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Topic: Functional MRI

Related Topics

FMRI

Statistical parametric mapping

History of brain imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging

Single photon emission computed tomography

Positron emission tomography

Brain

Haemodynamic response

Medical imaging

Striatum

MRI

SPECT

Basal ganglia

Psychosis

Neuron

	Functional magnetic resonance imaging
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (or fMRI) is the process of using MRI scanners to obtain information about the activity occurring inside the brain.
		Because oxygenated haemoglobin is diamagnetic, while deoxygenated blood is paramagnetic, MRI is able to detect a small difference (a signal of the order of 3%) between the two.
		BOLD effects are measured using a T2[?] imaging process, which is different from the T1[?] scan taken in ordinary structural MRI images (the former measures the rate of change of spin phases, while the later detects the half-life of inverted spins).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fu/Functional_MRI.html (419 words)

	fMRI - About Functional MRI(General)
		Functional MRI is based on the increase in blood flow to the local vasculature that accompanies neural activity in the brain.
		During a typical functional imaging series, 30 images are acquired in a 90 sec run where the initial and last 10 images are baseline conditions and the middle 10 images (30 secs) are acquired during a task.
		The need for individualized maps of brain function is enhanced when the presence of a tumor alters the expected location of a function, or when the location of the tumor is in an area with an uncertain function such as association cortices or language-related processes.
	www.fmri.org /fmri.htm (2162 words)

	Functional MRI Imaging
		Functional MRI was successful in defining the cortical function of interest in nearly all patients and was confirmed at surgery with conventional intraoperative cortical mapping (bipolar stimulation, 50 Hz, biphasic square wave, 2 ms duration, 1-12 ma) in 26 patients.
		Functional MRI is a new and powerful neuroimaging technique that can create an anatomical and functional model of an individual patient's brain.
		Functional activation appears to accurately localize appropriate cortical areas and these studies are feasible in the presence of local pathology.
	neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu /Functional/fmrimage.htm (4170 words)

	Functional MRI (fMRI) - Brain
		The term "Functional MRI" (with a capital F) can also include other MRI techniques that are sensitive to physiologic changes (such as changes in water motion), whereas fMRI with a lower case f usually refers to the mapping of brain activity using MRI.
		The conventional MRI unit is a cylindrical magnet in which the patient must lie totally still for several seconds at a time, and consequently may feel closed-in or truly claustrophobic.
		MRI causes no pain, but there may be discomfort from being closed in or from the need to keep your head very still.
	radiologyinfo.org /en/info.cfm?pg=fmribrain (1565 words)

	Neuroguide.com - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used to visualize brain function, by visualizing changes in chemical composition of brain areas or changes in the flow of fluids that occur over timespans of seconds to minutes.
		MRI, as usually used in biomedical science, has two additional characteristics: 1) a 3-dimensional picture of the object is obtained, in addition to the chemical composition of the object; 2) the nuclei of hydrogen atoms are usually imaged (Horowitz, 1995).
		The term "functional MRI" can include the technique of co-registering PET and MRI scans, but it is usually used to denote techniques involving fast MRI scans, which can allow imaging of a complete brain slice in 20 ms (Cohen and Bookheimer, 1994).
	www.neuroguide.com /gregg.html (1871 words)

	About the MMRRCC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		We are establishing the use of multimodal imaging to assess brain physiology during functional activation and in pathological states, with a focus on cerebrovascular disorders.
		Functional MRI studies rely on changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) as a surrogate measure of changes in metabolism and neural activity.
		For functional MRI (fMRI) studies of the brain, the most widely used contrast mechanism is blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast, which reflects a complex interaction between blood flow, blood volume, and hemoglobin oxygenation, but is dominated by flow effects.
	www.mmrrcc.upenn.edu /research/functional.html (3516 words)

	Functional MRI and AIR
		Cohen and colleagues use a technique known as functional MRI to record a view of the functioning brain that is among the most detailed yet reported.
		Cohen and his colleagues used a conventional MRI machine, like those that became available in many hospitals during the 80s, a big advantage since the research can be accomplished without major new investment in technology.
		Functional MRI works on the principle that when brain cells (neurons) become active, blood flows to them, and the MRI scanner registers increased oxygen in the area.
	www.psc.edu /science/Goddard/goddard_a.html (552 words)

	MUSC Using Functional MRI for Brain Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the past, the surgeon was limited by the use of conventional MRI images of the brain, combined with his knowledge of what area of the brain controlled what function.
		Unfortunately, there are small but important variations in the localization of these functions, and in some cases the tumor may have juxtaposed brain matter obscuring the relationship between anatomical location and function.
		But the use of functional MRI has revolutionized this procedure, giving the surgeon a "map" of the brain by function.
	www.musc.edu /pr/brainsurgery.html (470 words)

	Functional magnetic resonance imaging - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the use of MRI to measure the hemodynamic response related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals.
		A sagittal slice of a Structural MRI scan of a human head.
		A slice of an MRI scan of the brain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Functional_MRI (3062 words)

	Clinical Trial: Evaluation of Functional MRI and DTI (Imaging Techniques) in Children With Epilepsy and Focal Brain ...
		Background and Significance • Functional MRI Surgical treatment is being used with increasing frequency for patients with intractable epilepsy.
		MRI), functional cerebral imaging such as SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) and PET (Positron Emission Tomography) which are capable of localizing epileptogenic foci, and neuropsychological evaluation.
		Functional MRI also provides an opportunity to follow the post-lesional or post-surgery plasticity of these networks using repeated examinations in a same patient, such that fMRI may also contribute additional useful information in the pre-surgical planning and post-surgical monitoring.
	clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00229840 (3136 words)

	Functional MRI
		Functional magnetic resonance imaging of personality switches in a woman with dissociative identity disorder.
		This is a study of one woman with comorbid diagnoses of PTSD and dissociative identity disorder.
		Functional magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging technique that has both high temporal specificity and high spatial specificity.
	home.earthlink.net /~maiziekelly/fMRI.htm (587 words)

	U of M:CMRR:Research Highlights:fMRI Animation.
		The animation is a rendered Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI data set that was created for the Power Wall at the Laboratory for Computational Science and Engineering (LCSE).
		A functional map (in color) in the cerebellum during performance of a cognitive peg-board puzzle task, overlaid on a T2*-weighted axial image in gray scale.
		Functional images were acquired by the multi-slice single-shot EPI imaging technique with spatial resolution of 3.1x3.1x5 and temporal resolution of 3.5 seconds.
	www.cmrr.umn.edu /research/fmri.shtml (794 words)

	NIH Guide: FUNCTIONAL MRI AND INTERVENTION FOR COGNITIVE DEFICITS AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
		Use of functional imaging to evaluate the circuitry involved in the cognitive/behavioral aspects of executive function in TBI may reveal insights that could be applied to the evaluation of such attempts at treatment.
		Functional MRI is a relatively widespread method that allows visualization of brain biochemistry, metabolism, and anatomy.
		Studies that correlate functional imaging with other assessments of outcome (i.e., neuropsychology, depression or other psychiatric sequelae, activities of daily living, or improved quality of life) are especially encouraged.
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-NS-01-007.html (3384 words)

	MRI: Viewing your brain and other soft tissues - MayoClinic.com
		MRI is a noninvasive way for your doctor to examine your body, in particular your brain, neck, spinal cord and soft tissues.
		MRI often helps with the diagnosis of central nervous system disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, because it produces such high-resolution images of the brain and spinal cord.
		A development in MRI technology, known as functional MRI, enables researchers to measure split-second nerve cell activity in parts of the brain.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/mri/SM00035 (1169 words)

	Functional MRI Fine Tunes Brain Cancer Treatment Plans - CME Teaching Brief® - MedPage Today
		Explain to interested patients that functional MRI may allow surgeons to map important areas of the brain that need to be spared during surgery to excise a brain tumor.
		Although functional MRI is a relatively new procedure that maps rapid, tiny metabolic changes during brain activity, it is particularly useful in planning brain surgery especially since tumors and injuries can cause functions to shift from their normal locations in the brain, according to the Radiological Society of North America.
		Functional MR imaging is available at about 50 medical centers in the United States, whereas there are 12,000 MRI machines across the nation.
	www.medpagetoday.com /Radiology/GeneralRadiology/tb/4012 (962 words)

	Functional Brain MRI: A Case Presentation \| December 2006 \| Medical Imaging
		Due to the patient's symptoms and the large amount of edema and mass effect secondary to the tumor, a decision was made, with the patient, to attempt a gross total resection.
		Because of the proximity of the lesion to the left temporal lobe and the desire to preserve language function, preoperative functional MRI (fMRI) was performed.
		Sagittal postoperative MRI (1C) compared with the volume-rendered preoperative MRI with functional overlay (1B) shows that the preoperative strategy of avoiding the Wernicke area was achieved.
	www.medicalimagingmag.com /issues/articles/2006-12_14.asp (621 words)

	Neural Network - Functional MRI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Today MRI is among the best means of localizing tumors, cysts, or structural malformations within the brain, and the technology is widely available and largely cost-effective.
		But MRI has no dynamic ability: it cannot record activities within the brain such as blood flow, electrical transmission, or metabolic function that are often altered in payments with brain diseases or disorders.
		While MRI maps structure by imaging the hydrogen nuclei in water molecules, this new functional MRI (MRI) was designed to track changes in blood oxygenation levels within the brain tied to neuronal activity.
	www.neurosurgery-umms.com /Newsletter[MRI].htm (393 words)

	Functional Hemispherectomy
		A functional hemispherectomy is a procedure in which portions of one hemisphere--which is not functioning normally (called the non-functioning hemisphere)--are removed, and the corpus callosum is split.
		An intracarotid amobarbital test, also called a WADA test, or functional MRI, may be done to determine which hemisphere is dominant for critical functions such as speech and memory.
		Most people who have a functional hemispherectomy will be able to return to their normal activities, including work or school in 6 to 8 weeks after surgery.
	clevelandclinic.org /health/health-info/docs/3400/3458.asp?index=10217 (740 words)

	Magnetic resonance imaging - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		MRI has also found many novel applications outside of the medical and biological fields such as rock permeability to hydrocarbons and certain non-destructive testing methods such as produce and timber quality characterization.
		Functional MRI (fMRI) measures signal changes in the brain that are due to changing neural activity.
		Most MRI centers require an orbital x-ray be performed on anyone who suspects they may have small metal fragments in their eyes, perhaps from a previous accident, something not uncommon in metalworking.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/MRI (6895 words)

	Kirby Research Center - Quantitative fMRI
		However, MRI is fundamentally a low-sensitivity technique; the same factors (e.g., low energy per photon) that make MRI non-invasive also render it insensitive, and so the spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and signal-to-noise of fMRI are relatively poor.
		Functional MRI yields large data sets in which the time courses of voxels have been sensitized to the hemodynamic sequelae of brain activation.
		Functional MRI data were acquired during epochs of simulated driving, and analyzed using ICA.
	mri.kennedykrieger.org /sitemap/quant.html (471 words)

	Radiology Links : Reviewed Links : Functional MRI
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) for the Psychiatrist is authored by J P Lorberbaum et al from the Medical University of South Carolina.
		Echo-planar imaging (EPI) and functional MRI is a primer authored by Mark S. Cohen, Ph.D. The material available at http://airto.loni.ucla.edu/BMCweb/BMC_BIOS/MarkCohen/Papers/EPI-fMRI.html is a concise and excellent summary of this exciting offshoot of MRI.
		n MRI and fMRI authored by from Douglas C. Noll, Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology Co-Director, Functional MRI Laboratory at the University of Michigan is available along with other assorted educative material at http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~dnoll/.
	www.refindia.net /rlinks/reviewedlinks/functional_MRI.htm (662 words)

	Section on Functional Imaging Methods
		Functional MRI is a technique that utilizes time series collection of rapidly-obtained magnetic resonance images sensitive to brain activation induced changes in blood flow, oxygenation, and volume.
		The utility of Functional MRI (fMRI) has been improving since it was discovered in 1991.
		A few of the limitations are as follows: Functional MRI cannot map transient activity on the order of milliseconds.
	fim.nimh.nih.gov (367 words)

	Functional MRI Used In Brain Activity Mapping for Surgical Planning
		Functional MRI scans were used in the operating room to avoid damage to the motor areas in the brain responsible for control of movement.
		The functional MRI mapping of motor activity in the brain was confirmed by electrical stimulation of the brain in the patient while he was awake during the surgical procedure.
		The surgical procedure was a complete success, and the patient's ability to move his limbs and appendages was spared with the help of functional imaging, while the bulk of the tumor was removed.
	www.radiology.uiowa.edu /news/mri-surg.html (359 words)

	Department of Medical Physics & Bioengineering - Functional MRI
		Patients can be referred for specialist MRI scans which the MRI Physics Service will carry out or assist with, or patients may be part of a clinical trial being carried out by the MRI Physics service.
		Functional MRI can produce images of the areas of the brain that are activated whilst subjects carrying out a specific task.
		Other types of scanning that the MRI Physics service may get involved with are MR spectroscopy, where information about the chemical composition of the brain is obtained from MRI data, and MR perfusion imaging, which looks at blood flow in the brain.
	www.medphys.soton.ac.uk /Services/Patient/mri.htm (422 words)

	Mass General Hospital - Department of Radiology - MRI - Preparing for Exams
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, is a valuable, painless, diagnostic test that allows radiologists (doctors who specialize in the use of imaging for diagnosing diseases) to see inside some areas of the body which cannot be seen using conventional x-rays.
		There is no evidence that MRI is unsafe for a developing fetus; however, we are still careful in the use of MRI on pregnant patients.
		Patients with any kind of metallic implant anywhere in their body should not have an MRI unless their physician is fully aware of the device and has approved the MRI procedure.
	www.massgeneralimaging.org /MRI_Site/NewFiles/Preparing.html (1108 words)

	Functional MRI Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) assesses brain function by sampling blood flow over time, at thousands of points in the head.
		By doing so, we can use functional brain imaging acquired while a subject is performing a specific task (such as looking a pictures or listening to sound), to localize regions of the brain engaged by that task (such as the visual and auditory areas).
		Finding the relationship between action and brain activity is complicated by the fact that the brain is always engaged in multiple cognitive processes unrelated to the task to which the subject is directing his attention.
	www.ai.mit.edu /projects/medical-vision/fMRI (472 words)

	Functional MRI offers exciting frontiers in medicine
		Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has generated considerable excitement in the scientific world, because it offers a non-invasive way to image neuronal activity in the brain and thus study how the brain functions, “sees” and learns.
		Functional magnetic resonance imaging measures changes in the magnetic properties of blood as it transports oxygen to brain tissue in response to increased neuronal activity.
		To conduct the test, the subject lies down in an MRI machine with his or her head placed in the center of the doughnut-shaped magnet that is used to detect the MRI signal.
	www.mc.vanderbilt.edu /reporter/index.html?ID=2655 (449 words)

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