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Topic: Functional magnetic resonance imaging

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	Neuroguide.com - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used to visualize brain function, by visualizing changes in chemical composition of brain areas or changes in the flow of fluids that occur over timespans of seconds to minutes.
		In magnetic resonance studies, an object is put in a strong, externally-imposed magnetic field ("main magnetic field"); the spin-axes of all the nuclei in the object line up with the field, with the north poles of the nuclei pointing in the "southward" direction of the field.
		The amount by which the magnetization vector tilts away from the z-axis is controlled by the intensity and duration of the RF pulse; for example, if a 5 msec pulse at a certain intensity caused it to deviate 90 degrees from the z-axis, then a 10 msec pulse would cause a 180 degree deviation.
	www.neuroguide.com /gregg.html (1871 words)

	fMRI - About Functional MRI(General)
		Functional MRI is based on the increase in blood flow to the local vasculature that accompanies neural activity in the brain.
		During a typical functional imaging series, 30 images are acquired in a 90 sec run where the initial and last 10 images are baseline conditions and the middle 10 images (30 secs) are acquired during a task.
		Functional imaging results are compared with all conventional mapping studies performed on each patient including the WADA test, intraoperative cortical stimulation, electrophysiological assessments, and neurologic assessments of surgical outcome.
	www.fmri.org /fmri.htm (2162 words)

	Functional magnetic resonance imaging - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (or fMRI) describes the use of MRI to measure hemodynamic signals related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals.
		BOLD effects are measured using a T2 related imaging process (actually T2*), which is different from the T1 scan taken in ordinary structural MRI images (the former measures the rate of change of spin phases, while the later detects the half-life of inverted spins).
		Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRS) is another, NMR-based process for assessing function within the living brain.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/FMRI (1414 words)

	Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MSN Encarta
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), medical diagnostic technique that combines strong magnetic fields, radio waves, and computer technology to create images of the body using the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance.
		In 2003 Paul Lauterbur of the United States and Sir Peter Mansfield of the United Kingdom shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their contributions to MRI technology.
		MRI is possible in the human body because the body is filled with small biological “magnets,” the most abundant and responsive of which is the proton, the nucleus of the hydrogen atom.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761579758/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging.html (578 words)

	Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Sinauer Associates, Inc.
		One goal of his research is to elucidate the brain mechanisms of high-level visual function, particularly with regard to perception of faces and visual motion cues for social cognition.
		From the physics of nuclear magnetic resonance, to the physiology of cerebral metabolic regulation, to applications of fMRI, this is a thoughtful and wide-ranging volume….
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging would make a fine text for a one- or two-semester graduate-level course, an excellent first read in this area for a motivated scholar, and a good desk reference for many workers in the field.
	www.sinauer.com /detail.php?id=2887 (1251 words)

	Functional MRI (fMRI) - Brain
		Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a relatively new procedure that uses MR imaging to measure the quick, tiny metabolic changes that take place in an active part of the brain.
		The term "Functional MRI" (with a capital F) can also include other MRI techniques that are sensitive to physiologic changes (such as changes in water motion), whereas fMRI with a lower case f usually refers to the mapping of brain activity using MRI.
		The conventional MRI unit is a cylindrical magnet in which the patient must lie totally still for several seconds at a time, and consequently may feel closed-in or truly claustrophobic.
	www.radiologyinfo.org /en/info.cfm?pg=fmribrain (1565 words)

	FMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		By introducing a pulse of magnetic energy perpendicular to the main magnetic field in the form of a radio frequency pulse that is specific to the type of atom (usually hydrogen), the MRI machine causes the unmatched atoms to resonate.
		Resonating atoms absorb the radio energy as a photon and go to the higher energy state, i.e., they become negative spin atoms and the equilibrium magnetization value for the Z axis goes to 0.
		For a really powerful example of how such imaging works look at the mpeg video made from images of children's brains as they matured: UCLA Brain Maturation The movie is made from time-lapse imaging constructed from MRI scans of healthy children from 5 to their 20s.
	www.csulb.edu /~cwallis/482/fmri/fmri.html (2628 words)

	LOCALIZATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One of the chief mechanisms for this is the presence of local variations in magnetic field strength caused by the presence of particles or tissues with differing magnetizability or "susceptibility." As early as 1936 [2], Pauling noted that the magnetic susceptibility of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin differed slightly.
		In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a second magnetic field is applied, which is orthogonal to the static field, and which rotates about the static field at the precessional frequency of the atomic nuclei.
		In conventional imaging instruments, this problem is handled by performing, in effect, only part of the spatial encoding at a time, and later re-exciting the MR signal to perform further encoding, repeating this process as many as several hundred times to form a complete image.
	airto.bmap.ucla.edu /BMCweb/SharedCode/TINS/FMRI-TINS.html (7502 words)

	Functional magnetic resonance imaging
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (or fMRI) describes the use of MRI to measure the hemodynamic response related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals.
		The magnetic resonance (MR) signal of blood is therefore slightly different depending on the level of oxygenation, a phenomenon called the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal.
		Fortuitously, NAA is mostly inactive within the neuron, serving as a precursor to glutamate and as storage for acetyl groups (to be used in fatty acid synthesis)—but its relative levels are a reasonable approximation of neuronal integrity and functional status.
	www.mrsci.com /Neuroscience/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging.php (1471 words)

	Marie Curie Fellowships
		Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a recent technique which provides a non-invasive (no radioactive tracers, no contrast agent, no electrodes) imaging of neuronal activity in the brain.
		The non-invasive character opens the way for a full exploration of the human brain and is the reason for the enormous growth of and interest for this technique both for basic research and clinical applications.
		The elevated concentration of the non-magnetic oxyhemoglobine vs. the magnetic deoxyhemoglobine in the capillary bed around the activated cells results in an increase of the NMR signal in the corresponding voxels, which allows for a direct mapping of the neuronal activation using appropriate MR imaging techniques.
	www.kuleuven.ac.be /radiology/Research/fMRI/Training/Marie_Curie.html (1677 words)

	[No title]
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain is well-recognized for its excellent spatial resolution, allowing neuroanatomic structures to be viewed in sharp detail.
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Symptom Provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder..
		Magnetic resonance imaging of perfusion using spin inversion of arterial water.
	www.musc.edu /fnrd/primer_fmri.htm (4204 words)

	Magnetic resonance imaging in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of PPMS include a tendency to lower lesion loads and lower rate of new lesion formation.
		Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) provides a safe and noninvasive way to study nervous tissue without the use of ionizing radiation.
		Functional MRI is a relatively new technique that uses signal changes associated with blood oxygenation to detect localized brain activity when stimuli are presented or tasks performed.
	www.vard.org /jour/02/39/2/Ingle.htm (6335 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Imaging
		MRI uses the detection of radio frequency signals produced by displaced radio waves in a magnetic field.
		Functional MRI detects changes in blood flow to particular areas of the brain.
		PET alone is also used to study different cognitive functions.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/image.html (520 words)

	Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
		Although the precession is not coherent, all the spins have a characteristic resonance frequency, proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.
		The measure is based on the differing magnetic properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin molecules, as further explained in the next section.
		The idea in functional MRI is to record a sequence of such images at different time points to allow the local changes in oxygenation level to be analyzed.
	www.cis.hut.fi /projects/neuroinf/fmri.shtml (1830 words)

	Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain -- Le Bihan et al. 122 (4): 296 -- Annals of Internal Medicine
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain -- Le Bihan et al.
		Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging.
		Functional neuroimaging with echoplanar imaging in humans during execution and mental rehearsal of a simple motor task.
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/122/4/296 (5741 words)

	P-307 Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the sensorimotor cortex of the lower limbs by means of a force ...
		P-307 Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the sensorimotor cortex of the lower limbs by means of a force controllable act
		Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the sensorimotor cortex of the lower limbs by means of a force controllable actuator.
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging detects activation of the visual association cortex during laser acupuncture of the foot in humans.
	www.fmri-easy.de /publikationsliste.htm (2617 words)

	Amazon.com: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Books: Scott A. Huettel,Allen W. Song,Gregory McCarthy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This textbook provides a true introduction to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which has become the dominant research technique in cognitive neuroscience.
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Sequence Design by E. Mark Haacke on page 73, page 97, and page 126
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging by Scott A. Huettel
	www.amazon.com /Functional-Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging-Huettel/dp/0878932887 (1265 words)

	Combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging demonstrate widespread modified ...
		Combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging demonstrate widespread modified organisation in malformation of cortical development -- Wieshmann et al.
		The structural and functional mechanisms of motor recovery: complementary use of diffusion tensor and functional magnetic resonance imaging in a traumatic injury of the internal capsule.
		Magnetic resonance imaging shows orientation and symmetry of white matter tracts.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/70/4/521 (1546 words)

	Pediatric Radiology, Functional MRI — Miami Children’s Hospital
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a new procedure that shows us how the brain works.
		Up to now we have had the computed-tomography-scan and magnetic resonance exams (Do the acronyms CT-Scan and MRI look more familiar to you?) to see the brain anatomy.
		But the function of the brain could not be assessed with these tools.
	www.mch.com /clinical/radiology/fmri (278 words)

	Functional magnetic resonance imaging - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Use of this more localized negative BOLD signal has enabled imaging of human ocular dominance columns in primary visual cortex, with resolution of about 0.5 mm.
		One problem with this technique is that the early negative BOLD signal is small and can only be seen using larger scanners with magnetic fields of at least 3 Tesla.
		The BOLD signal is composed of CBF contributions from larger arteries and veins, smaller arterioles and venules, and capillaries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/FMRI (2959 words)

	Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Brain Regions Mediating the Response to Resistive Expiratory Loads in ...
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Brain Regions Mediating the Response to Resistive Expiratory Loads in Humans -- Gozal et al.
		Shulman (1993) Echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging studies of frontal cortex activation during word generation in humans.
		Belliveau (1995) Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/97/1/47 (3750 words)

	Welcome — FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford
		Please contact our IT guys, Dave Flitney or Duncan Mortimer, should this be the case.
		Meanwhile, for those interested, please find below a brief history of The Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (aka “FMRIB”) followed by a summary of our track record, current research and core activities plus future goals.
		Disease group journal club 12th July FMRIB seminar room,
	www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk (126 words)

	MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Services - Florida Hospital
		MRI or Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a radiological technique which uses magnetism, radio waves, and a computer to produce images of body structures.
		Stroke and tumor evaluation, vascular imaging, surgery planning, MRI Angiography or Venography studies, MRI Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging, Functional MRI,
		Imaging of soft tissue, muscle and ligaments, 3-D imaging of bones
	www.imaging-orlando.com /promo/promo_mri.asp (254 words)

	Lateralized Tinnitus Studied With Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Abnormal Inferior Colliculus Activation -- ...
		The stimulus used during functional imaging was continuous noise delivered either binaurally or monaurally.
		Functional imaging was performed in "runs" (3-9 per imaging session).
		Activation maps, based on functional images with an in-plane resolution of 3.1 × 3.1 mm, have been interpolated to the resolution of the anatomic images (1.5 × 1.5 mm).
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/83/2/1058 (8095 words)

	IBM Research: India \| Research Areas \| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		FMRI is one of the newer imaging modalities that have been increasingly gaining popularity as a non-invasive technique for assessing various clinical situations and in better understanding the functioning of the human brain.
		For example, functional connectivity and sequential activity of the human sensorimotor cortex as well as higher order neurocognitive functions and memory has been investigated using fMRI.
		In association with behavioral tests and genetic predisposition, fMRI may allow detection of the changes in neural function that presage memory decline and perhaps Alzheimer's disease.
	www.research.ibm.com /irl/projects/funcmag.shtml (208 words)

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