Function (biology)

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Topic: Function (biology)

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	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		Although osa function appears to be important for expression of some HOM and segmentation genes in imaginal tissues, homozygous osa mutants die late in embryogenesis with no clear defects in either segmentation or segment identity.
		Because of the severe defects in embryos lacking maternal osa function and the cascade of regulatory interactions between the segmentation and HOM genes early in embryogenesis, no attempt was made to identify the earliest-acting genes affected by loss of osa function (V·zquez, 1999).
		Loss of maternal osa function causes severe segmentation defects, indicating that the function of osa is not limited to homeotic gene regulation.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/segment/eyelid1.htm (3293 words)

	Pietro De Camilli - Yale Cell Biology
		These studies have led us to discover an important function of inositol phospholipids (phosphoinositides) in synaptic vesicle recycling and we are actively pursuing studies on the regulatory function of these phospholipids at synapses.
		We study the mechanisms underlying the development and function of neuronal synapses.
		Our long term goal is to advance the understanding of nervous system function in health and disease.
	info.med.yale.edu /cellbio/html/faculty/p_decamilli.shtml (630 words)

	STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS
		Considerable research is ongoing in the area of membrane protein structure and function, yet relatively few investigators have applied the techniques of x-ray crystallography, electron diffraction, or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study directly the structures of their proteins.
		Membrane proteins and membrane complexes of interest to the National Cancer Institute include those associated with the biology, diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
		Membrane protein systems of interest to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) have specific relevance to one of the following programmatic areas: muscle function and disease; bone and cartilage function and disease; and skin function and disease.
	www.niams.nih.gov /rtac/funding/grants/pa/pa02-060.htm (630 words)

	Physics Today November 2002
		The idea of the function of a "material object" is present in biology, present in engineering or applied science, but absent in pure physics and other physical sciences.
		Analyzing and understanding functional systems having known and simple components can be a highly useful prelude to the biological research problem of analyzing systems with unknown components, incomplete component lists, or unknown functions.
		Modern biological research is in great part about understanding function--how systems attain their overall function, or the functional role of a subsystem.
	www.aip.org /pt/vol-55/iss-11/p10.html (1670 words)

	the environment : a marine biology case study explanation
		After the simulation function has completed and all the loops are finished, the display function is called again to print out the matrix after the updates.
		After the neighborhood type is all set up, the function assigns the fish's position value to oldPos and replaces the fish's old position with an open position randomly selected from the neighborhood (by way of the select function).
		If that's the case, then the fish is placed in its new position in the matrix and the emptyFish is placed in the fish's old slot.
	roosevelt.fateback.com /environment/part4.htm (1670 words)

	Interesting Facts about Population Growth Mathematical Models
		This means that the population is now a function of the current population, the population the year before, the year before that, etc. Please note that f implies a generic function and it is different in equation (4) and (5).
		Also, the function for each of the previous populations could be very different.
		The mathematical model based on this idea is that the population size for one generation depends on the size of the previous generation, and it is a multiple.
	www.arcytech.org /java/population/facts_math.html (3912 words)

	Untitled Document
		Exam questions assess the students' knowledge of cell and tissue structure in relation to function and clinical correlations, as presented in the text, and in lecture and laboratory sessions.
		In Medical Tissue Biology students learn about the structures and function of cells and tissues in organs of the human body and learn about clinical correlations of cell and tissue functions.
		Knowledge of clinical correlations of cell and tissue function in human organs and organ systems.
	www.uic.edu /depts/mcmi/misc/histo1.html (402 words)

	UT-Houston Medical School: Center for Membrane Biology - Career Opportunities
		The new faculty members will join an interactive group of interdepartmental faculty with established programs focused on membrane structure/function and will develop independent research programs on current aspects of membrane biology.
		Applications are invited for 2 tenure-track assistant professor positions in the newly established Center for Membrane Biology at the University of Texas Medical School at Houston, with appointment in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
		Research areas of special interest include membrane protein expression, insertion and folding, lipid function, membrane protein crystallography, and structure/function of G-protein coupled receptors, ligand-activated channels, multi-drug efflux systems, and other receptors, channels and transport proteins.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /cmb/career.html (402 words)

	The Merck Distinguished Seminar Series in Computational Biology and Chemistry
		The extended Central Dogma of molecular biology is simply represented as DNA --> RNA --> amino acid sequence --> 3D structure --> function, where the last three steps comprise the current protein structure/function paradigm.
		If verified, our predictions will ultimately require a significant restructuring of the extended Central Dogma of molecular biology in order to include the important functions carried out by intrinsically disordered proteins.
		These results encouraged us to consider possible roles of unfolded protein states in the realm of molecular biology, thereby leading us to a new classification scheme for structure/sequence relationships, a new classification scheme for molecular recognition, and a proposed critical role for disordered regions in the evolution of molecular biological networks.
	www.cmu.edu /mcs/Merck/MerckSeminar02Abstract.html (331 words)

	PSB: Partnership for Structural Biology home page
		Structural Biology is a fundamental aspect of modern biology which aims to determine the three-dimensional atomic structure of biological molecules, especially proteins, and hence give insight to the function of these molecules in the living cell.
		However, detailed information on the structure, function and interaction of the tens of thousands of proteins encoded by these genomes is required in order to fully exploit this new panoply of data for novel human disease treatments.
		Rapidly increasing the numbers of known atomic structures of proteins, which is one of the aims of the PSB, will have a number of strategic benefits for European medical research, basic and applied.
	psb.esrf.fr (646 words)

	The Cell Membrane
		In essence membranes are essential for the integrity and function of the cell.
		To perform the function of the organelle, the membrane is specialized in that it contains specific proteins and lipid components that enable it to perform its unique roles for that cell or organelle.
		Membranes help organize the cell into domains and microdomains.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /cellbio/membrane.htm (646 words)

	Homology
		Richard Owen also distinguished homology from analogy (also known as homoplasy), which he defined as a 'part or organ in one animal which has the same function as another part or organ in a different animal' (Owen, 1843: 374).
		In 1843 Richard Owen defined homology as "the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function." Scientists had noticed that, within a group of related species, some structures shared similarities in form.
		Homology forms the basis of organisation for comparative biology.
	sci.waikato.ac.nz /evolution/Homology.shtml (1280 words)

	Colony (biology) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Colonies were probably the first step towards multicellular (A living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently) organisms during ((biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms) evolution.
		Colonial Organisms are single-celled (A living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently) Organisms that live together as a single unit.
		(Type genus of the Volvocaceae; minute pale green flagellates occurring in tiny spherical colonies; minute flagella rotate the colony about an axis) Volvox is an example for the border between these two states.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/colony_(biology).htm (139 words)

	Fitness and Synergy
		It is this aspect of fitness that is often treated in evolutionary biology, when we claim that the organism evolves to fit its landscape.
		The concept of fitness occurs extensively in both the complexity and biology fields, but it is rarely spelled out just what is meant by this and what different forms fitness can take.
		Alfred North Whitehead, The Function of Reason, 1929
	www.calresco.org /lucas/fitness.htm (139 words)

	Analogy (biology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Two structures in biology are said to be analogous if they perform the same or similar function by a similar mechanism.
		The concept of analogy is contrasted with that of homology, which refers to two structures that share a common ancestor.
		These similar structures may have evolved through different pathways, a process known as convergent evolution, or may be homologous.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Analogy_(biology) (161 words)

	UCSF School of Dentistry
		The Department of Cell and Tissue Biology is collaborating with the departments of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences and of Orofacial Sciences in the School of Dentistry and the Microbial Pathogenesis Program to recruit in the important area of biofilms research.
		The Department of Cell and Tissue Biology houses the UCSF Mouse Microarray Consortium.
		The Department of Cell and Tissue Biology is actively recruiting new faculty in the area of Developmental and Molecular Biology related to the CMB Program and in the Microbial Pathogenesis Program.
	dentistry.ucsf.edu /about/about_our.html (1625 words)

	Biology at OSSM
		This course provides an introduction to the biology of specific phyla, classes, and orders of invertebrates with emphasis on classification, morphology, structure and function of their internal anatomy, developmental pathways, and fundamental concepts characteristic of this diverse animal group.
		The objectives will be for each student to demonstrate a working knowledge of the terminology used in botanical studies and a basic understanding of the anatomical, cytological, reproductive, ecological, and physiological phenomena unique to plants in general, specific plant taxa, and plant-like organisms of other kingdoms.
		If the student has taken a general biology course prior to enrollment to OSSM then the sequence of courses to follow depends on the student's interest and career goals.
	www.ossm.edu /biology/bio.htm (932 words)

	Sloan-Kettering - Structural Biology
		The aims of the Structural Biology Program are to understand biological function at the structural and mechanistic levels, to determine the structural basis of disease-related alterations in biological macromolecules, and to aid the development of novel anti-tumor agents through collaborative studies.
		Research involving three-dimensional structural information focuses on (i) macromolecular assemblies that represent a cellular machinery or signal-processing unit, (ii) the elucidation of function of newly discovered cancer-related proteins, and (iii) experimental anti-tumor drugs bound to their protein or DNA targets.
		These areas are studied through interdisciplinary approaches that include not only the core structural biology methods of x-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy and optical imaging, but also biochemical, cellular biological and genetic methods.
	www.mskcc.org /mskcc/html/15047.cfm (176 words)

	Gillis-cv.doc
		Contributed papers at meetings: 2004 “Proximal hindlimb muscle strain and activation patterns in goats: Do differences in animal size impact limb muscle function?” (with A. Biewener and P. McGuigan) Presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Experimental Biology 2002 “In vivo patterns of strain and activity in thigh muscles of goats”.
		Morphology, systematics, and biology of the double-lined mackerels (Grammatorcynus, Scombridae).
		Invited symposium presentations 2004 “Effects of body size on homologous muscle strain regimes in mammalian quadrupeds.” Presented in a symposium on comparative in vivo biomechanics and muscle function at a joint meeting of the American Physiological Society and the American College of Sports Medicine, Austin, Texas.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~ggillis/Gillis-lab/Gillis-cv.doc (1025 words)

	BIOLOGY
		Conservation biology is the science of preserving biodiversity and sustaining the earth.
		This is a course in field biology designed to acquaint the student with the taxonomy and ecology of indigenous animals.
		Also emphasized are current techniques used in cell biology, such as Southern, Northern, and Western Blots, PCR, DNA, sequencing, DNA cloning, and immunofluorescent confocal microscopy.
	www.gannon.edu /resource/dept/biology/BIOLOGY_CATALOG.htm (3068 words)

	Oxford Journals Life Sciences Molecular Biology and Evolution
		Molecular Biology and Evolution (MBE) publishes research at the interface between molecular and evolutionary biology.
		The journal publishes investigations of molecular evolutionary patterns and processes, tests of evolutionary hypotheses that use molecular data, and studies that use molecular evolutionary information to address questions about biological function at all levels of organization.
		Reports of work on comparative and evolutionary genomics and the evolution of molecular structure and function are particularly welcome.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org (88 words)

	Membrane biology: A new focus for faculty recruitment part 6
		Because most alterations in cell function, either due to therapeutic intervention or disease, involve interactions with or disruption of membrane protein function, these proteins represent an area of intense investigation and constitute prime targets for genomic-based therapies.
		A membrane biology focus will help to do just that, while advancing understanding of the roles membrane proteins play in physiological processes and human diseases, and contributing to progress toward new therapies.
		At UC Davis, planners hope that a membrane biology thematic recruitment program will help catapult the School of Medicine into the top quartile of medical schools nationally as measured by research funding.
	www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu /matrix/vol8_no8_oct01/html/biology6.html (88 words)

	INABIS '98 - Lessons from Recombinant Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Transfer to Cerebral Arteries
		It holds significant promise as a tool for studying gene expression and regulation in vascular biology, and as a therapeutic means of controlling local vascular function under diseased conditions (Heistad and Faraci, 1996; Chen et al., 1998a, 1998b).
		NO is a simple diatomic molecule that exerts many biological effects in cerebral vascular biology including mediation of vasodilatation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, leukocyte and platelet adhesion, and smooth muscle cell proliferation (Cooke and Dzau, 1997; Faraci and Heistad, 1998).
		Recent studies of eNOS gene transfer and expression in the cerebral vasculature are of considerable importance in advancing our understanding of eNOS transgene expression and function, and represent potential therapeutic strategies for the vascular disorders associated with a deficiency of NO production and/or activity (Chen et al., 1998a, 1998b).
	www.mcmaster.ca /inabis98/laher/chen0349/two.html (2455 words)

	Section of Mathematical Biology
		Chief, Section of Mathematical Biology, Helen Buchanan and Stanley Joseph Seeger Professor of Biomathematics
		Therefore, a new mathematical model has been derived, describing the probability of lung response as a function not only of dose and volume of lung irradiated, but also of the location in the lung of the irradiated subvolume.
		In existing models, the expected number of surviving cells capable of tumor regeneration (clonogens) is modeled as a function of the initial clonogen number, the amount of cell killing during treatment, and the rate of cellular proliferation during treatment.
	odin.mdacc.tmc.edu /biomath/programs/Math_Biology_Report.html (5922 words)

	Coral Kingdom CD-ROM
		The software is ideally suited for units on the coral reef or to demonstrate the concepts of form and function in adaptations, interrelationships between organisms and habitat, competition, predator avoidance, energy and matter cycles and human impacts in general biology or introductory environmental science, biodiveristy or ecology courses.
		The materials may be used to introduce a unit on ecology in general biology classes or as a case study in environmental science and ecology courses.
		Ranging from straight forward activities (discovering the relationship of structure and function in adaptations) to the complex (investigating how butterflyfishes avoid competition), the teacher may pick and choose from twenty hours of suggested activities.
	www.cyberlearn.com /coral.htm (2594 words)

	29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: Glossary
		homology In this essay, since we are not assuming the truth of common descent, "homology" simply refers to similar structures, regardless of function.
		To clarify the homology argument, then, a new and specific term is needed that refers to the subset of homologous structures that have different functions.
		Convergence of form and function is common, and is a direct prediction of the theory of natural selection.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/comdesc/glossary.html (1441 words)

	Fitness_landscape Essential Information, explanation, recent texts, monographs, related patents, and relevant links.
		Fitness landscapes in biology Fitness landscapes are often conceived of as ranges of mountains.
		Fitness landscapes in evolutionary optimization Apart from the field of evolutionary biology, the concept of a fitness landscape has also gained importance in evolutionary optimization methods such as genetic algorithms or evolutionary strategies.
		The concept of a fitness landscape is used to visualize the relationship between genotypes (or phenotypes) and replicatory success in evolutionary biology.
	www.core-bibliography.info /primary/biology-biologists/Fitness_landscape.html (825 words)

	Cellular Biology
		Today, emphasis is on the eukaryotic cell; much of its structure and function has no counterpart in bacterial cells.
		(The cell theory radically changed the understanding of disease, which could now be studied with respect to alterations in cellular structure and function.)
		Modern biology is molecular biology...The molecular approach to biology has already affected embryology, histology, cytology, genetics, anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, and the applied clinical sciences.
	www.ilstu.edu /~ddwilso2/nur437/cell_bio.htm (2630 words)

	Tufts University School of Medicine Anatomy and Cellular Biology
		In the histology course, the microscopic structure of cells, tissues, and organs is presented, with emphasis on the correlation of structure and function.
		Current topics in cell biology are included as a basis for understanding cell function.
		The Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology offers a wide range of both professional (medical, dental, veterinary) and graduate (Ph.D.) level courses in such areas as gross anatomy, embryology, neurosciences, histology, and cell biology and developmental biology.
	medicine.tufts.edu /dept/anatomy.cfm (186 words)

	The structure and oligomerization of the yeast arginine methyltransferase, Hmt1 - Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
		Replacing the antenna domain with eight alanines from Hmt1 disrupts dimerization and leads to growth defects in yeast and a loss of methylation activity, suggesting that dimerization of Hmt1 is necessary for function.
		From this and structural evidence (see below) we conclude that dimerization is likely to be essential for catalytic activity and function of Hmt1.
		antenna protein eluted as a sharp peak at a lower molecular weight, consistent with it being a monomer (Fig.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nsmb/journal/v7/n12/full/nsb1200_1165.html (4465 words)

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