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	Functional Programming Languages \| World of Computer Science
		A function is a statement that returns a single value based on the arguments, or inputs, it is passed.
		A function is a rule for mapping, or associating, members of the domain set to those of the range set.
		Since functional languages are not based on the computer's architecture efficiency suffers, particularly in attempts to solve large problems.
	www.bookrags.com /research/functional-programming-languages-wcs (902 words)

	Functional programming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Functions are treated as first-class values, which is to say that functions can be parameters or inputs to other functions and can be the return values or outputs of a function.
		Functional programming appears to be missing several constructs often (though incorrectly) considered essential to an imperative language such as C or Pascal.
		Functional languages have remained largely the domain of academics and hobbyists, and what little inroads have been made are due to impure functional languages such as Erlang and Common Lisp.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Functional_programming (2135 words)

	Functional programming Summary
		Functional programming emphasizes the application of functions, in contrast to imperative programming, which emphasizes changes in state and the execution of sequential commands.
		He defines functional programs as being built up in a hierarchical way by means of "combining forms" that allow an "algebra of programs"; in modern language, this means that functional program follow the principle of compositionality.
		Higher-order functions enable currying, a technique in which a function is applied to its arguments one at a time, with each application returning a new (higher-order) function that accepts the next argument.
	www.bookrags.com /Functional_programming (3472 words)

	Embedded.com - Changing Networks Need Functional Languages
		In a sense, functional programming is a language paradigm that fits somewhere between assembly/machine programming (move a bit to a register, send to accumulator, perform a function) and a low level procedural language such as C that incorporates a number of higher level programming constructs.
		Functional languages are being investigated for the network processing environment because they are good at implementing mathematical algorithms -- such as extracting data from a table, performing a calculation and then executing some sort of control function based on that calculation.
		What makes a functional language attractive in this environment is that it strictly defines an operation in terms of the function to be performed, not as a set of procedures to be followed with a single object.
	www.embedded.com /story/OEG20011130S0065 (1309 words)

	Functional languages will rule - CircleShare Blog
		As a side note, I was going to try Haskell, the allegedly purest functional language, until I read this post (the URL is fixed), and decided not to spend a lot of time with Haskell.
		On the other hand, functional programs have high level messages for inter-component communications, state in functional programs is kept in well bounded places (rather than every object having a tiny bit of state), modeling the data (state) is a separate activity from modeling behavior (functions).
		Functional abstractions have be demonstrated by Google to scale massively (10,000+ machines solving problems in parallel.) They remove the drudgery of telling the machine how to move bytes around and allow the developer to focus on the algorithms.
	blog.lostlake.org /index.php?/archives/18-Functional-languages-will-rule.html (2403 words)

	[No title]
		A functional language is one in which entire program is viewed as one large function to be evaluated.
		It provides all the features that are typical of a functional language, including polymorphic typing, lazy evaluation and higher-order functions etc. Because Haskell is a purely functional language, all computations are done via the evaluation of expressions (syntactic terms) to yield values (abstract entities that are considered as answers).
		A functional language like Haskell may be best choice to implement a system that uses WSDL types and client provided data types to convert to a common reference language and perform static type checking.
	lsdis.cs.uga.edu /~kaarthik/SemEnt/FunctionalLanguages_WebServices.doc (2469 words)

	Functional Languages Programming Computers
		The Transition to ConcurrencyGamasutra, CA - Apr 5, 2007Functional languages in general have the capability to excel in the concurrency area.
		A functional language such as OCaml is already famous for its...
		- A novel functional language that claims to be faster than C in some cases.
	www.iaswww.com /ODP/Computers/Programming/Languages/Functional (834 words)

	Functional Programming HOWTO
		Functional programming's avoidance of assignments arose because assignments are difficult to handle with this technique; assignments can break invariants that were true before the assignment without producing any new invariants that can be propagated onward.
		Functions don't depend on system state that needs to be replicated before running a test; instead you only have to synthesize the right input and then check that the output matches expectations.
		For example, a function that takes a directory path and returns all the XML files in the directory, or a function that takes a filename and returns its contents, can be applied to many different situations.
	www.amk.ca /python/writing/functional (5294 words)

	comp.lang.functional Frequently Asked Questions (monthly posting)
		In an imperative language such as C, this might be expressed using a simple loop, repeatedly updating the values held in an accumulator variable total and a counter variable i: total = 0; for (i=1; i<=10; ++i) total += i; In a functional language, the same program would be expressed without any variable updates.
		Languages This section gives a brief overview of a number of programming languages that support aspects of the functional paradigm, and some pointers to relevant literature and internet resources.
		Sisal Sisal (Streams and Iteration in a Single Assignment Language) is a functional language designed with several goals in mind: to support clear, efficient expression of scientific programs; to free application programmers from details irrelevant to their endeavors; and, to allow automatic detection and exploitation of the parallelism expressed in source programs.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/func-lang-faq (6096 words)

	defmacro - Functional Programming For The Rest of Us
		Since a functional language is simply an implementation of a formal system, all mathematical operations that could be done on paper still apply to the programs written in that language.
		Because in FP functions (as opposed to classes) are passed around as arguments, currying is used very often to adapt functions to an interface that someone else expects.
		Passing functions around in impure languages is a little bit different than doing it in the confines of lambda calculus and requires support for an interesting feature often referred to as lexical closure.
	www.defmacro.org /ramblings/fp.html (8302 words)

	Functional Programming Languages
		A functional language is a language that supports and encourages programming in a functional style.
		ML (which stands for "meta language") is a family of programming languages characterized by functional control structures, strict semantics, a strict polymorphic type system, and parametrized modules.
		This language is unique in the functional community in that it is in use in industry for large scale software projects.
	cbbrowne.com /info/functional.html (1481 words)

	About Haskell
		The language is named for Haskell Brooks Curry, whose work in mathematical logic serves as a foundation for functional languages.
		Functional programs are also relatively easy to maintain, because the code is shorter, clearer, and the rigorous control of side effects eliminates a huge class of unforseen interactions.
		The language in which the engineers describe their design is functional, and it uses lazy evaluation extensively to avoid recomputing parts of the design which are not currently visible on the screen.
	www.haskell.org /aboutHaskell.html (2601 words)

	GIML: Introduction to Functional Programming
		Functional languages are considered, by their devotees, to be higher level than third generation languages.
		A declarative language is one which the programmer declares what the problem is; the execution of the program is a low level concern.
		Functional languages are particularly well suited to parallel processing - several research projects have demonstrated superior performance on parallel machines.
	www.dcs.napier.ac.uk /course-notes/sml/introfp.htm (975 words)

	XML.com: Functional Programming and XML
		XSLT is more or less the transformation language of DSSSL, in an XML syntax, which is a proper subset of DSSSL which, itself, is a purely functional subset of the Scheme programming language (plus a large library).
		It's natural to think of XML documents as trees, and functional languages tend to have lots of nifty facilities for representing and manipulating trees.
		While there are many ways to classify functional languages according to technical features and formal properties, such divisions tend to be more useful to the FP experienced, degenerating into mere buzzwords for the novice.
	www.xml.com /pub/a/2001/02/14/functional.html (1070 words)

	Functional Programming
		Functions in this sense, not to be confused with CeeLanguage functions which are just procedures, are analogous to mathematical equations: they declare a relationship between two or more entities.
		This undesirable property is not a forced consequence of functional programming, but because functional languages tend to prefer list-like data structures, the simple implementations of QuickSort tend to have that drawback.
		Functional languages have optimizing compilers to get rid of the bloat with tricks such as turning copying code into modify-in-place behind the scenes, and TailCallOptimization.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?FunctionalProgramming (2383 words)

	Fun with Languages
		Functional languages in the JVM and JSR 232
		Other interesting languages like JRuby, and Jaskell that are more functional in nature than javascript, run in interpreters that are implemented in Java.
		The overall theme I gathered from reading their papers is that functional languages on the jvm are bloated and slow.
	jroller.com /page/languages?entry=functional_languages_in_the_jvm (424 words)

	Open Directory - Computers: Programming: Languages: Functional
		Afnix Programming Language - A multi-threaded functional programming language with dynamic symbol bindings which provides a state of art runtime engine for 32- and 64-bit platform and a rich set of platform independent libraries, compatible with C++ runtime operations, automatic protection engine for shared objects.
		Arbol - Functional language developed mainly for Genetic Programming experiments.
		FISh - A novel functional language that claims to be faster than C in some cases.
	dmoz.org /Computers/Programming/Languages/Functional (733 words)

	XML.com: Functional Programming and XML
		XMLambda is one of a number of special purpose languages, (or, rather, since there isn't a publicly available implementation, language design) for dealing with XML to come out of the FP community (other examples include XDuce and various query languages).
		In the case of HaXML, the language is Haskell, a general purpose FP language with many interesting features and implementations.
		Ideas from the functional programming world have always percolated into mainstream practice, but we seem to be reaching a point where many FP techniques and tools are poised for wholesale -- or at least retail -- acceptance.
	www.xml.com /lpt/a/2001/02/14/functional.html (3030 words)

	FAQ for comp.lang.functional
		Functional programming is a style of programming that emphasizes the evaluation of expressions, rather than execution of commands.
		Functional languages are gathering momentum in education because they facilitate the expression of concepts and structures at a high level of abstraction.
		Sisal (Streams and Iteration in a Single Assignment Language) is a functional language designed with several goals in mind: to support clear, efficient expression of scientific programs; to free application programmers from details irrelevant to their endeavors; and, to allow automatic detection and exploitation of the parallelism expressed in source programs.
	www.cs.nott.ac.uk /~gmh/faq.html (5762 words)

	Functional languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Functional languages are referentially transparent and have no state.
		These languages try to gain parallelism by performing computations in parallel before their results are known to be required.
		Dataflow languages are single-assignment languages, the idea being to execute them in a data-driven manner on (usually) special-purpose hardware.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~scandal/parallel-lang/reading-list/node3.html (235 words)

	Functional Programming Languages
		A functional language is a language that supports and encourages programming in a functional style.
		ML (which stands for "meta language") is a family of programming languages characterized by functional control structures, strict semantics, a strict polymorphic type system, and parametrized modules.
		This language is unique in the functional community in that it is in use in industry for large scale software projects.
	linuxfinances.info /info/functional.html (1538 words)

	Functional Languages for Real-Time Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Functions of time are often used to represent continuous parameters and the passage of musical time or tempo.
		Second, we show a language in which these operations are "abstract." Instead of operating directly on signals or events, time warps operate on abstract behaviors that interpret warping at an appropriate structural level.
		Nyquist is an advanced functional language for sound synthesis and composition.
	www-2.cs.cmu.edu /~rbd/bib-arctic.html (1071 words)

	Functional Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Functional languages offer a way of expressing programs which are, as the name implies, largely based around functions.
		But with every different language I've learned the insights provided into computation and problem solving can be applied regardless of the language being used.
		Functions are first class objects: they can be passed to and returned from functions.
	www.cowlix.com /wcowley/functional.html (261 words)

	Charming Python: Functional programming in Python, Part 1
		We'd better start with the hardest question: "What is functional programming (FP), anyway?" One answer would be to say that FP is what you do when you program in languages like Lisp, Scheme, Haskell, ML, OCAML, Clean, Mercury, or Erlang (or a few others).
		In later columns, we will look at more advanced techniques for functional programming; and hopefully we will be able to explore some more of the pros and cons of functional styles.
		I've found it much easier to get a grasp of functional programming in the language Haskell than in Lisp/Scheme (even though the latter is probably more widely used, if only in Emacs).
	www-106.ibm.com /developerworks/library/l-prog.html (2356 words)

	Functional Languages ( Functional Programming and Functional Programming Languages) Definition
		FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGES DEFINITION (continued): … 1) Functional programming is a style of programming that emphasizes the evaluation of expressions rather than the execution of commands.
		Erlang avoids the use of global variables that can be used in common by multiple functions since changing such a variable in part of a program may have unexpected effects in another part.
		ITU-TS, functional programming is "a method for structuring programs mainly as sequences of possibly nested function procedure calls." A function procedure is a relatively simple program that is called by other programs and derives and returns a value to the program that called it.
	www.bitpipe.com /tlist/Functional-Languages.html (286 words)

	Compilers Algorithms
		That suggests that assembler language was and still is constructive to viewing the problem in a different light, than when you use just a high-level language and that mixed language approach to programming might be better than a monolithic approach.
		The use of scripting language bridges the semantic gap between an application specification and its implementation, offers economies of scale when implementing repetitive concepts, and can result in code that is readable, more reliable, compact, easy to maintain, and concisely documents the overall structure of the application.
		Art of Assembly Language Programming and HLA by Randall Hyde -- HLA is high level assembler that according to the author is the radical new way to write assembly code, faster and easier than ever before...
	www.softpanorama.org /Algorithms/compilers.shtml (9225 words)

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