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	Functional programming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Functional programming is a programming paradigm that conceives computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data.
		Functional programming emphasizes the definition of functions, in contrast to imperative programming, which emphasizes state machines and the execution of sequential commands.
		He defines functional programs as being built up in a hierarchical way by means of "combining forms" that allow an "algebra of programs"; in modern language, this means that functional program follow the principle of compositionality.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Functional_programming (1816 words)

	Functional Programming with Python LG #109
		The functional programming paradigm encourages us to structure our programs as collections of `pure' functions which do not have any global state and which do not make use of the assignment operator (note that this is not possible in all situations; a banking system will surely have to `remember' lots of stuff).
		Functional programmers use recursive invocation of functions (iteration is considered to be a special case of recursion and specific iteration constructs like the `while' or `for' loop may be absent altogether) to program repetitive behaviour.
		Functions are considered `first class', ie, they can be passed to other functions and returned from other functions thereby facilitating the creation of what are called `higher order functions' - a powerful idea which can capture concisely many complex computational patterns when combined with the idea of `closures'.
	linuxgazette.net /109/pramode.html (1813 words)

	Functional Programming
		Functional programming languages are the result of both abstracting and generalizing the data type of maps.
		Functional programming dispenses with the assignment command freeing the programmer from the rigidly sequential mode of thought required with the assignment command.
		Functional programming languages are called applicative since the functions are applied to their arguments, declarative and non-procedural since the definitions specify what is computed and not how it is computed.
	cmpe.emu.edu.tr /aelci/Courses/D-318/D-318-Files/plbook/function.htm (4213 words)

	Commercial Users of Functional Programming Workshop 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The goal of CUFP is to build a community for users of functional programming languages and technology, be they using functional languages in their professional lives, in an open source project (other than implementation of functional languages), as a hobby, or any combination thereof.
		Functional languages have been under academic development for over 25 years, and are still proving to be very fertile ground for programming language research.
		It aims to help functional programming become increasingly viable as a technology for use in the commercial, industrial, and government space, by providing a forum for FP professionals to share their experiences and ideas, whether business, management, or engineering.
	www.galois.com /cufp (548 words)

	[No title]
		Perhaps surprisingly, these very few functions (and the basic operators), are almost sufficient to write any Python program; specifically, the flow control statements ('if', 'elif', 'else', 'assert', 'try', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'break', 'continue', 'while', 'def') can all be handled in a functional style using exclusively the FP functions and operators.
		Functional programs bypasses this particular issue by simply not assigning values to variables at all.
		Even though this functional example is more verbose than the imperative example, once you consider the utility functions for reuse, the new code in 'bigmuls()' itself is probably slightly less than in the imperative version.
	gnosis.cx /publish/programming/charming_python_13.txt (2066 words)

	[No title]
		Functional programming languages, such as Haskell and ML, make a radical departure from imperative languages such as C/C++, Pascal, and to a lesser degree, Lisp (Lisp was the first functional language, but it is not purely functional).
		The author firmly believes that functional programming should be taught at the undergraduate level, and its practices should be strongly enforced, or at least strongly encouraged, regardless of the language being used.
		that characteristic of a programming environment that describes the ability to allow functions and variables to be replaced by their values at any time during the computation, and at any place in the program; absence of side-effects, absence of state; referential transparency is achieved by disallowing variable assignment.
	www.engr.uconn.edu /~jeffm/Papers/funcprog.html (4797 words)

	Open Directory - Computers: Programming: Languages: Functional (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Afnix Programming Language - A multi-threaded functional programming language with dynamic symbol bindings which provides a state of art runtime engine for 32- and 64-bit platform and a rich set of platform independent libraries, compatible with C++ runtime operations, automatic protection engine for shared objects.
		Functional Programming Languages in Education - A collection of information on the use of functional programming in teaching.
		ICFP 2002 - The 2002 International Conference on Functional Programming covers the entire spectrum of functional programming, from practice to theory, and from established functional programming languages (Scheme, ML, Haskell) to novel language designs and to the functional aspects of object-oriented or concurrent languages.
	dmoz.org /Computers/Programming/Languages/Functional (738 words)

	Charming Python: Functional programming in Python, Part 1
		What we have accomplished is that we have managed to express a little program that involves I/O, looping, and conditional statements as a pure expression with recursion (in fact, as a function object that can be passed elsewhere if desired).
		In later columns, we will look at more advanced techniques for functional programming; and hopefully we will be able to explore some more of the pros and cons of functional styles.
		I've found it much easier to get a grasp of functional programming in the language Haskell than in Lisp/Scheme (even though the latter is probably more widely used, if only in Emacs).
	www-128.ibm.com /developerworks/linux/library/l-prog.html (2356 words)

	FAQ for comp.lang.functional
		Comp.lang.functional is an unmoderated usenet newsgroup for the discussion of all aspects of functional programming languages, including their design, application, theoretical foundation, and implementation.
		Functional programming is a style of programming that emphasizes the evaluation of expressions, rather than execution of commands.
		Functional languages are gathering momentum in education because they facilitate the expression of concepts and structures at a high level of abstraction.
	www.cs.nott.ac.uk /~gmh/faq.html#purity (5780 words)

	ICFP Functional Programming Contest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Programming languages that help programmers to rapidly construct complex systems may allow contestants to attempt particularly sophisticated implementations in the 72 hours allotted for programming.
		This programming contest is being conducted by ICFP, which implies a context of functional programming.
		However, rather than debate the definition of a "functional programming language," we will allow submitted programs to be written in any language whatsoever, as long as it has an implementation for Linux x86.
	www.ai.mit.edu /extra/icfp-contest (1397 words)

	XML.com: Functional Programming and XML
		As is all too common in the programming world, much of the XML community has identified itself and all its works with object oriented programming (OOP).
		While there are many ways to classify functional languages according to technical features and formal properties, such divisions tend to be more useful to the FP experienced, degenerating into mere buzzwords for the novice.
		Ideas from the functional programming world have always percolated into mainstream practice, but we seem to be reaching a point where many FP techniques and tools are poised for wholesale -- or at least retail -- acceptance.
	www.xml.com /lpt/a/2001/02/14/functional.html (3030 words)

	GIML: Introduction to Functional Programming
		A program without a state is a simpler thing - it is easier to write the code and easier to reason about the code once written.
		Functional languages are considered, by their devotees, to be higher level than third generation languages.
		Functional languages are particularly well suited to parallel processing - several research projects have demonstrated superior performance on parallel machines.
	www.dcs.napier.ac.uk /course-notes/sml/introfp.htm (975 words)

	CS252r-Advanced Functional Programming
		Functional Programming with Bananas, Lenses, Envelopes, and Barbed Wire by Erik Meijer, Maarten Fokkinga, and Ross Paterson.
		Functional Reactive Programming, an approach to modeling time-varying behavior that has enjoyed some success in robotics and animation.
		Functional abstractions for sensor networks, which is a potential area for new research and may be of special interest to students taking CS 263
	www.eecs.harvard.edu /~nr/cs252r (676 words)

	Define functional programming - a definition from Whatis.com
		Erlang programming language is described as a functional programming language.
		Erlang avoids the use of global variables that can be used in common by multiple functions since changing such a variable in part of a program may have unexpected effects in another part.
		ITU-TS, functional programming is "a method for structuring programs mainly as sequences of possibly nested function procedure calls." A function procedure is a relatively simple program that is called by other programs and derives and returns a value to the program that called it.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci212168,00.html (197 words)

	Journal of Functional Programming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Foundations of functional programming includes topics such as formal semantics, abstract interpretation, combinators and lambda calculi, term and graph rewriting, logic, type theory, and category theory.
		Linguistics includes the study of specific functional languages and language features such as non-determinism, side effects, and logical variables; methodologies that facilitate reasoning, proof and transformation of programs, including partial evaluation and program synthesis; and the relationship to other programming paradigms.
		In particular, although the hallmark of functional programming is perhaps its emphasis on sound principles, it is also true that these very same principles have had significant influence on other programming paradigms, and we see this as a Good Thing.
	www.cambridge.org /jfp (274 words)

	Functional Programming
		Since functional programming languages are based on mathematical concepts, they are amenable to formal analysis and manipulation.
		The goal is to build a large system for optimising functional programs, which consists of a variable number of arbitrarily combineable transformation modules.
		We study as-yet unimplemented program transformations described in the literature, discuss their implementation and the design of the whole system, and messure the effect of transformations and the interplay of several transformations.
	www-i2.informatik.rwth-aachen.de /Forschung/FP (725 words)

	Tutorial Papers in Functional Programming
		David Mertz's column on functional programming in Python, an introduction for imperative programmers.
		Foundations of Functional Programming, which focusses on the lambda-calculus.
		This is a course given for post-grads at the University of Edinburgh, and covers an introduction to ML programming, some underlying theory, and formal program development in `Extended ML'.
	www.cs.chalmers.se /~rjmh/tutorials.html (235 words)

	Functional Programming
		The functional language Navel has been developed to enable the implementation of programming languages as interpreters from their formal semantics.
		Program transformation techniques are applied to compositions of higher order functions to try and optimise sites of useful parallelism.
		Functional prototyping was used in the SERC/EPSRC funded projects GR/F01833 (1989/92), for the rapid prototyping and parallel implementation of algorithms for high level image interpretation, and GR J07884 (1993/96), for the development of a large, reconfigurable, multi-source, parallel vision system.
	www.cee.hw.ac.uk /Research/funct_prog.html (2327 words)

	The International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP)
		ICFP (International Conference on Functional Programming) is a new annual programming language conference combining two former biennial conferences: Functional Programming and Computer Architecture (FPCA) and Lisp and Functional Programming (LFP).
		The ICFP conference combines the established LISP and Functional Programming (LFP) and Functional Programming and Computer Architecture (FPCA) conferences into a unified annual meeting devoted to the design, analysis, implementation, and application of functional programming languages.
		Conference on Declarative Programming Languages in Education (DPLE'97).
	www.cs.luc.edu /icfp (489 words)

	Functional programming on the web (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It answers questions ranging from basic (`Are there any books about functional programming?') to not-so-basic (`What is a monad?').
		It has a scope far beyond mere functional programming, but indexed titles include the International Conference on Functional Programming and the Journal of Functional Programming.
		This is a list of programs written primarily to get a task done, rather than just to experiment with functional languages.
	homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk /wadler/guide.html (473 words)

	Logic And Functional Programming Group -- SFU
		The Logic and Functional Programming Group was formally established in 1990 as an independent research group under SFU's Policy AC-35.
		Logic programming is the art of using logic to describe knowledge in a more human-oriented way than is possible with traditional programming languages.
		Thus we can program declaratively, largely in terms of what needs to be done, rather than of how to do it.
	www.cs.sfu.ca /research/groups/Logic-Functional.html (394 words)

	Claus Reinke 's Bookmarks: Functional Programming
		This also means that if you have information on functional programming on the web, you should try to make sure that your pages are reachable via this collection, and that any information included here is correct and up-to-date.
		Concurrent Clean is a general purpose, higher order, pure and lazy functional programming language for the development of sequential, parallel and distributed real world applications.
		Glasgow Parallel Haskell, or GPH for short, is a non-strict parallel functional programming language.
	www.cs.kent.ac.uk /people/staff/cr3/FP (2736 words)

	CS 6715 Functional-Logic Programming
		Functional-logic programming is a programming paradigm that integrates most of the features of the classical declarative paradigms, namely functional and logic programming.
		From functional programming it inherits named or anonymous functions, nested expressions, efficient reduction strategies, higher-order functions, and types.
		The operational semantics of functional-logic languages is usually based on narrowing, a combination of unification for parameter passing and reduction as evaluation mechanism, which subsumes SLD-resolution and rewriting.
	www.cs.unb.ca /~boley/FLP (223 words)

	Functional Programming at St Andrews - Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Functional programming involves writing programs using pure functions.
		Work on functional persistence has been done in collaboration with researchers from UCL and Universidade da Coruña, Spain.
		See the introduction to functional programming and our publications page for more details about our work.
	www-fp.dcs.st-and.ac.uk (183 words)

	Introduction to Functional Programming (1996/7)
		Lambda calculus as a programming language: Colour Postscript
		General structure of the course: how lambda calculus turns out to be a general programming language.
		Functional programming using Caml Light by Michel Mauny.
	www.cl.cam.ac.uk /Teaching/Lectures/funprog-jrh-1996 (376 words)

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