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Topic: Fumaric acid

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	Information on Fumaric Acid - Diet-and-Health
		Fumaric Acid (acidulant, antidermatitic, antihepatocarcinogenic, antioxidant, antipsoriac, antitumor) is used as a raw material for pharmaceutics, plasticizers, synthetic resins, and also used as foodstuff additive.
		Fumaric acid is the trans isomer of malic acid and an intermediate in the Krebs citric acid cycle.
		Fumaric acid is the trans isomer of malic acid.
	www.diet-and-health.net /articles.php?cont=fumaric+acid (975 words)

	Fumaric and maleic acids - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fumaric acid is found in fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), in various fungi (Agaricus piperatus, andc.
		Maleic acid is obtained by distilling malic or fumaric acids; by heating fumaric acid with acetyl chloride to C.; or by the hydrolysis of trichlorphenomalic acid (0-trichloracetoacrylic acid) [A. Kekule, Ann., 1884, 223, p.
		Maleic anhydride is obtained by distilling fumaric acid with phosphorus pentoxide.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Fumaric_and_maleic_acids (472 words)

	FUMARIC ACID. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		H, unsaturated dicarboxylic acid that melts at 287°C. Maleic acid, or cis-butenedioic acid, is a geometric isomer of fumaric acid; it melts at about 140°C. Of the two isomers fumaric acid is the more stable and can be prepared from maleic acid by heating it.
		Fumaric acid can be prepared by catalytic oxidation of benzene or by bacterial action on glucose.
		Fumaric acid is used as a substitute for tartaric acid in beverages and baking powder.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/fu/fumarica.html (116 words)

	Fumedica Pharmaceuticals - Fumaric acid esters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Often fumaric acid is called "free fumaric acid" in order to distinguish it from its salts and esters.
		Fumaric acid diesters are converted in water (hydrolysis) into fumaric acid monoesters, but not to fumaric acid.
		This general term is used to describe both fumaric acid ester (dimethylfumarate) and the salts of the fumaric acid (sodiumfumarate, ironfumarate), as well as the salts of the fumaric acid mono esters (monoethylfumarate calcium salt).
	www.fumedica.de /arzt_in_eng/furmar_eng.html (349 words)

	Fumaric Acid
		Fumaric acid is the strongest organic food acid in titratable acidity and in sourness.
		Fumaric Acid in combination with Sodium Benzoate was shown to have a bactericidal effect against E.Coli O157:H7 in apple cider at pHs 3.2-3.4.
		Fumaric acid also prevents secondary fermentation after bottling and can act as a clarifier when low concentrations of copper and iron are present in the wine.
	www.bartek.ca /fumaric_acid.html (1176 words)

	FUMARIC ACID
		Fumaric acid is used as a food acidulant sice 1946 due to its no-toxic nature.It is used in beverages and baking powders for which purpose stringent requirements are placed on purity.
		Fumaric acid is used as a substitute for tartaric acid in beverages and baking powders.It is used as a replacement or partial replacement for citric acid in fruit drinks.
		This amino acid is a structural unit of the dipeptide sweetner, aspartame (methyl ester of L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine).
	www.shreeadditives.com /htmlsite/3d.htm (283 words)

	Fumaric acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fumaric acid is an acid used in the manufacture of polyester resins and polyhydric alcohols, as a mordant for dyes, or as a flavoring.
		Fumaric acid esters are sometimes used to treat psoriasis, as it has been suggested that the condition is caused by an impairment of fumaric acid production in the skin.
		It is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1.36 g of citric acid to every 0.91 grams of fumaric acid for the same taste.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fumaric_acid (329 words)

	Fumaric acid esters. DermNet NZ
		Fumaric acid is a food additive commonly found in sweets and cakes.
		Fumaric acid formulations are available as health supplements and often marketed as a natural alternative medicine to treat psoriasis.
		The use of fumaric acid esters in the treatment of psoriasis was first introduced in the late 1950's by the German chemist Schweckendiek.
	www.dermnetnz.org /treatments/fumaric-acid-esters.html (720 words)

	Dave's Psoriasis Info - Fumaric Acid Esters Index
		Fumaric acid esters - specifically monoethylfumarate (MMF) and dimethylfumarate (DMF), collectively referred to here as FAEs - have been used to treat psoriasis for over 30 years, but only in the last 15 years or so has serious research been devoted to examining their use, effects, and safety.
		"Fumaric acid therapy in psoriasis: a double-blind comparison between fumaric acid compound therapy and monotherapy with dimethylfumaric acid ester.
		"The effect of fumaric acid esters and dithranol on acanthosis and hyperproliferation in psoriasis vulgaris.
	www.psorsite.com /fumaric.html (2061 words)

	357. Fumaric acid (WHO Food Additives Series 6)
		BIOLOGICAL DATA BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS Fumaric acid is a normal constituent of tissues as an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
		Distribution of fumaric acid in rat tissue has been studied by partition chromatography and it was found that blood contained 3 mg/l, brain tissue 150 mg/kg, kidney tissue 95 mg/kg, liver 78 mg/kg and muscle 23 mg/kg (Marshall et al., 1949).
		Dog Fumaric acid was fed to four groups of six young dogs at 0, 1, 3 and 5% of the diet for two years without adverse effect on body weight gain, development, haematology, blood sugar and urea levels, haemoglobin and urine.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v06je04.htm (1177 words)

	fumaric acid - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		H, unsaturated dicarboxylic acid that melts at 287°C. Maleic acid, or cis -butenedioic acid, is a geometric isomer of fumaric acid; it melts at about 140°C. Of the two isomers fumaric acid is the more stable and can be prepared from maleic acid by heating it.
		Fumaric acid esters appear to help some patients with severe psoriasis.(Skin Disorders)
		Largest fumaric acid project in West China put on stream in Shaanxi.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-fumarica.html (297 words)

	Schenectady International Inc. - Global producer and marketer of alkylphenols, electronic chemicals, and phenolic ...
		FUMARIC ACID when used in Alkyd resin, imparts better hardness, colour retention, alkali and water resistance to paint and varnish film.
		FUMARIC ACID forms versatile esters with Butanol and 2-Ethyl Hexanol which finds excellent use as in internal plasticizer for PVA resins.
		FUMARIC ACID finds application in the manufacture of resins which are suitable for use in printing ink, wood and paper varnish.
	www.herdillia.com /htm/fumaricacid.htm (266 words)

	Whole Foods Market : Health Info : Ingredients : Fumaric acid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fumaric acid is added to a variety of foods as an acidifier, curing accelerator and flavoring agent.
		Fumaric acid is stronger than other common food acids such as citric, malic and lactic acid and thus is often used in lower concentrations.
		Because it is a common food acid similar to other acceptable food acids (citric, malic, and lactic), fumaric acid appears to fit within the WFM guidelines for an acceptable food additive.
	www.wholefoodsmarket.com /healthinfo/fumaricacid.html (332 words)

	Fumaric Acid : ARIAR LTD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The fumaric acid production corresponds to international levels and is equipped by high quality technical facilities, done from titan and stainless steel.
		The malic acid is used as acidifier, antiseptic, and foodstuffs stabilizer (appears to be a good substitute of citric acid).
		Ariar is proud to provide fumaric acid, maleic acid vs. fumaric acid, and.
	www.ariarllc.com /fumaric-acid (376 words)

	Maleic acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Maleic acid (ionised maleate in biology) or (Z)-butenedioic acid or cis-butenedioic acid or malenic acid or maleinic acid or toxilic acid is an organic compound which is a dicarboxylic acid (molecule with two carboxyl groups).
		Maleic acid is the cis isomer of butenedioic acid, whereas fumaric acid is the trans isomer.
		In industry fumaric acid is produced from maleic acid by catalytic isomerization with mineral acids, bromates or thiourea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maleic_acid (583 words)

	Numark \| Fumaric Acid
		Fumaric acid is formed in the skin during exposure to sunlight, as well as being available as an oral supplement and as a preparation for topical use.
		Only the esterified forms of fumaric acid are used therapeutically, such as fumaric acid monoethylester or fumaric acid di-methylester.
		Acute kidney insufficiency in patients treated with fumaric acid esters for psoriasis.
	www.numarkpharmacists.com /hn/Supp/Fumaric_Acid.htm (511 words)

	MotherNature.com - Fumaric Acid
		Fumaric acid is related to malic acid, and like malic acid, it is involved in the production of energy (in the form of ATP) from food.
		Fumaric acid has been used with some success to alleviate psoriasis symptoms.
		Fumaric acid therapy in psoriasis; a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
	www.mothernature.com /library/ency/index.cfm/id/2848001 (712 words)

	Fumaric Acid Esters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fumaric acid esters (II) differ from Fumaric acid by chemical groups called ‘esters’.
		However, there is no clinical evidence to show people with psoriasis need extra Fumaric acid in there system or need to supplement it as Fumaric acid is not effective in the treatment of psoriasis alone.
		Treatment of psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: results of a prospective multicentre study.
	www.psoriasis-help.org.uk /html/Fumaric_Acid_Esters.html (476 words)

	Ingredients -- Fumaric acid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fumaric acid is used as a flavoring, because it is the sourest tasting of the organic acids.
		Fumaric acid is used in combination with sodium bicarbonate to create delayed action leavening agents (something that produces carbin dioxide gas to make breads rise).
		Because fumaric acid is not very soluble in water, it can replace hygroscopic acids in dry mixes, and thus help keep them from caking in humid conditions.
	sci-toys.com /ingredients/fumaric_acid.html (190 words)

	Maleic Acid Vs. Fumaric Acid : ARIAR LTD
		Ariar is proud to provide fumaric acid, fumaric acid, and.
		In 1988 it was producing at the plants under the Institute of chemical average 50 t/per year, and in 1989 under the Yerevan Vitaminous factory average 300 t/per year in the producers' co-operative “Теch”.
		Ariar LLC is one of the best fumaric acid providers in the industry.
	www.ariarllc.com /maleic-acid-vs-fumaric-acid/index.html (287 words)

	FDA > CDRH > Database Super Search
		Fumaric acid and its calcium, ferrous, magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts may be safely used in food in accordance with the following prescribed conditions:
		(b) With the exception of ferrous fumarate, fumaric acid and the named salts are used singly or in combination in food at a level not in excess of the amount reasonably required to accomplish the intended effect.
		(c) Ferrous fumarate is used as a source of iron in foods for special dietary use, when the use is consistent with good nutrition practice.
	www.accessdata.fda.gov /scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/search/search.cfm?db=CFR&ID=172.350 (186 words)

	PMP Fermentation Products, Inc. - Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fumaric acid, also called allomaleic acid, 2-butenedioic acid, boletic acid, or lichenic acid, is a colorless crystalline flammable carboxylic acid with a fruitlike taste and chemical formula C2H2(CO2H)2.
		PMP Gluconic Acid 50%, Technical is a 50% (w/w) aqueous solution of hydroxy carboxylic acid, which is composed of an equilibrium mixture of gluconic acid and the gamma and delta lactones.
		PMP Liquid Gluconate 60 is a unique blend of gluconic acid and sodium gluconate in an aqueous solution, having a 60 percent equivalent of sodium gluconate when neutralized with caustic soda.
	www.pmpinc.com /products.asp (222 words)

	Fumaric Acid Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fumaric acid is obtained by isomerization of maleic acid which takes place in aqueous solution with the addition of a suitable catalyst.
		When isomerization is complete, crude fumaric acid is crystallized and separated by centrifugation.
		In this case crude fumaric acid is redissolved and purified by activated carbon.
	www.lonza.com /group/en/products_services/technology_platforms/technologies/chemplatforms/additives/fumaric.html (103 words)

	fumaric acid — FactMonster.com
		of fumaric acid; it melts at about 140°C. Of the two isomers fumaric acid is the more stable and can be prepared from maleic acid by heating it.
		Fumaric acid is used as a substitute for
		maleic acid - maleic acid : see fumaric acid.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0819873.html (180 words)

	Effect of Fumaric Acid and Dietary Buffering Capacity on Ileal and Fecal Amino Acid Digestibilities in Early-Weaned Pigs
		Effect of Fumaric Acid and Dietary Buffering Capacity on Ileal and Fecal Amino Acid Digestibilities in Early-Weaned Pigs.
		Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of fumaric acid supplementation and buffering capacity of the diet on ileal and fecal digestibilities of CP, GE, and amino acids in early-weaned pigs.
		In both experiments, the pigs were fed four diets, based on wheat and soybean meal without (control) or with 1, 2, or 3% fumaric acid according to a balanced two-period change-over design.
	www.uni-hohenheim.de /i3ve/00068900/23408041.htm (273 words)

	tartaric acid — FactMonster.com
		Tartaric acid is found in many plants, e.g., grapes; this natural acid is chiefly the dextrorotatory
		Tartaric acid is used chiefly in the form of its salts, e.g.,
		fumaric acid - fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid,HO2CCHCHCO2H, unsaturated dicarboxylic acid that melts at...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0847900.html (174 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| In vitropharmacokinetics of anti-psoriatic fumaric acid esters
		In vitro pharmacokinetics of anti-psoriatic fumaric acid esters
		In this connection it is of interest that already in 1959, Schweckendiek introduced fumaric acid, an intermediate of the citric acid cycle, for the treatment of his psoriasis [6].
		The concentrations of the various fumarates in serum samples were determined as described (Litjens et al., submitted for publication).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2210/4/22 (3045 words)

	AllRefer.com - fumaric acid (Organic Chemistry) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - fumaric acid (Organic Chemistry) - Encyclopedia
		fumaric acid[fyOOmar´ik] Pronunciation Key or trans-butenedioic acid, HO H, unsaturated dicarboxylic acid that melts at 287°C. Maleic acid, or cis-butenedioic acid, is a geometric isomer of fumaric acid; it melts at about 140°C. Of the two isomers fumaric acid is the more stable and can be prepared from maleic acid by heating it.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on fumaric acid
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/fumarica.html (234 words)

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