on the internet.
		Fullerene Research in the Cross Group - this group at the Yale University Department of Chemistry has put He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and tritium and nitrogen atoms, as well as He2, Ne2 inside a variety of fullerenes.
		Fullerenes - an introduction to this material by Kim Allen at the University of California at San Diego.
	www.geocities.com /upwardthrust/carbon/fullerene.html (722 words)

	C Sixty Inc. - Fullerene Technology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		C Sixty's fullerene technology derives from the discovery in 1985 of Carbon-60, a molecule of 60 carbon atoms that form a hollow sphere one nanometer in diameter.
		A key attribute of the C-60 fullerene molecule is its numerous points of attachment, allowing for precise grafting of active chemical groups in three-dimensional orientations.
		In concert with other attributes, namely the size of the fullerene molecule, its redox potential and its relative inertness in biological systems, it is possible to tailor requisite pharmacokinetic characteristics to fullerene-based compounds and optimize their therapeutic effect.
	www.csixty.com /technology.html (363 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Fullerene
		fullerene, any of a class of carbon molecules in which the carbon atoms are arranged into 12 pentagonal faces and 2 or more hexagonal faces to form a hollow sphere, cylinder, or similar figure.
		Fullerenes were first identified in 1985 as products of experiments in which graphite was vaporized using a laser, work for which R. Curl, Jr., R. Smally, and H. Kroto shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
		Fullerenes have since been discovered in nature as a result of lightning strikes, in the residue produced by carbon arc lamps, in interstellar dust, and in meteorites.
	www.reference.com /browse/columbia/fulleren (323 words)

	Fullerene
		Fullerenes were first discovered in 1985 when the the soccer ball shaped C
		Other spherical fullerenes (collectively known as buckyballs) were subsequently synthesized with a different number of hexagonal faces.
		The other fullerenes are similar cage-like molecules with more or less carbon atoms, but still composed of pentagons and hexagons.
	www.nanoword.net /library/def/Fullerene.htm (291 words)

	fullerene - a Whatis.com definition
		A fullerene is a pure carbon molecule composed of at least 60 atoms of carbon.
		Because a fullerene takes a shape similar to a soccer ball or a geodesic dome, it is sometimes referred to as a buckyball after the inventor of the geodesic dome, Buckminster Fuller, for whom the fullerene is more formally named.
		Fullerenes are seen as promising components of future micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and in nanotechnology.
	whatis.techtarget.com /gDefinition/0,294236,sid44_gci214530,00.html (189 words)

	Aggregation and Fate of Fullerene Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environments
		Fullerene has unique chemical properties and physical structure, and is emerging in a wide range of electronics and biomedical applications.
		However, toxicity studies have raised concern that fullerene may have adverse human health effects.
		This implies that fullerene nanoparticles are likely to aggregate forming bigger aggregate structures under high salt conditions, eventually settling out from the bulk phase of aquatic systems.
	www.nsti.org /Nanotech2006/showabstract.html?absno=1054 (278 words)

	How big is a Nanotube?
		There are other fullerenes structures that are similar cage-like molecules with more or less carbon atoms, but still composed of pentagons and hexagons.
		It was perhaps the discovery and potential applications of the fullerene molecule (also called a buckyball) and a related structure, the buckytube (or nanotube), that has sparked the current interest in the field.
		Fullerenes (C60) are being investigated for their potential use as a drug-delivery system for cancer, AIDS and other diseases.
	www.edinformatics.com /interactive_molecules/fullerene.htm (782 words)

	The Discovery of Fullerenes - The Smallest Fullerene
		Its 60 carbon atoms are arranged at the vertices of a truncated icosahedron.
		fullerene was theoretically possible – SEED Expert Bernd Eggen predicted it 10 years ago – but it has been hard to produce one.
		One reason is that since it is smaller than other fullerenes its surface has more curvature and a greater tendency to spring open.
	www.seed.slb.com /en/scictr/watch/fullerenes/smallest.htm (273 words)

	Methods for the preparation and characterization of multi-substituted fullerenes
		The development is direсted to multiply-substituted fullerene derivatives of original configurаtions, and methods for the preparation and utilize.
		The methods include the combinatorial synthesis of a Iibrary of fullerene derivatives and includes the steрs of fоrming a miхture of fullerene derivatives by reacting the C.sub.n fullerene with twо оr extra reаctive precursor соmроunds, and remоving the unreacted соmроunds to yieId the fullerene derivatives hаving the desired action.
		Methods for the identificаtion and screening of a combinatorial Iibrary of fullerenes by.sup.3 He-nuclear magnetiс resonance and electrospray mass spectrometry to describe members with the optimaI desired action аre as well рrоvided.
	www.patentalert.com /docs/000/z00044134.shtml (189 words)

	It:Fullerene - ChemWiki
		Fullerene is a carbon allotrope that was recently discovered in 1985 by Buckminster Fuller of whom, the molecule is named after.
		The interesting shapes of fullerene are in the form of spheres, tubes and ellipsoids that give it a variety of uses.
		Also, the fullerene structure can be placed into ferrous materials such as iron and cobalt to give thin films with high magnetic properties - this may extensively be used in computers.
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /wiki/index.php/It:Fullerene (683 words)

	C60, C70 fullerenes
		Fullerenes are a new allotrope of carbon characterized by a closed-cage structure consisting of an even number of three-coordinate carbon atoms devoid of hydrogen atoms.
		It also describes recommendations for adapting organic nomenclature principles for naming fullerenes with nonclosed-cage structures, heterofullerenes, derivatives formed by substitution of hydrofullerenes, and the fusion of organic rings or ring systems to the fullerene cage.
		Finally, this paper suggests methods for describing structures consisting of two or more fullerene units and for denoting configurations of chiral fullerenes and their derivatives.
	www.chem.qmul.ac.uk /iupac/fullerene (449 words)

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