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Topic: Fullerite

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Ultrahard fullerite

Nanotubule

Boron carbide

Clay

	science24.com - Hugoniot of C60 fullerite and sound velocity in shock-compressed fullerite
		fullerite and sound velocity in shock-compressed fullerite were experimentally studied at the pressures range from 0.3 to 48 GPa.
		fullerite a transformation to a dense carbon phase is observed with a transition onset pressure 15 GPa, the stability limit of the fullerite structure under single-step shock compression.
		fullerite and may be used as a basis for construction of the wide-range equation of state.
	www.science24.com /paper/560 (326 words)

	Ultrahard Fullerite Encyclopedia Article @ ClearestDiamonds.com (Clearest Diamonds) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Fullerites are the solid-state manifestation of 4 External links and related compounds and materials.
		Specifically, it is a unique version of stub (which is a class of spherical, ellipsoidal, or tubular carbon molecules) with three-dimensional polymer bonds.
		Ultrahard fullerite has a hardness value of 310 GPa, though the actual value may range ±40 GPa, since testing done using an ultrahard fullerite tip on ultrahard fullerite will lead to, like diamond on diamond, distorted values.
	www.clearestdiamonds.com /encyclopedia/Ultrahard_fullerite (598 words)

	Fuel compositions comprising fullerenes - Patent 5234474
		A material which is to be considered representative of fullerite for purposes of the present invention is obtained by electrically evaporating carbon electrodes in an inert atmosphere such as helium at a pressure of about 100 torr.
		The currently preferable form of fullerite for use in the fuel compositions of the present invention is the hydrocarbon-soluble portion of the material obtained when graphite electrodes are electrically evaporated in an inert atmosphere such as helium.
		The mixture of fullerites obtained in this process is presently believed to principally comprise primarily the C-60 and C-70 structures, and it is also presently believed that it is these species which impart the lubricative characteristics to the fuel compositions of the present invention.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5234474.html (3021 words)

	Fullerite
		Fullerite sind Substanzen, welche aus einem Gemisch eines bestimmten oder unterschiedlicher Fulleren...
		Spin-rotation interaction in fullerite C60 Spin-rotation interaction in fullerite C60 We report on the 13C spin-lattice relaxation times in polycristalline fullerite C60 measured over the temperature range 295 K to 1000 K. At temperatures...
		On a Possible Melting Curve of C60 Fullerite On a Possible Melting Curve of C60 Fullerite We study thermodynamic properties of the high-temperature modification of fullerites on the basis of the Girifalco intermolecular potential.
	www.toprocks.net /MineralList/33/Fullerite.asp (606 words)

	STRUCTURE AND SOME PROPERTIES OF FULLERITE
		The fullerites are belonging to the superstructure of the fullerenes, the closed carbon molecules.
		The diffration curves of the milled fullerite are being shifted to the smaller Bragg angles that is meaning to the longer nterface distance d.
		Through the acting of the attractive forces between the balls analogical to the metal bonding and elasticitz of the fullerene balls is the fulletite lattice in certain direction with the smaller ball density being deformed and the experimentally determined ball diameter 0,66nm is being smaller than theoretically one.
	www.sweb.cz /lubomirsodomka/odbor5.html (1133 words)

	ISTC - PRA
		The idea to use fullerite for "wet" lithography is based on physical property of fullerite to be polymerized under ultraviolet or electron irradiation.
		The polymerized fullerite is characterized by low solubility in organic solvents ('toluene, monochlorbenzene).
		Evidence that unevaporable phase can be created in the process of electron induced fullerite amorphization was obtained in the high vacuum experiment when the image of the spot was drown by the ordinary electron beam on the fullerite layer deposited on the graphite.
	tech-db.istc.ru /ISTC/sc.nsf/html/pra.htm?open&id=0642 (757 words)

	Pyrolysis process for making fullerenes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The aforementioned feed hydrocarbons for the production of fullerite in the invention need not be pure; commercial sources from natural gas and petroleum processing contain small amounts of other hydrocarbons which are not detrimental.
		Under the aforementioned conditions for operation of the invention, methane is less efficient for the production of fullerite precursors and large amounts of methane in the feed to the reactor results in undesirable degradation of fullerite yields.
		There are three features of this experimental laboratory practice of the invention that provides fullerite as essentially the only non-gaseous product, which differentiates it from normal hydrocarbon pyrolysis practice that provides only the typical pyrolysis coke forms and no fullerite.
	www.90minuta.com /inventions/skiing_simulator_system_combining_ski_training/pyrolysis_process_fullerenes.html (2909 words)

	LABORATORY OF SURFACE PHYSICS
		The kinetics and wavelength dependence of the photo-induced polymerization of fullerite C
		The results are of importance for possible photolithographic applications of fullerite.
		Original methods of controllable internal rupture in solids and liquids for obtaining atomically clean surfaces and for investigation of their adhesion were continuously developed during the last three decades.
	www.cfi.lu.lv /labs/surface_physics_lab.htm (936 words)

	1.3 Structure and Properties of Fullerite
		Fullerite does not appear to melt, but rather sublimes at low pressure.
		In addition, the molecules in fullerite are arranged in an FCC lattice, and they freely rotate for temperatures above a structural phase transition (e.g.
		Pure fullerite is a semiconductor with a bandgap of about 1.6 eV, a value reasonably close to the HOMO-LUMO gap of the free molecule.
	musr.physics.ubc.ca /theses/MacFarlane/node7.html (272 words)

	Fullerite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This animation of a rotating Carbon nanotube shows its 3D structure.
		Specifically, it is a unique version of fullerene (which is a class of spherical, ellipsoidal, or tubular carbon molecules) with three-dimensional polymer bonds.
		a diamond (111) has a hardness value of 167±6 gigapascals (GPa) when scratched with an ultrahard fullerite tip (the hardness of a substance can only be tested properly with a harder substance).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fullerite (374 words)

	John Gill and his Successors
		Fullerite jargon is flooded with the language of Zion though it is drenched with a completely different sense content than traditional Biblical theology would permit.
		Fullerites, when using Biblical terms such as sin, unbelief, pardon, wrath and righteousness re-interpret these in accordance with their Grotian theology.
		Thus Fullerites deny that orthodox men preach on the wrath of God because they themselves mean something quite different by it.
	grace-for-today.com /559.htm (4293 words)

	[No title]
		At present, the techniques of producing the polymeric phase in the pure form and the quantities, sufficient for an experimental research of their electronic properties, are still developing.
		As the fullerite is an allotropic form of carbon, the parameters obtained by fitting the band structure of bulk graphite were used as the initial ones [14].
		A comparison between the experimental spectrum of fullerite and the theoretical spectrum of free molecule is possible because of the weakness of intermolecular interactions in the solids, as evident from the insignificant band dispersion in the fullerite C60 [16].
	www.pa.msu.edu /cmp/csc/eprint/pful/pful.doc (2879 words)

	Baptists In All Ages - Page 8
		Fuller was willing to fellowship John Gill with his "Hyper-Calvinism" and "anti-mission views," provided Gill would fellowship them and his views on the atonement and modern missions and his other new things.
		This was the proposition placed before the Primitive Baptists in the United States by the Fullerite or fallen away party.
		The church remnant, true to her organized faith and finally, after bearing with those new things introduced by Fuller and Co., for about forty years, the Old Baptists excluded the Fullerites, and then the church was just like she was before these church troublers came among us.
	www.upbuild.org /article9/page8.html (1267 words)

	Physics - Numericana
		Ultrahard fullerite is a polymerized phase of fullerene discovered in 1995, which is the object of several patents awarded to Dr. Michael Yu.
		Because ultrahard fullerite is so much harder than diamond, we may venture the guess that it's harder than carbon nitride as well, but we won't know for sure until someone manages to make a carbon nitride crystal big enough to test...
		This is also the correct way to extend to diamond (and/or substances like ultrahard fullerite, the hardest stuff known to Man) a scale like the Vickers scale, which is normally based on direct readings from instruments with diamond indenters (valid for ordinary materials, compared to which diamond may be considered "infinitely hard").
	home.att.net /~numericana/answer/physics.htm (5055 words)

	Effects of pressure and stress on C60 fullerite to 20 GPa
		Effects of pressure and stress on C60 fullerite to 20 GPa
		(fullerite) is a solid composed of extremely hard pseudospherical molecules bonded by weak van der Waals interactions.
		Under non-hydrostatic compression, a transition to a crystallographic structure of lower symmetry is observed at 16
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v351/n6325/abs/351380a0.html (251 words)

	Diamond,Diamond History. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The amount that a substance can impact light in these ways is quantified in its refractive index.
		Diamond is the hardest known natural material (third-hardest known material below aggregated diamond nanorods and ultrahard fullerite), and is the more costly of the two best known forms (or allotropes) of carbon, whose hardness and high dispersion of light make it useful for industrial applications and jewellery.
		About 130 million carats (26,000 kg) are mined annually, with a total value of nearly USD $9 billion.
	ussenatesim.com (188 words)

	Diamond as a Technological Material
		When carbon vapor is formed, either in an electric arc or by intense laser pulses, and then rapidly cooled by collisions with a cold, inert background gas, the atoms spontaneously form perfect soccer ball -like spheres.
		These balls can be crystallized to form a fl solid called fullerite.
		One of the many fascinating properties of fullerite is that it can be doped with small amounts of metal to form a high temperature superconductor.
	www.ps.uci.edu /physics/news/taborek.html (1021 words)

	Fullerite - Wikipedia
		La fullerite è un minerale che prende il nome da Richard Buckminster Fuller, l'architetto statunitense che inventò la cupola geodesica che ha forma simile alle molecole dei fullereni.
		La fullerite si è formata nello spazio interstellare, per l'azione dei fulmini su substrati carbonosi o per metamorfismo delle rocce ricche di carbonio.
		La fullerite si presenta in cristalli microscopici, più spesso in aggregati tondeggianti.
	it.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fullerite (136 words)

	HIGH-PRESSURE POLYMERIZATION
		Polymerization of nanotubes is possible by analogy with ultrahard fullerite, since the nanotube is a graphite sheet curved into a cylinder, while fullerene is that curved to sphere.
		Success in ultrahard fullerite synthesis using stress tensor variation in a shear diamond anvil cell (SDAC) demonstrates the advantages of this procedure.
		The application of shear deformation (stress tensor variation) decreases the hysteresis of a phase transformation and makes it possible to obtain a homogeneous phase.
	www.eng.auburn.edu /department/ee/ADC-FCT2001/ADCFCTabstract/101.htm (560 words)

	Saturation of the fullerite photodarkening at high laser energy fluences
		The simple theory of the fullerite photodarkening dependence on the laser energy fluence is presented.
		The theory is based on the realistic electron band structure of fullerites.
		It is shown that this theory is sufficient for the qual.
	amor.rz.hu-berlin.de /~h2947k7m/publications/1994ChemPhysLett.html (88 words)

	Amazon.com: "fcc fullerite": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The parameters a and were obtained from enthalpies of sublimation and the lattice constant of fcc fullerite (a = 0.04677 and 8.485 X 10-' eV).
		SAMPLES Pure fcc fullerite (C60: 99.99%) manufactured at the Institute of Metal-Organic Chemistry, Nizhnij *Corresponding author.
		The technological important of these materials became evident when high Tc superconductivity (T,-20K-40K) was discovered in fcc fullerite doped with alkali elements (K, Rb, Cs) with intercalant:C60 ratio of 3:1 [5].
	www.amazon.com /phrase/fcc-fullerite (585 words)

	Department of Phase Transitions
		Brazhkin, A. Lyapin, and S. Popova, Mechanism of three-dimensional polymerization of fullerite C-60 at high pressures, JETP Lett.
		Stalgorova, E. Gromnitskaya, V. Brazhkin, and A. Lyapin, Mechanism and kinetics of the reversible transformation lda-hda of amorphous ice under pressure, JETP Lett.
		Fullerite, Physics of the Solid State 44, No. 3, 447-449 (2002).
	www.hppi.troitsk.ru /divisions/disord_p.htm (1269 words)

	Neutron spectroscopy of [image] fullerite hydrogenated under high pressure; evidence for interstitial molecular hydrogen
		Neutron spectroscopy of [image] fullerite hydrogenated under high pressure; evidence for interstitial molecular hydrogen
		fullerite hydrogenated under high pressure; evidence for interstitial molecular hydrogen
		in the fullerite are discussed in view of the measured spectra.
	stacks.iop.org /0953-8984/9/2831 (295 words)

	Fullerite from Shun'ga area, near Shun'ga village, Onega lake, Karelia Republic, Northern Region, Russia
		Fullerite from Shun'ga area, near Shun'ga village, Onega lake, Karelia Republic, Northern Region, Russia
		Shun'ga area, near Shun'ga village, Onega lake, Karelia Republic, Northern Region, Russia is the type locality for Fullerite
		Locality, mineral & photograph data are the copyright of the individuals who submitted them.
	www.mindat.org /locentry-21372.html (74 words)

	Diamond - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Diamond is the hardest known natural material and one of the two best known forms (or allotropes) of carbon, whose hardness and high dispersion of light make it useful for industrial applications and jewelry.
		(The other equally well known allotrope is graphite.) Diamonds are specifically renowned as a mineral with superlative physical qualities — they make excellent abrasives because they can be scratched only by other diamonds, Borazon, ultrahard fullerite, or aggregated diamond nanorods, which also means they hold a polish extremely well and retain luster.
		About 130 million carats (26,000 kg) are mined annually, with a total value of nearly USD $9 billion.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Diamond (9361 words)

	Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Thermodynamic Parameters of Formation of Fullerite C
		The conditions most favorable for the formation of fullerite C
		If you have any problems with this server, contact webmaster@maik.rssi.ru.
	www.maik.rssi.ru /cgi-bin/search.pl?type=abstract&name=physchem&number=2&year=98&page=146 (117 words)

	NAL Institutional Repository - Analysis of C60 Fullerite Compression Under Non-Hydrostatic Pressure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Anil, K Singh (1993) Analysis of C60 Fullerite Compression Under Non-Hydrostatic Pressure.
		An equation has been derived for the lattice strain which corresponds to the strain measured by x-ray diffraction in a specimen compressed non-hydrostatically in a diamond anvil cell.
		This equation has been used to discuss the observed difference in the volume compressions of C60 fullerite measured under non-hydrostatic and hydrostatic pressure conditions.
	nal-ir.nal.res.in /1666 (94 words)

	Diamond jewelry,wedding ring, engagement rings, jewelry diamonds, gold band - Diamond - Material Properties (Expanded)
		The material boron nitride, when in a form structurally identical to diamond, is nearly as hard as diamond; a currently hypothetical material, beta carbon nitride, may also be as hard or harder in one form.
		Furthermore, it has been shownthat ultrahard fullerite (C60) (not to be confused with P-SWNT Fullerite) when testing diamond hardness with a scanning force microscope can scratch diamond.
		A Type IIa diamond (111) has a hardness value of 231 GPa (±5) when scratched with a diamond tip which leads to hypothetically inflated values.
	www.philipnoel.com /showpages.asp?pid=1030 (2617 words)

	MRS Website : Formation and Conductive Properties of Miniaturized Fullerite Sensors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		MRS Website : Formation and Conductive Properties of Miniaturized Fullerite Sensors
		Formation and Conductive Properties of Miniaturized Fullerite Sensors
		Fullerite nanotubules of 100 nm to 2 µm radius, up to 200 nm wall thickness and 10 µm length were produced inside etched swift heavy ion tracks in a polymer, by letting fullerene precipitate from a concentrated C60 solution within the tracks.
	www.mrs.org /s_mrs/sec_subscribe.asp?CID=2513&DID=136202&action=detail (150 words)

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