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Topic: Fumarole

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	Fumarole - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The vapours from fumaroles were studied first by R. Bunsen, on his visit to Iceland, and afterwards by H. Sainte-Claire Deville and other chemists and geologists in France, who examined the vapours from Santorin, Etna, andc.
		The hottest vapours issue from dry fumaroles, at temperatures of at least Soo C., and consist chiefly of anhydrous chlorides, notably sodium chloride.
		The fumaroles of Mont Pele in Martinique during the eruption of 1902 were examined by A. Lacroix, and the vapours analysed by H. Moissan, who found that they consisted chiefly of water vapour, with hydrogen chloride, sulphur, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and argon.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Fumarole (215 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Fumarole
		A fumarole (Latin fumus, smoke) is an opening in Earth's (or any other astronomical body's) crust, often in the neighborhood of volcanoes, which emit steam and gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide.
		Fumaroles may occur along tiny cracks or long fissures, in chaotic clusters or fields, and on the surfaces of lava flows and thick deposits of pyroclastic flows.
		A fumarole field is an area of thermal springs and gas vents where magma or hot igneous rocks at shallow depth are releasing gasses or interacting with groundwater.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Fumarole (289 words)

	Fumarole
		Derived from the Latin fumus, smoke, a fumarole is an opening in Earth's (or any other astronomical body's) crust, often in the neighborhood of volcanoes, which emit steam and gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide.
		The name solfatara, from the Italian solfo, sulfur (via the Sicilian dialect), is given to fumaroles that emit sulfurous gases.
		Perhaps the greatest area of fumarole activity on Earth is the famous Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes[?], adjacent to Katmai volcano[?] in Alaska.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fu/Fumarole.html (82 words)

	Fumarole Summary
		Fumaroles are common on the flanks of volcanoes as well as in their craters and calderas.
		Geysers are distinguished from both hot springs and fumaroles by their specialized plumbing systems, while the difference between a hot spring and a fumarole is simply the degree of heating.
		Fumaroles whose gases are particularly sulfurous are termed solfataras.
	www.bookrags.com /Fumarole (655 words)

	FUMAROLES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The chemistry of sublimates and condensates from this fumarole is relatively simple: only sulfur and gypsum are depositing and the alkali and alkaline earth content of the condensate is not greatly different from local rainwater.
		The absence of chlorides at this fumarole suggests that ground water may be important in acting as a solvent for some of the constituents of the volcanic gas.
		One of the summit fumaroles is perhaps the largest single fumarole at Santiaguito, located at the foot of a high cliff along a major fracture near th ehighest point of the mountain.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /volcanoes/santamaria/fumar.html (600 words)

	FUMAROLE - Online Information article about FUMAROLE
		The vapours from fumaroles were studied first by R.
		The hottest vapours issue from dry fumaroles, at temperatures of at least sod' C., and consist chiefly of anhydrous chlorides, notably See also:
		The alkaline fumaroles are still cooler, though above too°, and evolve ammonium chloride with other vapours.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /FRA_GAE/FUMAROLE.html (328 words)

	Fumarole Butte, Utah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A volcanic neck marks the vent of the volcano at the summit of the shield.
		The volcanic neck of Fumarole Butte rises 100 feet (30 m) above the shield volcano.
		Fumarole Butte (39.5N, 112.8W) is a basaltic andesite shield volcano.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/volc_images/img_fumarole.html (90 words)

	Fumarole: World of Earth Science
		Extensive fumarole fields occur in areas where a shallow volcanic heat source is overlaid by water-permeable rock, as at Yellowstone National Park in the United States and Rotorua in New Zealand.
		All fumaroles require both heat and a source of gas or water.
		They are most often supplied with heat and gas by magma or masses of freshly ejected volcanic rock and with water by precipitation that seeps into the ground.
	science.enotes.com /earth-science/fumarole (424 words)

	News : Mammoth Local (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The fumarole area is one of the more distinctive areas on Mammoth Mountain and frequently is called "the stink hole." Lynch said the patrollers were fencing off the natural hazard, situated on Christmas Bowl, at 11:29 a.m.
		The dominant gas emitted from the fumarole, aside from water vapor, is carbon dioxide, with an average flux of six tons a day.
		A fumarole field is an area of thermal springs and gas vents where magma or hot igneous rocks at shallow depth are releasing gases or interacting with groundwater.
	www.mammothlocal.com /news/3_ski_patrollers_die.php (2734 words)

	Prediction of Danger
		Increased emissions of gas and steam from fumaroles, mudpots and solfataras often show that the magma is rising closer to the surface.
		Greater fumarole activity gave warning of the Askja eruption of 1961 in Iceland.
		However, increased fumarole activity on Mount Baker (Washington State)in 1975 raised fears of an eruption that has not materialized.
	library.thinkquest.org /17457/volcanoes/prediction.php (482 words)

	Fumarole (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Sulfur deposits near a fumarole A fumarole (Latin fumus, smoke) is an opening in Earths (or any other astronomical bodys) crust, often in the neighborhood of volcanoes, which emit steam and gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide.
		The name solfatara, from the Italian solfo, sulfur (via the Sicilian dialect), is given to fumaroles that emit sulfurous gasses.
		From the perspective of groundwater, fumaroles could be described as a hot spring that boils off all its water before the water reaches the surface A good example of Fumarole activity on Earth is the famous Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, which was formed during the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska.
	fumarole.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (242 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary: fumarole
		Close view of a fumarole on Kilauea Volcano.
		Fumaroles are vents from which volcanic gas escapes into the atmosphere.
		They may persist for decades or centuries if they are above a persistent heat source or disappear within weeks to months if they occur atop a fresh volcanic deposit that quickly cools.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/fumarole.html (114 words)

	::: JAPAN EXPEDITION : DAILY JOURNAL : DAY 12 \| July 29, 2005 :::
		We had been informed that there were three or four fumarole fields within the caldera, and our aim for the day was to sample as many of the fumaroles as possible.
		As we reached the top of the caldera rim we were treated to a spectacular view of the densely forested, steep caldera walls, with the central cone of Maruyama ("round mountain") dominating the landscape.
		The hot, highly altered rocks made it difficult to reach what looked like good fumaroles, but after a couple of aborted attempts we succeeded in reaching the 100°C fumaroles, and were rewarded with an strong smell of sulphur, always a good sign, and excellent samples.
	www.sio.ucsd.edu /japan/journal/0729 (316 words)

	Mineralogy Of Fumarole Deposits From Sunset Crater Volcano, Northern Arizona - Brief Article Rocks & Minerals - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Cinders and flows are comprised of alkali olivine basalt that was oxidized along the volcano rim to a red scoria cemented by silica, gypsum, and iron oxide.
		Gypsum was formed during the period of fumarolic activity as hot fluids interacted with basalt, whereas sulfur and the accessory minerals sublimated directly from vapor.
		The remaining zones were deposited either at greater distances from the vent or as the fumarole temperatures cooled.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GDX/is_4_76/ai_76549860 (478 words)

	Appendix C. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The presence of levees, channels and steep flow fronts indicate a high yield strength during transport of the moving pyroclastic flow.
		Fine-grained basal layers, fossil fumarole pipes and carbonized wood may be present.
		Surface manifestations include the presence of levees, steep flow fronts and the presence of large surface blocks, all of which indicate a high yield strength during transport of the moving pyroclastic flow.
	www.geo.ua.edu /volcanology/lecture_notes_files/appendix_c_.html (262 words)

	[No title]
		The last known eruption of Poás was in 1996, and since this time the volcano has been in a state of constant fumarolic and seismic activity.
		The brown color of the lake indicated active fumaroles on its bottom.
		Fumarole activity, gas emission, and phreatic eruptions from mud and sulfur pools occurred until 1994.
	people.colgate.edu /tvandervort/Eruption_history.htm (838 words)

	Mount Erebus Photographs by Dr. Nelia Dunbar
		Bill McIntosh scaling the exterior of an ice tower to get at one of the steam vents to measure CO2 gas levels.
		Nelia Dunbar at a small fumarole to measure the CO2 gas levels.
		Erebus lava lake as viewed from the crater rim on Jan. 16, 2004.
	www.ees.nmt.edu /Geop/mevo/mevomm/imagepages/dunbar/index.html (185 words)

	SEULAWAH AGAM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The fumarole at the Ie Joh area is at 100
		The fumaroles in these areas are all depositing sulphur.
		Although the geology of this prospect is well known and there has been a limited geophysical survey of the area, very few geochemical data have been collected from the springs, pools and fumaroles within the region.
	www.vsi.esdm.go.id /pbumi/sumatera/agamtxt.html (1342 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		-- The yellow color around this fumarole comes from sulfur crystals derived from the cooling of sulfur vapor escaping from the fumarole opening.
		Sulfaterra (yellow ground) is the name given to these sulfur accumulations.
		The fumarole is located on the Kilauea volcano, Hawaii.
	www.geology.sdsu.edu /how_volcanoes_work/Thumblinks/Fumarole_page.html (43 words)

	Eruption of Kuju Page
		In the central part of Kuju volcano, there is active fumarole called Io-san.
		Ash fall was observed in Kumamoto city, 60km NW of the volcano.
		From the down left, a1 with white fumarole, a2, b fissure, c fissure, d and e.
	www.aist.go.jp /GSJ/dEG/sVOLC/Kuju_E.html (347 words)

	USGS observation fumarole Casa Diablo Fumarole (CDF) in Long Valley caldera, California
		USGS observation fumarole Casa Diablo Fumarole (CDF) in Long Valley caldera, California
		CDF is a fumarole in the Casa Diablo area, near the intersection of U.S. Highway 395 and State Highway 203.
		Vent temperature is measured a few times each year, has remained fairly stable between 92 and 94 degrees, and is the hottest of the 5 fumaroles that are monitored in the Long Valley caldera.
	lvo.wr.usgs.gov /cdf_main.htm (171 words)

	TEMP\fumarole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We have developed and constructed a laboratory fumarole for high temperature gas flow experiments which can be applied to the study of gases discharging from volcanoes.
		The fumarole consists of a vessel which can produce steam at a rate of up to 70 ml/min., a quartz glass tube (3 cm in diameter, approx.
		Our first results have significant implications regarding the dynamics, kinetics and equilibration processes of magmatic gas discharges at active volcanoes.
	epswww.unm.edu /facstaff/fischer/fumarole.html (423 words)

	Volcanic and Geologic Terms (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fumarole: A vent or opening through which issue steam, hydrogen sulfide, or other gases.
		The craters of many dormant volcanoes contain active fumaroles.
		Solfatara: A type of fumarole, the gases of which are characteristically sulfurous.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /vwdocs/glossary.html (4560 words)

	Roden Crater Art Minimal & Conceptual Only (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		At diametrical positions near the edge of a lava cliff that fans out around the fumarole, or secondary vent, on the northeastern flank of the crater, four underground chambers will be oriented toward the cardinal directions.
		From a position near the eastern space, a combined ramp and shallow stairway will lead up to the top of the fumarole.
		When you look back, the space you have just left will be altered and charged by the juxtaposition." A tunnel, 1,035 feet long, will lead up from the fumarole to the inside of the crater bowl.
	home.sprynet.com /~mindweb/page38.htm (1012 words)

	Inside The Volcano - Short Story - Ruben Kleiman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The door cracks open; it invites me. I walk into the light drizzle, look in both directions down the pavement, and decide to walk with the wind.
		Halfway down the block I look back at the bar, a fumarole of red neon diffracted by the drizzle on the pavement, a smoldering outflow escaping through the door and billowing into the sky.
		The streets are sluices through which dislodged bits flow and agglutinate only to dissipate again.
	home.earthlink.net /~kleiman/fiction/fumarole.html (646 words)

	The UnMuseum - A Gallery of Geysers II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fumarole - A hot spring that boils off all its water before the water reaches the surface is called a fumarole, or steam vent.
		Small amounts of hydrogen sulfide often gives the steam a "rotten egg" smell.
		Mud Pot - If a fumarole emerges under surface water the hydrogen sulfide in the steam is oxidized in the water both by chemical reactions and bacteria to make sulfuric acid.
	www.unmuseum.org /geygal2.htm (310 words)

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